The document discusses the preparation of a phenobarbital elixir, including definitions of elixir and phenobarbital, properties and dosages of phenobarbital, additional substances used in the formulation such as preservatives and flavors, calculations for the ingredient amounts, weighing of the ingredients, and the preparation process which involves dissolving phenobarbital in ethanol and adding other solvents and ingredients to produce a 150mL elixir with 10mg/cc of phenobarbital.
This document provides an overview of local anesthetics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and examples like benzocaine, procaine, and lidocaine. Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing the generation of action potentials and transmission of nerve impulses. They are classified based on their site of action (e.g. surface, infiltration, nerve block) and chemical structure (esters like benzocaine vs amides like lidocaine). The document discusses the physicochemical properties and uses of specific local anesthetics benzocaine, procaine and lidocaine.
The document discusses four antileprotic drugs: Dapsone, Solapsone, Clofazimine, and Thiambutosine. Dapsone is a white crystalline powder that is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in ethanol. It is used to treat leprosy and malaria. Solapsone is the tetrasodium sulphonate derivative of Dapsone and is less potent. Clofazimine is an iminophenazine dye used as a second line treatment for leprosy. Thiambutosine is a thiourea derivative and phenolic ether that is a white, odorless and bitter powder insoluble in water. All four drugs are stored in well closed light
Preparation of percent solution and calculation.
2. Preparation of aromatic water.
3. Preparation of syrups.
a) Phenobarbitione-Na syrup.
b) Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup.
c) Promethazine-HCl syrup.
d) Iron syrup.
4. Preparation of suspensions
a) Paracetamol suspension
b) Antacid suspension
c) Chalk powder suspension
5. Preparation of emulsion and identification of type of emulsion
a) Primary emulsion by dry gum method and wet gum method
b) Castor oil emulsion
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Analytical Pharmacy,MANIKImran Nur Manik
a) Assay of acetyl salicylic acid in aspirin tablets.
b) Assay of sodium salicylate tablets
c) Determination of potency of penicillin tablets.
d) Non- aqueous assay of phenobarbitone tablets.
e) Determination of calcium in solid & liquid dosage form by complexometric titration.
f) Assay of promethazine hydrochloride.
g) Assay of methamphetamine hydrochloride
h) Assay of aluminum hydroxide gel.
i) Assay of milk of magnesia
j) Assay of magnesium and aluminum from antacid preparation.
k) Determination of iodine value, saponification value, acid value and R.M. value of oils and fats
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Medicinal Chemistry,ManikImran Nur Manik
Synthesis of drug & drug intermediates: Paracetamol b) Benzocaine c) Aspirin d) Phenacetin e) PABA (Para amino-benzoic acid f) Meta Nitro-benzaldehyde g) Ethyl para hydroxy-benzoate h) Para Amino phenol i) Methyl salicylate.
The document describes an experiment to determine the amount of eugenol, a phenolic compound with local anesthetic properties, present in clove oil by shaking a sample of the oil with potassium hydroxide solution, which solubilizes the eugenol but not other non-phenolic portions of the oil; the procedure involves transferring clove oil to a flask, adding potassium hydroxide solution, heating, then measuring the volume of the separated non-phenolic portion to calculate the volume of eugenol by difference.
This laboratory exercise tests the effect of pH and substrate concentration on the activity of the amylase enzyme. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. The reaction is observed using iodine, which turns dark blue-black in the presence of starch but light brown as starch is broken down. Tests are conducted at pH levels of 5, 7, and 9.2 to determine the optimal pH. Additional tests use starch substrate concentrations of 0.2M to 1.0M to analyze the effect on reaction rate. Graphs will be made of the results and questions will be answered about optimal pH, how pH affects enzyme activity, and the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate.
This document provides an overview of local anesthetics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and examples like benzocaine, procaine, and lidocaine. Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing the generation of action potentials and transmission of nerve impulses. They are classified based on their site of action (e.g. surface, infiltration, nerve block) and chemical structure (esters like benzocaine vs amides like lidocaine). The document discusses the physicochemical properties and uses of specific local anesthetics benzocaine, procaine and lidocaine.
The document discusses four antileprotic drugs: Dapsone, Solapsone, Clofazimine, and Thiambutosine. Dapsone is a white crystalline powder that is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in ethanol. It is used to treat leprosy and malaria. Solapsone is the tetrasodium sulphonate derivative of Dapsone and is less potent. Clofazimine is an iminophenazine dye used as a second line treatment for leprosy. Thiambutosine is a thiourea derivative and phenolic ether that is a white, odorless and bitter powder insoluble in water. All four drugs are stored in well closed light
Preparation of percent solution and calculation.
