history of Afghanistan, with particular focus on Operation Enduring Freedom (USA)

1. BATTLE STUDY
AFGHANISTAN
INVADED

2. AIM
AIM
The aim of this paper is to discuss the
invasions of Afghanistan with special
attention to the American war in
Afghanistan (2001-2014).
2

3. • Introduction to Afghanistan, including its history, demography,
socio-political situation and international relations.
• Background of all Afghan invasions.
• American War in Afghanistan
• (1)Operation Enduring Freedom- Afghanistan (OEF-A).
• (2)Operations and Battles under OEF-A.
• (3)Battle of Qala-I-Jangi.
• (4)Critical issues and problems for USA military involvement in
Afghanistan.
• Analysis of American invasion into Afghanistan.
• Conclusions.
SCOPE
3

4. BACKGROUND
Afghanistan – land of the Afghans
called the Central Asian roundabout‘
Afghanistan was invaded by the following countries/kingdoms
Greek
Arab Caliphate
Mongol
Timurlane/Mughal
British
Soviet Union
U.S.A 4

5. Led by Alexander The Great in 330 B.C
Named Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Ain Khanum excavated in 1970s,
showing a complete Greek city with
an acropolis, amphitheater, temples,
and numerous statues.
GREEK/KUSHAN INVASION
5

6. 6

7. ARAB CALIPHATE INVASION
• Happened in the 7th and 9th century.
• Following collapse of Sassanid and Roman
empires in Middle East.
• Most of Afghans were converted to Islam.
7

8. 8
THE BUDDHAS OF BAMIYAN
(400 AD)

9. 9

10. 10

11. 11

12. MONGOL INVASION
• Year 1219-1221.
• Led by Genghiz Khan.
• In 1222, Odegei Khan slaughtered the entire
population of Ghazni. Parts of Afghanistan
remained under Mongol rule under Ill Khanate
and Chagatai Khanate.
12

13. TIMURLANE CONQUEST
• 1383-1385
• Conquered by Timurlane
from the Timurid Empire.
• Remained under Timur
Empire for next 200 years.
13

14. The Great Game
To avoid Soviet Union control
of Afghanistan
First Anglo-Afghan War (1842)
Second Anglo – Afghan War
(1878)
BRITISH OCCUPATION
14

15. 15

16. POST WORLD WAR 1
• Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) launched by King Amanullah
Khan.
• British signed the Treaty of Rawalpindi on August 20, 1920
and Afghanistan declared independent.
• King Amanullah was replaced by cousin Nadir Shah who was
later killed and replaced by his 19 year old son, Zahir Khan
• Zahir Khan ruled from 1933 to 1976 and Afghanistan enjoyed
peace and economic progress.
16

17. AREA OF OP
AO
SOVIET UNION INTERVENTION
17
1979-1989.
Happened after King Zahir of Afghanistan was removed in a coup
in 1976.
Afghanistan became unstable after 40 years of peace and
progress.
Soviet Union helped establish new Afghan govt with the PDPA
party after 1978 Saur Revolution. But opposition to new govt was
too strong.
Gen Sec. Leonid Brezhnev sent the 40th Army into Afghanistan to
help Afghan govt.

18. 18
SOVIET TROOPS LEAVING AFGHANISTAN IN 1988

19. AREA OF OP
AO
RISE OF TALIBAN
19
• TALIBAN MEANS SCHOLAR.
• TALIBAN STUDENTS COME FROM MADRASAH ISLAM SCHOOLS IN
PAKISTAN.
• AFTER SOVIET LEFT AFGHANISTAN IN 1989, VARIOUS GROUPS
STRUGGLED FOR POWER IN AFGHANISTAN DUE TO A
WEAK GOVERNMENT
• BY 1994, TALIBAN CONTROLLED MOST OF AFGHANISTAN
• IN 1995/96, OSAMA RETURNED TO AFGHANISTAN AND AL QAEDA
PARTNERS WITH TALIBAN.
• OPPOSITION GROUPS AGAINST THE TALIBAN WERE PUSHED TO
THE NORTH AND FORCED TO CREATE THE NORTHERN ALLIANCE
HEADED BY MASOUD.

20. 20

21. AMERICAN WAR IN AFGHANISTAN
21
• TRIGGERED BY 9/11 ATTACKS
• PRESIDENT BUSH PUTS A FIVE POINT ULTIMATUM TO AL
QAEDA TO SURRENDER OSAMA BIN LADEN
• AL QAEDA REFUSE TO COOPERATE AND PRESIDENT BUSH
LAUNCHES THE WAR ON AFGHANISTAN (OPERATION
ENDURING FREEDOM-AFGHANISTAN)

22. OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM-
AFGHANISTAN
• Consisted of 3 phases
• Phase 1 – Toppling of the Taliban (2 months).
• Phase 2 – Defeating Taliban militarily and rebuild core
Afghan institutions.
• Phase 3 – adopted counter insurgency approach.
Increase of troops and focus on protecting Afghan
population.
22

23. AREA OF OP
Sep 11, 2001 – WTC attacks
Sep 26, 2001 - CIA's Special Activities Division led by Gary Schroen as part of team
Jawbreaker into Afghanistan, forming the Northern Afghanistan Alliance. Liai
son
• October 7, 2001 – First series of air raid on Afghanistan locations by US and UK.
Air strikes from land-based B-1, B-2 and B-52 bombers; carrier-based F-14 and F/A-18
fighters; and Tomahawk cruise missiles launched from both U.S. and British ships and
submarines
9 Nov 2001 - Mazar-e-sharif became the first Afghan city to be released from the
Taliban's grip.
13 Nov 2001 – Kabul fell to American hands along with Herat, Jalalabad and Taloqan.
25 Nov 2001 – US Marines of Task Force 58 become first American forces to land on
Afghan soil, seizing Objective Rhino (airstrip near Qandahar) to become the FOB for
US forces.
TIMELINE FOR OEF-A
23

