Research Paper Using Word This assignment has two goals.docx

Research Paper Using Word
This assignment has two goals: 1) have students, via research,
increase their understanding of impacts of information
technology on current world issues, and 2) learn to correctly use
the tools and techniques within Word to format a research
paper, including use of available References and citation tools.
These skills will be valuable throughout a student’s
academic career.
The paper will require a title page, NO abstract, three to five
full pages of content with incorporation of a minimum of 3
external resources from credible sources and a Works
Cited/References page. Wikipedia and similar general
information
sites, blogs or discussion groups are not considered creditable
sources for a research project. No more than 10% of the
paper may be in the form of a direct citation from an external
source. Choose your topic from the list of topics that follow
these organization steps.
Paper organization
Open Word and save a blank document with the following
name:
“Student’s LastNameFirstInitial Research Paper”
The paper should be organized in the following way:
1. Title page:
a. Center in the middle of the page (horizontally and vertically)

the title (subject) of the paper and below that
your name
2. Body of the paper:
a. Use 12-point Arial font
b. Set the margins at 1”
c. Length – 3-5 full pages, not counting the title page or the
References page.
d. Include a minimum of 3 APA-formatted citations and related
References page. Every reference must be cited
at least once, and every citation have an entry in the References
list. If you are not familiar with APA format,
it is recommended that you use the References feature in Word
for your citations and Reference List or refer
to the "Citing and Writing" option under the
Resources/Library/Get Help area in the LEO classroom. It is
important to review the final format for APA-style correctness
even if generated by Word.
e. Include at least two (2) informational footnotes. Footnotes
are not used to list a reference! Footnotes contain
information about the topic to which the footnote has been
attached.
f. Place the references on a separate page following the body of
the paper. Note: Use a hard return (CTRL
Enter) after the end of your paper body and the start of the
References page.
3. Organization of the content of the paper:
Include the following sections in the paper (include, in bold,
the headings identified here):
a. Introduction - Identify the issue or idea. Explain why was the
topic selected and what you are trying to

achieve (what is your end goal). The introduction should not be
more than half a page; details will be
discussed in the follow-on areas.
b. Areas of interest, activity or issue – Define the issue or idea
in greater detail. Define the specific problem
or problems or new idea. Identify other underlining or related
issues as well as dependencies. Explain what
impacts will result if not addressed.
c. Research Findings – Summarize your research findings and
what they contribute to the study of the issue
or idea. You must identify (cite) the sources of the research or
class material related to your topic that you
include in the findings.
d. Proposed solution(s), idea(s), courses of action(s). List
solutions, ideas or courses of action with an
analysis of its effectiveness (how will your suggestions affect
or change the current situation). If more than
one idea is suggested, provide an analysis that covers all
proposed suggestions.
e. Conclusion – Summarize the conclusions of your paper.
A list of topics from which students can choose is provided
here:
Topics for Research Paper
The focus of the paper should be on one of the following:
1. How has information technology led to the struggle between

online and brick-and-mortar stores? What do the
next 5-10 years look like?
2. How has information technology opened up the potential for
5G networks? Are there any downsides to
the implementation of this technology?
3. How has information technology impacted the use of robots
in your local stores?
4. How has information technology supported the development
of monopolies – Amazon, Microsoft, telecom
companies? Will these monopolies survive?
of facial recognition software and the current issues
related to its use?
6. How has information technology led to the use of biometrics
and the potential for rise of an International “Big
Brother”?
7. How has information technology led to the development of
the Internet of Things and the concern about the
impact of privacy laws (or lack thereof) on the IOT?
of Facebook and other social media sites? Should
social media sites be regulated?
9. Who/what is Huawei and what are the issues the U.S. and
other countries are having with Huawei?
10. How has information technology changed the political