2. Preparation of aromatic water.
3. Preparation of syrups.
a) Phenobarbitione-Na syrup.
b) Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup.
c) Promethazine-HCl syrup.
d) Iron syrup.
4. Preparation of suspensions
a) Paracetamol suspension
b) Antacid suspension
c) Chalk powder suspension
5. Preparation of emulsion and identification of type of emulsion
a) Primary emulsion by dry gum method and wet gum method
b) Castor oil emulsion
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Analytical Pharmacy,MANIKImran Nur Manik
a) Assay of acetyl salicylic acid in aspirin tablets.
b) Assay of sodium salicylate tablets
c) Determination of potency of penicillin tablets.
d) Non- aqueous assay of phenobarbitone tablets.
e) Determination of calcium in solid & liquid dosage form by complexometric titration.
f) Assay of promethazine hydrochloride.
g) Assay of methamphetamine hydrochloride
h) Assay of aluminum hydroxide gel.
i) Assay of milk of magnesia
j) Assay of magnesium and aluminum from antacid preparation.
k) Determination of iodine value, saponification value, acid value and R.M. value of oils and fats
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Medicinal Chemistry,ManikImran Nur Manik
Synthesis of drug & drug intermediates: Paracetamol b) Benzocaine c) Aspirin d) Phenacetin e) PABA (Para amino-benzoic acid f) Meta Nitro-benzaldehyde g) Ethyl para hydroxy-benzoate h) Para Amino phenol i) Methyl salicylate.
The document describes an experiment to determine the amount of eugenol, a phenolic compound with local anesthetic properties, present in clove oil by shaking a sample of the oil with potassium hydroxide solution, which solubilizes the eugenol but not other non-phenolic portions of the oil; the procedure involves transferring clove oil to a flask, adding potassium hydroxide solution, heating, then measuring the volume of the separated non-phenolic portion to calculate the volume of eugenol by difference.
This laboratory exercise tests the effect of pH and substrate concentration on the activity of the amylase enzyme. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. The reaction is observed using iodine, which turns dark blue-black in the presence of starch but light brown as starch is broken down. Tests are conducted at pH levels of 5, 7, and 9.2 to determine the optimal pH. Additional tests use starch substrate concentrations of 0.2M to 1.0M to analyze the effect on reaction rate. Graphs will be made of the results and questions will be answered about optimal pH, how pH affects enzyme activity, and the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate.
This document discusses solutions and provides information on:
- The three types of solutions - solid, liquid, and gaseous solutions depending on whether the solvent is solid, liquid, or gas.
- Factors that affect the rate of solubility such as particle size, agitation, and temperature.
- Factors that affect the solubility of a solute such as temperature, molecular structure, effects of other substances, and pH.
- Examples of oral solutions from different categories such as antidepressants, bronchodilators, antipsychotics, and vitamins.
- Characteristics and preparation methods of aqueous solutions and aromatic waters.
This document discusses several types of oral solutions including oral rehydration solutions, oral colonic lavage solutions, magnesium citrate oral solution, sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution, and provides examples of common oral solutions in different therapeutic categories. It describes how oral rehydration solutions are used to treat dehydration from diarrhea, and colonic lavage solutions are used to cleanse the bowel before procedures. It also provides information on the constituents, uses and concentrations of magnesium citrate and sodium citrate/citric acid oral solutions.
Naphthylamine is an aromatic amine derived from naphthalene that can cause bladder cancer. It crystallizes as colorless needles that melt at 50°C and turn brown when exposed to air. Naphthylamine is prepared through various processes including treating β-napthol with ammonia and ammonium sulfate or reducing α-nitrophthalene with iron and hydrochloric acid. It is used as a precursor to azo dyes and as an antioxidant in rubber industries.
Cantharides (Spanish flies)
Origin:
Cantharides is the dried beetles of Cantharis vescicatoria, Meloidae.
Active Constituents:
Cantharidin
Uses:
It is a very irritant poison (10 mg is fatal).
It was formerly used for treatment of skin diseases mainly in veterinary medicine.
Rubefacient.
As tincture in treatment of alopecia areata.
Internally, in too small doses as aphrodisiac (illegal).
This document provides instructions for formulating and preparing a Ferrous Sulphate oral solution. It begins with an introduction on pharmaceutical syrups and describes Ferrous Sulphate as an iron supplement used to treat and prevent iron-deficiency anemia. The document then discusses anemia and provides a classification of anemia based on etiology. The remaining pages are presumed to provide the formula, ingredients, preparation method, and other details for a Ferrous Sulphate oral solution with each 5 ml containing 300 mg of Ferrous Sulphate BP.