24. 24
OEF-A ORGANIZATON CHART

25. ISAF ORGANIZATION
25

26. Operation Name From date To date Location Purpose/Result
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Battle of Chora 2007-06-15 2007-06-19 Chora
Battle: This battle has proved to be the biggest Taliban
offensive of 2007 in Afghanistan, and resulted in the
death of more than 100 people in just three days. The
battle involved a significant number of Dutch forces
Battle of
Dahaneh
2009-08-12 2009-08-15
Dahaneh in the
Helmand Province
Battle of Firebase
Anaconda
2007-08-08 2007-08-08 Uruzgan province
Battle: A group of roughly 75 Taliban militants mounted
a rare frontal assault on a United States-led coalition
base
Battle of Garmsir 2008 2011
Garmsir in the Helmand
Province
Counter Insurgency: A Major U.S. Marine offensive on
the Taliban-held town killing more than 400 insurgents.
Taliban forces withdrew from the town as a result of
the assault and took up a position further south.
Battle of Musa
Qala
2007-12-07 2007-12-12 Musa Qala Result: Coalition victory; Taliban retreat
Battle of Now
Zad
2006 2014
Nowzad in the Northern
Helmand Province
26
BATTLES DURING OEF-A

27. Battle of Panjwaii 2006-07 2006-10 Panjwaii district
Battle: Decisive Canadian victory, Panjwaii cleared
of Taliban
Battle of Qala-i-
Jangi
2001-11-25 2001-12-01 Qala-i-Jangi District
Battle: It began with the uprising of Taliban prisoners
held at Qala-i-Jangi fortress, and escalated into one
of the bloodiest engagements of the war in
Afghanistan
Battle of Takur
Ghar
2002-03-03 2002-03-04 the peak of Takur Ghar
Battle: A helicopter caring a SEAL team went down
and began receiving fire from hostile forces.
Battle of Tora Bora 2001-12-06 2001-12-17
Pachir Wa Agam District,
Nangarhar province
Battle: Attempt and Failure to kill or capture Osama
bin Laden
Battle of Panjwaii 2006-07 2006-10 Panjwaii district
Battle: Decisive Canadian victory, Panjwaii cleared of
Taliban
Battle of Qala-i-
Jangi
2001-11-25 2001-12-01 Qala-i-Jangi District
Battle: It began with the uprising of Taliban prisoners
held at Qala-i-Jangi fortress, and escalated into one
of the bloodiest engagements of the war in
Afghanistan
Battle of Takur
Ghar
2002-03-03 2002-03-04 the peak of Takur Ghar
Battle: A helicopter caring a SEAL team went down
and began receiving fire from hostile forces.
27
BATTLES DURING OEF-A

28. • A POW uprising that took place between November 25 and December 1,
2001, in northern Afghanistan
• 300-500 Al Qaeda militants surrendered to the Northen Alliance near
Kunduz.
• They were held at Qala- I –Jangi Fortress.
• Northern Alliance soldiers did not thouroughly inspect the surrenderers
and some of them manage to bring some weapons along
• During the investigations with CIA representative, four militants attacked
in a jihadist manner.
28
BATTLE OF QALA- I - JANGI

29. • American CIA officer, Johnny Mike Spann died in the attack and the captive
militants captured the southern part of fortress including weapons and ammunition
stored in a room (grenade launchers, mortars).
• The American/ Northern Alliance reacted by:
– Close Air Support team designated CAS-1 that went inside the fortress along
the bottom of the northeast tower to direct bombing strikes into the southern
courtyard.
– a second close air support team designated CAS-2 that positioned itself near the
main gate of the fortress,
– Quick Reaction Force consisting of four more Special Forces troops, a Navy
surgeon, and eight soldiers of the 10th Mountain Division.
– Northern Alliance set up Command and Control Center at north gate and
provided FS with T-55 Tank.
29

30. FACTORS EXEC OP
1. STRENGTHS
 Combined operations between nations
 High morale of Malaysian Army troops
 Adequate training to prepare the troops
 Adequate logistics support
 Active use of psychological operations
ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATION
30

31. FACTORS EXEC OP
1. COOPERATION
 First combined operation
between 2 Nation
 Collection of information and
news on CPM’s activities was
more effective
 Thailand provide all required
information for our forces
LESSONS LEARNED
31

32. FACTORS EXEC OP
CONCLUSION
32
• BASED ON ANALYSIS THIS PAPER:
– There are five decisive factors that led the success of Operation
DAOYAI MUSNAH
– The AO for Op DAOYAI MUSNAH very strategic ground for CPM
camps
– Operation DAOYAI MUSNAH was launched twice. And included
the first combined air operation bertween RMAF and RTAF
– The achievement of Op was more to the successful agreement of
cooperation between 2 nations and reducing spread of
communists ideology

33. FACTORS EXEC OP
RECOMMENDATION
OUR RECOMMEDATION ARE:
1. Close Cooperation/
Combine/Join/Internation
al Operations
2. Psychological Operations
3. Offensive Action
4. Training And Discipline
5. Logistic 33