process within the past 5 years?
Writing Quality for the Research Paper
• All Grammar, Verb Tenses, Pronouns, Spelling, Punctuation,
and Writing Competency should be without error.
• Be particularly careful about mis-matching a noun and
pronoun. For example, if you say "A person does this…" then
do
not use "their" or "they" when referring to that person. "Person"
is singular; "their" or "they" is plural.
• Remember: there is not their, your is not you're, its is not it's,
too is not to or two, site is not cite, and who should be
used after an individual, not that. For example, "the person
WHO made the speech" not "the person THAT made the
speech."
• in the previous sentence. It is more business-like to say "In a
professional paper one should not use contractions,"
rather than saying, "In a professional paper you don't use
contractions."
• In a professional paper one does not use contractions (doesn't,
don't, etc.) and one
does not use the personal I, you or your. Use the impersonal as
in the previous
sentence. It is more business-like to say "In a professional paper
one should not use
contractions," rather than saying, "In a professional paper you
don't use contractions."
• Remember: spell-check, then proofread. Better yet, have a
friend or colleague read it before submitting it. Read it out

loud to yourself. Read it as if you are submitting it to your boss.
Grading Criteria
Paper Mechanics
Format- title pg,
font, margins, paper
length
0.5 Title page included: Arial 12-point font used; margins set at
1”;
body of the paper is 3-5 pages, double spaced (not counting title
page and References page).
APA work -
citations and
references
0.5 A minimum of 3 correctly formatted citations matched to
references; both citations and references in APA format.
Footnotes 0.5 A minimum of 2 footnotes that contain additional
information
but are NOT references.
Mechanics-

grammar, spelling,
etc.
1.5 Grammar, spellings, and punctuation correct throughout the
paper.
Content
Introduction 2 This is a summary of the topic. Simply identify
the issue
without going into great detail, explain why was the topic
selected and what the you are trying to achieve (what is your
end goal). The introduction should not be more than half a
page; details will be discussed in the follow-on areas.
Issue 2.0 Define the issue or idea. Define the specific problem
or
problems or new idea. Identify other underlying or related
issues as well as dependencies. Explain what impacts will
result if not addressed.
Findings 2.0 Identify research or class material related to your
topic.
Summarize your findings and what they contribute to the
study of the issue or idea. Sources must be identified in
citations and the related References list.

Solution
s/actions 3.0 List solution, idea or courses of action with an
analysis of its
effectiveness (how will your suggestions affect or change the
current situation). If more than one idea is suggested,
provide an analysis that covers all proposed suggestions.
Conclusion 2 Summarize the conclusions of your paper. In a
paragraph
briefly identify the issue, the findings, your proposed
solution/actions. However, do not simply repeat the words in
the previous sections.
You can find instructions on how to use the References tool in
Word on a PC or on a Mac in a file included in the
Assignment link.

BIO 100 Assignment #1
Directions: Answer the following questions (in red) with short
paragraphs. Excellence in writing and your ability to defend
your answers is important (and will be rewarded!) Point value
proceeds each questions. There are 60 points total
PLEASE NOTE: You may discuss the questions, however the
submitted answers must be in your OWN words. Evidence of
copying another’s work or copying from internet sites is strictly
forbidden. Failure to follow these rules about sharing quiz
material is evidence of academic dishonesty and has severe
consequences. (Please see syllabus regarding plagiarism).
Part I :The Nature of Science (10 points )
We trust the methodology of “Science” to provide us with facts
that will enhance our lives and our understanding of the world
around us. But, is science always right?
False Assumptions in Science:
Image: http://www.foodrising.org/Media/8kT1mAvc51I.jpg
Mike Adams is the editor of The Health Ranger. Adams has
lost many family members to cancer and believes we need to
reconstruct how we view science in order to heal patients or
prevent disease. He proposes that we are leaving out many

possibilities when it comes to “cause and effect”. Visit his
Health Ranger site at:
http://www.naturalnews.com/041736_modern_science_false_ass
umptions_consciousness.html
(1) visit the website (above) Select two of the Health Ranger’s
“Ten false assumptions in science”. Do you agree or disagree
with his point of view? Why or why not? (4 points)
(2) Visit the following site (below): (6 points)
https://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2015/12/03/the-
toxic-chemical-hypocrisy-of-food-babe-joseph-mercola-and-
mark-hyman/#43e410cd2df6
· What are the tactics used by the “Food Babe”, Joseph Mercola
and Mark Hyman to buy their products?
· Ironically, what been found in each of the products they sell?
· In your opinion, do they practice good science? Why or why
not?
Part II: The Truth in Science Changes with time…(15 points)
.
Image courtesy of:

https://sciencecommunication425.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/
miasma-theory.jpg?w=320
1. Miasma Theory (10 points)
The miasma theory(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory held that diseases
such as cholera, chlamydia or the Black Death were caused by
a miasma a noxious form of "bad air", also known as "night
air". The theory held that the origin of epidemics were due to a
miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter. Though miasma
theory is typically associated with the spread of disease, some
academics in the early nineteenth century suggested that the
theory extended to other conditions as well, e.g. one could
become obese by inhaling the odor of food. The Theory was
eventually given up by scientists and physicians after 1880. for
references)
Visit the following websites to assist you in answering the
questions below:
Miasma theory:
http://dc.cod.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1416&context=ess
ai

a) The popular children’s song “ring around the rosie” refers to
what practice (used to prevent transmission of disease)
b) According to the above article: Some measure of scientific
progress is made by disproving an existing theory, but
substantially more progress can be made by doing what?
c) Provide at least two reasons why the miasma theory was
believable to those in the early 14th century (2 points)
d) What theory replaced the Miasma theory? Using the Miasma
example, describe how the truth in science changed over time.
(3 points)
e) Locate a website (article or other reference) illustrating
another example where the truth in science changed over time.
Provide your link here:_____________Briefly describe the
outcome of this “change in belief” (3 points)
2.Diseases that threaten us worldwide : (5 points)
Should more have been done to prepare for cholera outbreak in
Hati ?
Images https://s-media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ab/57/b7/ab57b793f1a8da2188baceff2
babb1fd.jpg
imageshttp://www.choleraalliance.org/files/Zimbabwe/cholera-
children-drinking-dirty-water%20Zimbabwe.jpg

Visit the following websites to explore this dangerous pathogen
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771306/
A. What organism causes cholera?
B. What are the symptoms of cholera?
C. Describe the mode of transmission and how this related to
sanitary conditions -How is cholera spread?
D. What might you do to educate citizens?
Visit the World Health Organization to learn about Diseases
that threaten us worldwide: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/en/
(2 points)
E. Describe two other diseases (besides cholera) that could pose
a threat worldwide . What is their mode of transmission and
how can we, as a society, protect our citizens?
Part III: How can we recognize TRUE science?(25 points)
Image: http://goenglishmagazine.es/wp-
content/uploads/2015/03/chocolate-eating-baby.jpg
1. Fooling ourselves with science: hoaxes, retractions and the
public (5 points) “As consumers of science we should always

beware the latest and greatest study with new results.” Visit the
following website to learn
more.https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-
science/2015/jun/02/fooling-ourselves-with-science
A. What was the hoax that John Bohannon created?
B. What did the Bohannon hoax and LaCour/Green retraction
have in common?
C. Why does the author feel we can set ourselves up to be
fooled by science? Explain why you agree or disagree. (3
points)
2. Vaccines – Fear and skepticism: (5 points)
image: https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTvlZpympZH02v9URx4
0C_gOWrI_0ZJvNEEBZV5haZ8y6UWx53pqQ
“One of the negative side effects of our totally plugged-in
culture is that bad science and misinterpreted results are
published quickly and persist long after something has been
debunked. Almost everyone has been fooled by bad science in
the past, and some bad science has had some very negative
impacts…”
Visit the following website to view a few….
https://mic.com/articles/28940/5-bad-scientific-studies-that-
fooled-millions#.SeZFFcJpB

a. What effect did the MMR vaccine study have on the public?
(2 points)
b. What are your thoughts on vaccines? (3 points)
3. Science, pseudoscience and Quackery (7 points)
Answering the following four questions utilizing your study
guide, power point #1 and chapter one of your textbook
http://www.diet.com/info/img/nwaz_02_img0199.jpg
a) Describe the difference between real science, pseudoscience
and Quackery. (1 point)
b) Search the internet for a website that is illustrating pseudo-
science or Quackery. Post your website here:_________.
Describe how you feel the public can be misled by this site. (2
points)
c) How do you trust internet sites for credibility and unbiased
reporting? What are some warning signs that internet sites
should NOT be trusted? (2 points)
d) What might politics have to do with the funding of
experimental research? How do you feel this might affect the
development of a hypothesis and bias? (2 points)
4. Has the Peer Review process in science been working? (8
points)