Pharmaceutical Technology-I Lab
Preparation of syrups.
a) Phenobarbitione-Na syrup.
b) Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup.
c) Promethazine-HCl syrup.
d) Iron syrup.
Preparation of suspensions
a) Paracetamol suspension
b) Antacid suspension
c) Chalk powder suspension
Preparation of emulsion and identification of type of emulsion
a) Primary emulsion by dry gum method and wet gum method
b) Castor oil emulsion
This document summarizes four antileprotic drugs: dapsone, solapsone, clofazimine, and thiambutosine. Dapsone is a derivative of diphenylsulphone that is white or creamy white powder slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in ethanol. Clofazimine is an iminophenazine dye used as an antileprotic agent that is a dark red crystal or powder insoluble in water. Solapsone is the tetrasodium sulphonate derivative of dapsone, also used to treat leprosy. Thiambutosine is a thiourea derivative, phenolic ether, and tertiary aromatic amine that is a white
(1) A student conducted an experiment to test for the presence of oxalate ions in raw, semi-ripe, and ripe guava samples.
(2) Oxalate ions were extracted from crushed guava pulp and titrated against a potassium permanganate solution.
(3) The results showed that the concentration of oxalate ions increased with the ripening of the guava, from 0.58 g/L in raw guava to 0.61 g/L in ripe guava.
The document discusses an Anthrone test performed on soya milk, shredded coconut, and dry yeast to determine the presence of carbohydrates. The test produced a blue-green color for soya milk and shredded coconut, indicating the presence of carbohydrates. Dry yeast produced a red color, showing the absence of carbohydrates. The test was used to analyze different sample types - liquid, solid, and powder.
This document summarizes the assay method for Tolbutamide, which is a white, crystalline powder used as an oral anti-diabetic drug. The method involves accurately weighing 0.5g of Tolbutamide and dissolving it in a mixture of ethanol and water. The solution is then titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein indicator to identify the endpoint of the reaction. The number of ml of sodium hydroxide used allows the percentage of Tolbutamide in the sample to be calculated based on its molecular weight. Additional tests are specified to identify the compound and ensure purity and quality standards.
This document discusses solutions and various concepts related to solutions. It defines solutions as homogeneous dispersions where substances are mixed at the molecular or ionic level. It describes the particle sizes of different types of mixtures and defines key terms like solute, solvent, concentration, and saturation.
The document explains that the dissolving process is dynamic, involving both dissolution and crystallization rates. Solubility depends on factors like the nature of the solute and solvent, temperature, and pressure. Concentration can be described qualitatively or quantitatively using terms like molarity, molality, and mole fraction. Dilution decreases concentration by adding more solvent.
The document also discusses acid-base theories and how strong and weak electrolytes
This document provides information on various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms, including their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, examples, and typical formulation methods. It discusses gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops, syrups, elixirs, liniments, and lotions. For each type, it provides a brief description of its use and purpose as well as an example formulation and method.
Monophasic dosage forms refer to liquid preparations containing components in a single phase system, represented by a true solution. A true solution is a homogeneous mixture prepared by dissolving a solute in a suitable solvent. Common monophasic dosage forms include aqueous solutions used as gargles, mouthwashes, and ear/nasal drops to treat infections locally. They allow for easier administration than solids and faster drug absorption but require preservatives due to the risk of microbial growth.
The document discusses herbal formulations and provides details on developing three herbal syrup formulations. It describes conventional herbal formulations like syrups and factors that affect their safety and quality. It then provides the materials and methods for developing 1) a Scoparia dulcis extract syrup, 2) an Achyranthes aspera extract syrup, and 3) a polyherbal formulation syrup combining several herbal extracts. For each, it details the specifications, development process, manufacturing method, proposed dosage, and other quality parameters.
Principles & procedures involved in usage of reagentskapil Patel
The document discusses various reagents used in pharmaceutical analysis. It begins by classifying reagents based on their reaction mechanisms such as oxidation, condensation, diazotization, and others. Several examples of reagents are provided for each classification including MBTH, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, PDAB, and 2,4-DNP. Their chemical properties and applications in estimating specific drugs are described. The document concludes by providing an example estimation procedure using MBTH reagent.
This document discusses different types of solutions, including their classification, preparation, and uses. Solutions can be classified based on the type of solute dissolved (liquid, gas, or solid), preparation method (simple solution, chemical reaction), or intended use (oral, topical, injectable). The key steps in preparing simple solutions are weighing ingredients, dissolving solids in a portion of the solvent, then completing the volume. Example prescriptions provided illustrate common solutions like carminative mixtures, iodine solutions, and ear/eye/nasal drops.
This document provides information on flavor enhancers and stabilizers used in foods. It discusses flavor, common flavor enhancers like monosodium glutamate, and techniques for analyzing flavors like gas chromatography. It also defines food stabilizers, provides examples like alginates and agar, describes general confirmatory tests, and discusses applications such as preventing emulsions from separating.
The need for non aqueous titration arises because water can behave as a weak base and a weak acid as well, and can hence compete in proton acceptance or proton donation with other weak acids and bases dissolved in it.
The document describes 5 qualitative tests used to detect phenols:
1. Litmus test detects phenol's acidity by changing blue litmus to red.
2. Ferric chloride test produces different colored complexes with different phenols.
3. Liebermann's test produces a yellow compound then blue or red colors.
4. Bromine water test causes bromine color to disappear and a white precipitate to form.
5. Phthalein dye test produces different colored compounds with phenols and bases.
This document discusses solutions and provides information on:
- The three types of solutions - solid, liquid, and gaseous solutions depending on whether the solvent is solid, liquid, or gas.
- Factors that affect the rate of solubility such as particle size, agitation, and temperature.
- Factors that affect the solubility of a solute such as temperature, molecular structure, effects of other substances, and pH.
- Examples of oral solutions from different categories such as antidepressants, bronchodilators, antipsychotics, and vitamins.
- Characteristics and preparation methods of aqueous solutions and aromatic waters.
This document discusses several types of oral solutions including oral rehydration solutions, oral colonic lavage solutions, magnesium citrate oral solution, sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution, and provides examples of common oral solutions in different therapeutic categories. It describes how oral rehydration solutions are used to treat dehydration from diarrhea, and colonic lavage solutions are used to cleanse the bowel before procedures. It also provides information on the constituents, uses and concentrations of magnesium citrate and sodium citrate/citric acid oral solutions.
Naphthylamine is an aromatic amine derived from naphthalene that can cause bladder cancer. It crystallizes as colorless needles that melt at 50°C and turn brown when exposed to air. Naphthylamine is prepared through various processes including treating β-napthol with ammonia and ammonium sulfate or reducing α-nitrophthalene with iron and hydrochloric acid. It is used as a precursor to azo dyes and as an antioxidant in rubber industries.
Cantharides (Spanish flies)
Origin:
Cantharides is the dried beetles of Cantharis vescicatoria, Meloidae.
Active Constituents:
Cantharidin
Uses:
It is a very irritant poison (10 mg is fatal).
It was formerly used for treatment of skin diseases mainly in veterinary medicine.
Rubefacient.
As tincture in treatment of alopecia areata.
Internally, in too small doses as aphrodisiac (illegal).
This document provides instructions for formulating and preparing a Ferrous Sulphate oral solution. It begins with an introduction on pharmaceutical syrups and describes Ferrous Sulphate as an iron supplement used to treat and prevent iron-deficiency anemia. The document then discusses anemia and provides a classification of anemia based on etiology. The remaining pages are presumed to provide the formula, ingredients, preparation method, and other details for a Ferrous Sulphate oral solution with each 5 ml containing 300 mg of Ferrous Sulphate BP.
Pharmaceutical Technology-I Lab
Preparation of syrups.
a) Phenobarbitione-Na syrup.
b) Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup.
c) Promethazine-HCl syrup.
d) Iron syrup.
Preparation of suspensions
a) Paracetamol suspension
b) Antacid suspension
c) Chalk powder suspension
Preparation of emulsion and identification of type of emulsion
a) Primary emulsion by dry gum method and wet gum method
b) Castor oil emulsion
This document summarizes four antileprotic drugs: dapsone, solapsone, clofazimine, and thiambutosine. Dapsone is a derivative of diphenylsulphone that is white or creamy white powder slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in ethanol. Clofazimine is an iminophenazine dye used as an antileprotic agent that is a dark red crystal or powder insoluble in water. Solapsone is the tetrasodium sulphonate derivative of dapsone, also used to treat leprosy. Thiambutosine is a thiourea derivative, phenolic ether, and tertiary aromatic amine that is a white
(1) A student conducted an experiment to test for the presence of oxalate ions in raw, semi-ripe, and ripe guava samples.
(2) Oxalate ions were extracted from crushed guava pulp and titrated against a potassium permanganate solution.
(3) The results showed that the concentration of oxalate ions increased with the ripening of the guava, from 0.58 g/L in raw guava to 0.61 g/L in ripe guava.
The document discusses an Anthrone test performed on soya milk, shredded coconut, and dry yeast to determine the presence of carbohydrates. The test produced a blue-green color for soya milk and shredded coconut, indicating the presence of carbohydrates. Dry yeast produced a red color, showing the absence of carbohydrates. The test was used to analyze different sample types - liquid, solid, and powder.