Image: https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/06/Screen-Shot-2014-06-24-at-6.04.53-
AM.png
Visit the following website:
http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/seralini-gmo-
study-retracted/
a) The infamous Seralini study (November, 2012) claimed
what? (2 points)
b) According to the article, anyone referencing the Seralini
study as support for their position that GMO has health risks
sacrifices what? 2 points)
c) According to the author, what does this study suffer from? (2
points)
d) Do you feel animal right activists would support this study?
Why or why not? (2 points)
Part IV: Using Science to Live long, happy healthy
lives?………(10 points)
More than half of American adults take some kind of herbal
supplement, spending an estimated $30 billion a year in the
belief that the supplements have some kind of healthful effect.
And, of course, consumers think that what's in the bottle is what
the label promises…..

We all agree that we want to live as long as our quality of life is
exceptional or at the least satisfactory. Right? How does
science inform us on the effect of Nutrition and supplements in
our diet?
1. Searching for the truth in nutrition: (4 points)
Dr. Cohen has become something of a mix of Indiana Jones and
Sherlock Holmes in the supplement world. With chemist
colleagues in the United States, Brazil, and Europe, he hunts for
drugs illegally buried in supplements. Then he goes public.
Visit the following
website:http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/08/feature-
revealing-hidden-dangers-dietary-supplements
A. What scandal did Cohen uncover?
B. What happened in 1994 that changed the way supplements
were regulated? (3 points)
2. Who’s at fault? Who’s to blame for the products we purchase
off the shelves at our local markets? (6 points)
image courtesy of:
https://media.licdn.com/media/p/7/005/06a/3f2/3dd2845.png
Please visit the following site:
http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/gnc-target-walmart-
walgreens-selling-bogus-herbal-supplements-ny-charges-

020315.html
a. According to the article, what four companies were involved
in selling store brand supplements that didn’t contain the
labeled substance or contained ingredients that weren’t listed on
the label? (2 points)
b. What percentage of Walmart products were cited as actually
having DNA from the herb listed on the label?
c. What are some of the contaminants found in these products?
d. What are some of the possible risks of contaminants in
supplements? (2 points)
Your homework assignment consists of developing a
presentation as described below. Please complete the
assignment in a PowerPoint presentation. Put your detailed
comments in the PowerPoint slides themselves and or into the
"notes" section.
PowerPoint Presentation:
You are the chief marketing officer for a large international
organization that provides service to over 25,000 retail outlets.
Management wants to improve sales by increasing business with
existing customers and getting new customers as well. You feel
that the best way to do this is to start by providing your field
staff with new laptops and software.
Your assignment is to develop a PowerPoint presentation that

you will give to the Board of Directors of your Corporation to
justify spending approximately $100,000 on this program. Your
presentation should cover at least the following key points –
showing all the new program will either save money or increase
revenues:
· How will the new communication tools allow the field sales
staff to spend more time with existing customers and developing
new business?
· What types of communication tools can be linked together to
improve overall efficiencies and the field sales staff’s access to
information?
· How can this new program feed valuable information into the
master database of the organization.
A minimum of one reference beside the text should be utilized.
All assignments should be completed in a PowerPoint
presentation using correct APA formatting (Headers, one inch
margins and double spacing, title page and References page,
etc.). Points will be deducted for incorrect grammar,
punctuation and spelling errors. All assignments should be
uploaded in the Assignment area.
Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2013). Management

information systems: Managing the digital firm (13th Ed.). NJ:
Pearson. Retrieved
from: http://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781269870832//1
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision
Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in
Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business
Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director -
and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking
Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in
collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J.,
Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael
J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for
many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for
Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM:
http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html

Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront
us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer
fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are
bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign
policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong
our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our
children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their
classrooms.
Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How,
exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What
questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us
how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which
they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens,
businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to
determine what a person should do, or the best course of action,
and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to
behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities

would be good to live in.”
“Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions
related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people
make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions
that governments, organizations, and communities must face
when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge
and innovation”.
WHAT ETHICS IS NOT:
• Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important
information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly
developed habits that make them feel bad when they do
something wrong, but many people feel good even though they
are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us
it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics
applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical
standards but sometimes do not address all the types of
problems we face.
• Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does
incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from
what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some

totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of
power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow
groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing
standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address
new problems.
• Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some
cultures are quite ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to
certain ethical concerns (as the United States was to slavery
before the Civil War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is
not a satisfactory ethical standard.
• Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide
important data to help us make better ethical choices. But
science alone does not tell us what we ought to do. Science may
provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics
provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because
something is scientifically or technologically possible, it may
not be ethical to do it.
THINKING LIKE A BIOETHICIST: MAKING ETHICAL
DECISIONS
The first step in analyzing moral issues is obvious but not
always easy: Get the facts. Some moral issues create

controversies simply because we do not bother to check the
facts. This first step, although obvious, is also among the most
important and the most frequently overlooked.
But having the facts is not enough. Facts by themselves only
tell us what is; they do not tell us what ought to be. In addition
to getting the facts, resolving an ethical issue also requires an
appeal to values.
Philosophers have developed five different approaches to
values to deal with moral issues.
1. The Utilitarian Approach
Utilitarianism was conceived in the 19th century by Jeremy
Bentham and John Stuart Mill to help legislators determine
which laws were morally best. Both Bentham and Mill
suggested that ethical actions are those that provide the greatest
balance of good over evil.
To analyze an issue using the utilitarian approach, we first
identify the various courses of action available to us. Second,
we ask who will be affected by each action and what benefits or
harms will be derived from each. And third, we choose the
action that will produce the greatest benefits and the least harm.
The ethical action is the one that provides the greatest good for
the greatest number.

2. The Rights Approach
The second important approach to ethics has its roots in the
philosophy of the 18th-century thinker Immanuel Kant and
others like him, who focused on the individual's right to choose
for herself or himself. According to these philosophers, what
makes human beings different from mere things is that people
have dignity based on their ability to choose freely what they
will do with their lives, and they have a fundamental moral
right to have these choices respected. People are not objects to
be manipulated; it is a violation of human dignity to use people
in ways they do not freely choose.
Of course, many different, but related, rights exist besides this
basic one. These other rights (an incomplete list below) can be
thought of as different aspects of the basic right to be treated as
we choose.
· The right to the truth: We have a right to be told the truth and
to be informed about matters that significantly affect our
choices.
· The right of privacy: We have the right to do, believe, and say
whatever we choose in our personal lives so long as we do not
violate the rights of others.
· The right not to be injured: We have the right not to be
harmed or injured unless we freely and knowingly do something
to deserve punishment or we freely and knowingly choose to

risk such injuries.
· The right to what is agreed: We have a right to what has been
promised by those with whom we have freely entered into a
contract or agreement.
In deciding whether an action is moral or immoral using this
second approach, then, we must ask, Does the action respect the
moral rights of everyone? Actions are wrong to the extent that
they violate the rights of individuals; the more serious the
violation, the more wrongful the action.
3. The Fairness or Justice Approach
The fairness or justice approach to ethics has its roots in the
teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who said
that "equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally."
The basic moral question in this approach is: How fair is an
action? Does it treat everyone in the same way, or does it show
favoritism and discrimination?
Favoritism gives benefits to some people without a justifiable
reason for singling them out; discrimination imposes burdens on
people who are no different from those on whom burdens are
not imposed. Both favoritism and discrimination are unjust and
wrong.
4. The Common-Good Approach

This approach to ethics assumes a society comprising
individuals whose own good is inextricably linked to the good
of the community. Community members are bound by the
pursuit of common values and goals.
The common good is a notion that originated more than 2,000
years ago in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero. More
recently, contemporary ethicist John Rawls defined the common
good as "certain general conditions that are...equally to
everyone's advantage."
In this approach, we focus on ensuring that the social policies,
social systems, institutions, and environments on which we
depend are beneficial to all. Examples of goods common to all
include affordable health care, effective public safety, peace
among nations, a just legal system, and an unpolluted
environment.
Appeals to the common good urge us to view ourselves as
members of the same community, reflecting on broad questions
concerning the kind of society we want to become and how we
are to achieve that society. While respecting and valuing the
freedom of individuals to pursue their own goals, the common-
good approach challenges us also to recognize and further those
goals we share in common.