This document summarizes the assay method for Tolbutamide, which is a white, crystalline powder used as an oral anti-diabetic drug. The method involves accurately weighing 0.5g of Tolbutamide and dissolving it in a mixture of ethanol and water. The solution is then titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein indicator to identify the endpoint of the reaction. The number of ml of sodium hydroxide used allows the percentage of Tolbutamide in the sample to be calculated based on its molecular weight. Additional tests are specified to identify the compound and ensure purity and quality standards.
This document discusses solutions and various concepts related to solutions. It defines solutions as homogeneous dispersions where substances are mixed at the molecular or ionic level. It describes the particle sizes of different types of mixtures and defines key terms like solute, solvent, concentration, and saturation.
The document explains that the dissolving process is dynamic, involving both dissolution and crystallization rates. Solubility depends on factors like the nature of the solute and solvent, temperature, and pressure. Concentration can be described qualitatively or quantitatively using terms like molarity, molality, and mole fraction. Dilution decreases concentration by adding more solvent.
The document also discusses acid-base theories and how strong and weak electrolytes
This document provides information on various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms, including their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, examples, and typical formulation methods. It discusses gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops, syrups, elixirs, liniments, and lotions. For each type, it provides a brief description of its use and purpose as well as an example formulation and method.
Monophasic dosage forms refer to liquid preparations containing components in a single phase system, represented by a true solution. A true solution is a homogeneous mixture prepared by dissolving a solute in a suitable solvent. Common monophasic dosage forms include aqueous solutions used as gargles, mouthwashes, and ear/nasal drops to treat infections locally. They allow for easier administration than solids and faster drug absorption but require preservatives due to the risk of microbial growth.
The document discusses herbal formulations and provides details on developing three herbal syrup formulations. It describes conventional herbal formulations like syrups and factors that affect their safety and quality. It then provides the materials and methods for developing 1) a Scoparia dulcis extract syrup, 2) an Achyranthes aspera extract syrup, and 3) a polyherbal formulation syrup combining several herbal extracts. For each, it details the specifications, development process, manufacturing method, proposed dosage, and other quality parameters.
Principles & procedures involved in usage of reagentskapil Patel
The document discusses various reagents used in pharmaceutical analysis. It begins by classifying reagents based on their reaction mechanisms such as oxidation, condensation, diazotization, and others. Several examples of reagents are provided for each classification including MBTH, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, PDAB, and 2,4-DNP. Their chemical properties and applications in estimating specific drugs are described. The document concludes by providing an example estimation procedure using MBTH reagent.
This document discusses different types of solutions, including their classification, preparation, and uses. Solutions can be classified based on the type of solute dissolved (liquid, gas, or solid), preparation method (simple solution, chemical reaction), or intended use (oral, topical, injectable). The key steps in preparing simple solutions are weighing ingredients, dissolving solids in a portion of the solvent, then completing the volume. Example prescriptions provided illustrate common solutions like carminative mixtures, iodine solutions, and ear/eye/nasal drops.
This document provides information on flavor enhancers and stabilizers used in foods. It discusses flavor, common flavor enhancers like monosodium glutamate, and techniques for analyzing flavors like gas chromatography. It also defines food stabilizers, provides examples like alginates and agar, describes general confirmatory tests, and discusses applications such as preventing emulsions from separating.
The need for non aqueous titration arises because water can behave as a weak base and a weak acid as well, and can hence compete in proton acceptance or proton donation with other weak acids and bases dissolved in it.
The document describes 5 qualitative tests used to detect phenols:
1. Litmus test detects phenol's acidity by changing blue litmus to red.
2. Ferric chloride test produces different colored complexes with different phenols.
3. Liebermann's test produces a yellow compound then blue or red colors.
4. Bromine water test causes bromine color to disappear and a white precipitate to form.
5. Phthalein dye test produces different colored compounds with phenols and bases.
Laboratory solution preparation by Farhang HamidFarhang Hamid
Preparation of 0.1 M Na2CO3 solution in 250 ml D.W
part per million (PPm )
Buffer solution
Preparation of 1% w/v Na2CO3 solution
Concentration units
g(sample)=M.wt(sample)*Molarity*Volume
M1×V1=M2×V2
mass percent solution=(gram(solute))/(100 grams(soluion))%
D=mass/volume≫≫mass=Denstiy ×Volume
Learning objectives
Introduction
Types of solvents
Acidimetry in non aqueous medium
Alkalimetry in non aqueous medium
Estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl
Applications of non aqueous titrations in pharmacy
Conclusion
Reference
This document discusses pharmaceutical calculations and liquid dosage forms. It covers various topics related to calculations including the imperial and metric systems of measurement, percentage solutions, isotonic solutions, and alligation method. It also discusses liquid dosage forms, describing advantages and disadvantages, common excipients used, and solubility enhancement techniques. The goal is to provide students with an overview of important concepts in pharmaceutical calculations and liquid dosage formulations.
This document discusses various types of solutions used in pharmaceutical preparations. It defines solutions as liquid preparations containing one or more substances dissolved in a suitable solvent. Solutions can be classified based on their use, such as oral, ophthalmic, or topical solutions. Common solvents used in pharmaceutical preparations include water, alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and various oils. Key factors that determine solubility of substances, such as temperature, pH, and salt forms, are also covered.
This document defines elixirs as clear, sweetened alcoholic preparations intended for oral use. It discusses the differences between elixirs and syrups, as well as the reasons for using elixirs over syrups. It also covers the types of elixirs, methods of preparation, ingredients, advantages, disadvantages, and proper storage. Elixirs contain 10-12% alcohol and are used to dissolve ingredients that are not soluble in water for oral administration, while masking unpleasant tastes.
Analysis of analgesics and antipyretics.induhdghcfgfgftf
The document summarizes analytical methods for several analgesics and antipyretics. It discusses classification of analgesics and antipyretics and their mechanisms of action. Specific analytical methods covered include titrimetric, spectrophotometric, chromatographic and colorimetric assays for drugs like aspirin, diclofenac sodium, aceclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, analgin and antipyrine. Gravimetric, colorimetric and polarographic methods are described for the analysis of antipyrine.
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve or enhance qualities like flavour, taste, texture and appearance. They help maintain or improve the keeping quality of foods. Additives are classified based on their function and include colours, preservatives, acids, antioxidants, sweeteners, flavours, stabilizers and thickeners. Common preservatives added are benzoic acid, sulphuric acid, nitrates/nitrites and propionates. Tests are used to identify and quantify levels of additives in foods.
Elixirs are clear, sweetened alcoholic solutions intended for oral use. They contain 10-12% alcohol which helps dissolve ingredients. Elixirs differ from syrups in that alcohol is always present in elixirs and they remain clear while syrups can contain dyes. Common types of elixirs include simple non-medicated elixirs and medicated elixirs containing active ingredients. Elixirs are prepared by separately dissolving water and alcohol soluble components before combining the solutions and adding excipients like sweeteners, flavors, and preservatives.
This document discusses elixirs, including their definition as clear sweetened hydroalcoholic oral preparations containing 10-12% alcohol that are usually flavored. It outlines the differences between elixirs and syrups, the types of elixirs and their uses. Methods of preparation and common ingredients are provided, along with advantages like taste masking and examples like phenobarbital elixir. Potential adverse effects and proper storage are also mentioned.
This document discusses various solvents used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining solvents as substances that can dissolve, suspend, or extract other materials without chemically changing. Common solvents used include purified water, dehydrated alcohol, alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and isopropyl rubbing alcohol. Purified water is produced through distillation, ion exchange, or reverse osmosis and is used in aqueous dosage forms. Alcohol is a useful solvent that forms hydroalcoholic mixtures and is commonly used in oral products in concentrations under 10%. Glycerin, propylene glycol, and isopropyl rubbing alcohol are also discussed as pharmaceutical solvents.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. DEFINITIONS
Elixir is a clear
liquid, sweet, hidroalkohol solution used for
oral administration, generally contain
flavuoring agent to enhance the flavor
delicious. Elixir is hidroalkohol, then it can
maintain the stability of both drugs are
soluble in water or alcohol.
3. Phenobarbital (fee-no-BAR-BIH-tal) is an anti-epileptic
drug that has a long history. This drug was first used as
an anti-epileptic drugs in 1912. These drugs have
become first-line drugs, but now a second-line drug
because of side effects caused the sedative
effects, depression and agitation.
4. Under his employment, barbiturates derivatives
are divided into four, namely:
1. Barbiturate derivative with a long service life
(6 hours or more) Example:
barbiturates, metarbital, phenobarbital.
2. Working period barbiturate derivative with
moderate (3-6 hours) Example:
alobarbital, amobarbital, aprobarbital, and
butabarbital useful to maintain sleep in the long
term
5. 3. Barbiturate derivative with a short
working period (from 0.5 to 3 hours)
Example: sekobarbital, and
pentobarbital, which is used to induce sleep
for people who have trouble falling asleep.