5. The Virtue Approach
The virtue approach to ethics assumes that there are certain
ideals toward which we should strive, which provide for the full
development of our humanity. These ideals are discovered
through thoughtful reflection on what kind of people we have
the potential to become.
Virtues are attitudes or character traits that enable us to be and
to act in ways that develop our highest potential. They enable us
to pursue the ideals we have adopted. Honesty, courage,
compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-
control, and prudence are all examples of virtues.
Virtues are like habits; that is, once acquired, they become
characteristic of a person. Moreover, a person who has
developed virtues will be naturally disposed to act in ways
consistent with moral principles. The virtuous person is the
ethical person.
In dealing with an ethical problem using the virtue approach, we
might ask, What kind of person should I be? What will promote
the development of character within myself and my community?
Putting the Approaches Together
Each of the approaches helps us determine what standards of
behavior can be considered ethical. There are still problems to
be solved, however.

The first problem is that we may not agree on the content of
some of these specific approaches. We may not all agree to the
same set of human and civil rights .We may not agree on what
constitutes the common good. We may not even agree on what
is a good and what is a harm.
The second problem is that the different approaches may not all
answer the question "What is ethical?" in the same way.
Nonetheless, each approach gives us important information with
which to determine what is ethical in a particular circumstance.
And much more often than not, the different approaches do lead
to similar answers.
Ethical Problem Solving **Students should be familiar with
these five steps in ethical problem solving
These five approaches suggest that once we have ascertained the
facts, we should ask ourselves five questions when trying to
resolve a moral issue:
1. What benefits and what harms will each course of action
produce, and which alternative will lead to the best overall
consequences? (The Utilitarian Approach)
2. What moral rights do the affected parties have, and which
course of action best respects those rights? (The Rights

Approach)
3. Which course of action treats everyone the same, except
where there is a morally justifiable reason not to, and does not
show favoritism or discrimination? (The Fairness or Justice
Approach)
4. Which course of action advances the common good? (The
Common Good Approach)
5. Which course of action develops moral virtues? (The Virtue
Approach)
This method, of course, does not provide an automatic solution
to moral problems. It is not meant to. The method is merely
meant to help identify most of the important ethical
considerations. In the end, we must deliberate on moral issues
for ourselves, keeping a careful eye on both the facts and on the
ethical considerations involved.
WEIGHING ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Please Note: Sometimes it is not easy or even possible to act in
accordance with all the relevant considerations at the same
time.
For example, you might want to show respect for your
grandmother by allowing her to continue driving, even when her

eyesight is failing, but to minimize harm, you might feel a
responsibility to take her keys away. In a case like that, it’s
hard both to show respect for her desire to move around freely
and to protect her and others from the harm that might be
caused by a car accident. Which of these core ethical
considerations should count more (respect for persons, which
motivates you to allow her to keep driving, or minimizing
harms, which motivates you to take her keys away)? How
should you decide?
When an ethical problem arises, each individual may prioritize
and choose which considerations should be favored in a
different way. Often, there is no one right answer. In addition,
people can emphasize different ethical considerations in the
process of ethical analysis but arrive at the same decision about
what should be done
Controversial Issues in Biology and Ethical Decision making
Objective: This assignment is designed as an introduction to
thinking ethically. The goal for students: identify facts and
parties involved as well as the ethical standards necessary in
ethical and policy decision making.
Directions:
1. Visit the following website: bioethics.com
2. select an article from the numerous available categories.
Click on the article title to pull up the entire article.