4. Barbiturate derivative with a very short
period of employment (<0.5 h) Example:
thiopental is used for general anesthesia.
6. Eliksir Fenobarbital
Phenobarbital has a low solubility in
water solvent, so as to increase the
solubility made mixed solvent (co-
solvent). In the
experiment, phenobarbital elixir
made in the dosage form.
7. Known there are two ways in making
elixir, namely:
1. Active substance is dissolved in a
solvent with a solubility of the active
substance is greater, then add other
solvents as well.
2. Active substance is dissolved little by
little into the mixed solvent.
8. Phenobarbital has a low solubility in
water solvent, so as to increase of the
solubility made mixed solvent (co-
solvent). In the experiment,
phenobarbital elixir made in the dosage
form.
9. Dose Phenobarbital
Active substance at this time is fenobabrbital
sefiaan that can act as
anticonvulsants, sedatives, and hypnotics. Dose of
phenobarbital:
For oral sedativum
The usual dose: 1 time = 15-30 mg
1 day = 45-90 mg
The maximum dose: 1 time = 300
mg
1 day = 600 mg
10. For oral anticonvulsant
The usual dose: 1 time = 50-100 mg
1 day = 150-300 mg
Maximum dose: 300 mg 1 time =
1 day = 600 mg
For oral hipnotikum
The usual dose: 1 time = 100-200 mg
(Indonesia Pharmacopoeia III, p. 980)
11. Additional substances
1. Kosolven
Will be made Phenobarbital elixir dosage of
10 mg / cc. Preparations will be made as
many as 250 mL. Thus, the mass required
Phenobarbital 500 mg. Phenobarbital has the
properties of soluble in water (1:1000) and
dissolved in ethanol (1:10). By looking at
these solubility data, the importance of the
amount of ethanol used as much as 25 mL.
12. Maximum use of ethanol as a co-solvent as
much as 10%, was within 10% is already the
active substance can dissolve as much as
the desired dosage. However, the
formulation used also other
solvents, namely propylene glycol and
glycerin.
Water used to make this preparation is CO2-
free water.
14. 3. Taste and Dyes
To enhance the acceptability of preparations for
the patient, then the added flavorings and
colorings. Dye used was Fast Green. Amount
used as many as 15 drops (converted to 0.1 mL).
Powder Fast Green as much as 50 mg dissolved
in 4 mL of ethanol.
Active substance is tasteless, so it should be
added sweeteners and sweetener used is
sirupus simplex.
15. Kesimpulan formula sirup fenobabrbital 10mg/cc.
No. Bahan Jumlah Fungsi
1 Fenobarbital 1% Zat aktif
2 Propilen glikol 20% Kosolven
3 Etanol 95% 10% Kosolven
4 Gliserol 20% Kosolven
5 Sodium benzoat 0,1 %
Pengawet
6 Sirupus simpleks 15% Pemanis
7 Vanilla essence Qs Pemberi aroma
8 Fast Green Qs Pewarna
9 Aquades Add hingga 150 mL Pelarut
16. Calculation
Phenobarbital : Gliserol :
1% x 150 ml = 1,5 g 20 % x 150 ml = 30 mL
Sirupus simplex : Propilenglikol :
15 % x 150 ml = 22,5 g 20 % x 150 ml = 30 mL
Etanol (95%) : Sodium benzoat:
10 % x 150 ml = 15 mL 0.1 % x 150 mL = 0.15 g
17. Weighing
Weighing conducted to:
Dose = 10 mg / cc
Dosage volume per bottle
Volume of 150 mL preparations made
18. Penimbangan untuk 150 mL
No. Bahan Jumlah
1 Fenobarbital 1,5 gram
2 Propilen glikol 22.5 mL
3 Etanol 95% 15 mL
4 Gliserol 22.5 mL
5 Sirupus simpleks 22,5 mg
6 Sodium benzoat 150 mg
7 Vanilla essence 50 mg
8 Fast Green 15 tetes
9 Aquades Add hingga 150 mL
19. Cara Pembuatan
1. Determine the amount of each component
kosolven necessary to calculate the KD
phenobarbital which has been obtained.