3. Post a short essay (500-750 words) describing the research
and your reaction to this controversial issue in biology today.
Please use the questions in the rubric below to guide you in
your efforts.
4. Suggested topics may include stem cell research, cloning,
GMOs, end of life decisions, transhumanism or any issue that
relates to the environment or ethical treatment of animals.
Select a topic that interests YOU.
5. You may also site other references which may or may not be
peer reviewed as we are generating public discussion and
debate.
6. Please Visit the following website: for excellent examples of
student blogshttps://uhethics.wordpress.com/page/2/
Question or concern
1.Please post the link to the article you visited
Point value
1
2. What is the ethical issue or topic of concern? Why is this
issue controversial?
3
3. What is the procedure, activity, research or technology used
for?
4. What is the goal?
5. What studies are being conducted?

4
6. What are the pros and cons?
5
7. What parties are affected?
8. What moral rights do the affected parties have?
9. How are these rights being violated?
4
10. What role has the media or education system played (if any)
in reporting this issue and how has it affected the public?
11. Do you feel the reporting has been fair and unbiased?
2
12. What treatment (policy or decision) do you support?
13. Which method (below) will you use to arrive at this
decision? PLEASE UNDERLINE YOUR METHOD IN YOUR
WRITE UP. Use the “Introduction to ethics” guide attached
below.
1. What leads to the best overall consequences? (Utilitarian
approach)
2. Which course of action best respects all parties’ rights?
(rights approach)
3. Which course of action treats everyone the same and does not
show discrimination? (The fairness or justice approach)
4. Which course of action advances the common good (common
good approach)
5. Which course of action develops moral virtues (The virtue

approach)
5
14. Find another article on this same issue. Include the link here
in your write up. Describe how this article relates to the article
you summarized (above) (Does the study contradict what you
found? IS the author for or against the technology? Etc.)Please
the link to the 2nd article you found.
6
15. Respectfully respond to one other student blog; Reply to
any comments made to your blog. Your comments should
attempt to generate discussion and dig deeper into the issues.
5
Total points
35
A note about the References tool in Word
On a PC/Windows system (based on Office 2010)
When you need to create a citation (giving credit for work that
you are referencing), you
click on References, then on Insert Citation. The next step is to

add a new source.
When you get to the "Create Source" window, it is suggested
that you click on the
"Show All Bibliography Fields." Here is a sample Source
screen.
Once you have entered all the source information, click on
Bibliography and then Insert
Bibliography.
This is the citation:
(Joseph, 2000)
This is how the source is entered into the References list:
Joseph, J. (2000, October). Ethics in the Workplace. Retrieved
August 3, 2015, from asae-The
Center for Association Leadership:
http://www.asaecenter.org/Resources/articledetail.cfm?ItemNum
ber=13073

Other fields on the source page would be used for a journal
article or an article from a
periodical.
On a Mac/OS system (based on Office 2013)
From the MAC Help files:
To add a citation, a works cited list, or a bibliography to your
document, you first
add a list of the sources that you used.
Add a source by using the Source Manager
The Source Manager lists every source ever entered on your
computer so that
you can reuse them in any other document. This is useful, for
example, if you
write research papers that use many of the same sources. If you
open a
document that includes citations, the sources for those citations

appear under
Current list. All the sources that you have cited, either in
previous documents or
in the current document, appear under Master list.
1. Open up your Word document.
2. On the Document Elements tab , under References ,
click Manage.
3. At the bottom of the Citations tool, click , and then click
Citation Source Manager .
1 2
3
4

1 2
3
4
4. Click New.
5. On the Type of Source pop-up menu, select a source type.
6. Complete as many of the fields as you want. The required
fields are
marked with an asterisk (*). These fields provide the minimum
information
that you must have for a citation.
7.
Note You can insert citations even when you do not have all
the publishing details.
If publishing details are omitted, citations are inserted as
numbered placeholders.

Then you can edit the sources later. You must enter all the
required information for a
source before you can create a bibliography.
8. When you are finished, click OK.The source information that
you entered
appears in the Current list and Master list of the Source
Manager.
9. To add additional sources, repeat steps 3 through 6.
10. Click Close.The source information that you entered appears
in the
Citations List in the Citations tool.
Edit a source in the Citations tool
You can edit a source directly in the document or in the
Citations tool. When you
change the source, the changes apply to all instances of that
citation throughout
the document. However, if you make a manual change to a
particular citation
within the document, those changes apply only to that particular
citation. Also,

that particular citation is not updated or overridden when you
update the citations
and bibliography.
1. On the Document Elements tab, under References, click
Manage.
2. In the Citations List, select the citation that you want to edit.
3. At the bottom of the Citations tool, click , and then click Edit
Source.
4. Make the changes that you want, and then click OK. If you
see a message
that asks whether you want to save changes in both the Master
list and the
Current list, click No to change only the current document, or
click Yes to
apply changes to the source of the citation and use it in other
documents.
Remove a source from the Citations List

Before you can remove a source from the Citations List, you
must delete all
related citations.
1. In the document, delete all the citations associated with the
source that
you want to remove.
2. Tip You can use the search field to locate citations. In the
search field , enter part of the citation.
Manage.
4. At the bottom of the Citations tool, click , and then click
Citation Source
Manager.
5. In the Current list, select the source that you want to remove,
and then
click Delete. The source now appears only in the Master list.

6.
Note If the Delete button is unavailable, or if you see a check
mark next to the source in the list, there is still at least one
related citation in the document. Delete all remaining related
citations in the document, and then try deleting
the source again.
7. Click Close. The source that you removed no longer
appears in the Citations
List.
Step 2. Insert, edit, or delete a citation (optional)
Insert a citation
1. In your document, click where you want to insert the citation.
Manage.
3. In the Citations List, double-click the source that you want to
cite. The

citation appears in the document.
Add page numbers or suppress author, year, or title for a
specific citation
Use this option to make custom changes to a citation and keep
the ability to
update the citation automatically.
Note The changes that you make by using this method apply
only to this citation.
1. Click anywhere between the parentheses of the citation. A
frame appears
around the citation.
2. Click the arrow on the frame, and then click Edit this
Citation.
3. Add page numbers, or select the Author, Year, or Title check

box to keep that
information from showing in the citation.
Make manual changes to a specific citation
If you want to change a specific citation manually, you can
make the citation text
static and edit the citation in any way that you want. After you
make the text
static, the citation will no longer update automatically. If you
want to make
changes later, you must make the changes manually.
1. Click anywhere between the parentheses of the citation. A
frame appears
around the citation.
2. Click the arrow on the frame, and then click Convert Citation
to Static Text.
3. In the document, make the changes to the citation.

Delete a single citation from the document
1. In the document, find the citation that you want to delete.
2.
Tip You can use the search field to locate citations. In the
search field , enter part of the citation.
3. Select the whole citation, including the parentheses, and then
press DELETE.
Step 3. Insert or edit a works cited list or a bibliography
A works cited list is a list of all works you referred to (or
"cited") in your
document, and is typically used when you cite sources using the
MLA style. A
works cited list differs from a bibliography, which is a list of
all works that you
consulted when your researched and wrote your document.
Insert a works cited list or a bibliography

1. In your document, click where you want the works cited list
or bibliography to
appear (usually at the very end of the document, following a
page break).
Bibliography, and
then click Bibliography or Works Cited.
Change a works cited list or a bibliography style
You can change the style of all the citations contained in a
document's works
cited list or bibliography without manually editing the style of
the citations
themselves. For example, you can change the citations from the
APA style to the
MLA style.
1. On the View menu, click Draft or Print Layout.
2. On the Document Elements tab, under References, click the
Bibliography
Style pop-up menu, and then click the style that you want to

change the
bibliography's references to. All
references in your document's bibliography change to the new
style.
Update a works cited list or a bibliography
If you add new sources to the document after you inserted the
works cited list or
bibliography, you can update the works cited list or
bibliography to include the
new sources.
1. Click the works cited list or bibliography. A frame appears
around it.
2. Click the arrow on the frame, and then click Update Citations
and
Bibliography.

Research Paper Using Word This assignment has two goals.docx

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