2. 1.5 grams of phenobarbital were dissolved into
15 mL of ethanol
3. Added 22.5 mL of propylene glycol
4. Was added 22.5 mL of glycerol
5. Stir until blended
6. Simplex sirupus added 22.5 mg
20. 7. Stock added 3 mL pengaroma
8. Dye stock was added 15 drops or 0.1 ml
9. Sodium benzoate is added previously
dissolved in water
10. Aquades added to the limit of between 150
mL
11. The mixture was stirred until homogeneous
and put into containers that have been
equalized
Editor's Notes
Textured and layered backgroundwith title(Advanced)Tip: Some shape effects on this slide are created with the Combine Shapes commands. To access this command, you must add it to the Quick Access Toolbar, located above the File tab. To customize the Quick Access Toolbar, do the following:Click the arrow next to the Quick Access Toolbar, and then under CustomizeQuickAccessToolbar click MoreCommands.In the PowerPointOptions dialog box, in the Choose commands from list, select All Commands. In the list of commands, click CombineShapes, and then click Add.To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the ShapeStyles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Angle box, enter 160°.Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 200, Green: 149, and Blue: 4.In the Transparency box, enter 79%.Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 29%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 124, Green: 93, and Blue: 30.In the Transparency box, enter 84%.Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 68%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 131, Green: 104, and Blue: 7.In the Transparency box, enter 74%.Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 98, Green: 61, and Blue: 40.In the Transparency box, enter 51%.Also in the FormatShape dialog box, click LineColor in the left pane, in the LineColor pane, select Noline.Also in the FormatShape dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, under Soft Edges, in the Size box, enter 5 pt.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, enter 1.83” in the Height box and 10.33” in the Width box.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.To reproduce the clip art effects on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Clip Art. In the Clip Art pane, in the Search for box, enter 00437948, select the Include Office.com content check box, and then click Go. Select the clip art file in the pane to insert it into the slide. (Note: If you choose another clip art file, the clip art must be in the Windows Metafile format [.wmf].)Drag the clip art from the Clip Art pane to the slide.Select the clip art. Under PictureTools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 6.99” in the Height box and 7.5” in the Width box.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Ungroup.In the Microsoft Office PowerPoint dialog box, click Yes. On the slide, select the converted clip art. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the top-level group. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Ungroup. Also in the Selection and Visibility pane, select the Autoshape object, and then press DELETE. Press and hold CTRL, and then select all the clip art shapes. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Combine Shapes, and then click ShapeUnion.Position the new freeform shape in the bottom left corner of the slide so that it extends beyond the left and bottom edges of the slide.Select the freeform shape. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click MoreGradients. In the FormatShape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Solid fill, and then do the following:Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 84, Green: 65, and Blue: 54.In the Transparency box, enter 99%Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, under Glow, do the following:Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 104, Green: 71, and Blue: 34.In the Size box, enter 7 pt.In the Transparency box, enter 90%.To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box.On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Garamondfrom the Font list, select 54 pt. from the FontSize list, and then click Bold.Under DrawingTools, on the Format tab, in theWordArt Styles group, click the Format Text Effects dialog box launcher. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, in the Shadow pane, do the following:In the Transparency box, enter 70%.In the Blur box, enter 5 pt.In the Angle box, enter 315°.In the Distance box, enter 4 pt.Drag the text box inside the rectangle and on the right side of the slide.To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill, and then do the following:Click the button next to Texture, and then click Stationary (fourth row).Clear the Tile picture as texture check box.Also in the FormatShape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, clickNoline.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box.Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click Copy.Press DELETE to delete the rectangle.Also on the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow below Paste, and select Paste Special. In the Paste Special dialog box, select Paste, and then under As, select Picture (PNG).Select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Adjust group, click Artistic Effects, and then click Artistic Effects Options. In the FormatPicture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, and then click Paint Brush (second row).Also in the Artistic Effects pane, do the following:In the Transparency box, enter 15%.In the Brush Size box, enter 2.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, do the following:Under Color Saturation, in the Saturation box, enter 200%.Under Color Tone, click the button next to Presets and then click Temperature: 5,300 K.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, do the following:Under Sharpen and Soften, in the box next to Sharpen, enter -70%.Under Brightness and Contrast, in the Contrast box, enter -10%.Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align Middle.Click Align Center.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Send to Back.To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the button next to Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Angle box, enter 160°.Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row).In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 29%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15.In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 68%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 104, Green: 71, and Blue: 34.In the Transparency box, enter 68%Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 84, Green: 65, and Blue: 54.In the Transparency box, enter 37%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box.Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align Middle.Click Align Center.To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following:Click the button next to Texture, and then click Cork (fifth row).Clear the Tile picture as texture check box.Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 84%.Also in the FormatPicture dialog box, click LineColor in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Paint Brush (second row), and then in the Brush Size box, enter 1.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 1% in the Brightness box and 26% in the Contrast box.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box.Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align Middle.Click Align Center.To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following:Click the button next to Texture, and then click Granite (third row).Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 90%.Also in the FormatPicture dialog box, click LineColor in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following:In the Transparency box, enter 94%.In the Detail box, enter 9.Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, in the Contrast box, enter 35%.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box.Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align Middle.Click Align Center.