Presentation in ACM IoT 2023

1. Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring
at Scale: A Practical Re-purposing
Framework for Pervasive Agriculture
13th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE INTERNET OF THINGS
NAGOYA, JAPAN
Mayowa Olapade, PhD Candidate University of Tartu
10TH NOVEMBER 2023
Abdul-Rasheed Ottun, Zhigang Yin, Mohan Liyanage
Aleksandr Makarov and Huber Flores

2. Importance: Food supply
Source: https://foundationfar.org/news/crops-of-the-future/
• Estimated world population > = 9.7 billion in
2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100. [1]
• Improved food supply chains
Source:https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/visualizing-the-changing-world-population-by-country/
Source: https://okcredit.in/blog/how-to-start-an-agriculture-business/
2
Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at Scale" ACM IoT
2023 Nagoya, Japan

3. Current practices & challenges
Manual Inspections
Digital transformation
Sophisticated applications
3
Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at Scale" ACM IoT
2023 Nagoya, Japan
Limitations
• Heavy cost of installation
• High processing power e.g. computer
vision
Digital transformation of agriculture
practices still needs advancement!!!
Source: https://eos.com/blog/crop-protection/
Source: https://eos.com/blog/crop-protection/
Source: https://www.indianremotesensing.com/2023/01/crop-yield-estimation-using-remote.html

4. Advantages
• Readily available
• Inexpensive
• Efficient
Examples are IoT sensors, Drones or UAVs,
Cameras, GPS or GIS, Mobiles apps and Open-
source hardwares and softwares
Question: How can they be useful in Agricultural
tasks?
Drones
Light sensor
Humidity
sensor
Source: https://www.digikey.com.br/en/products/detail/adafruit-industries-llc/4681/12760934
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Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at Scale"
ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan
3D printing
designs
https://www.printables.com/en/model/498120-bird-buddy-bath
The Idea: Off-the-shelf IoT components

5. Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring
at Scale" ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan
5
Contributions
• Framework: We present a practical framework,
for combining low cost off-the-shelf components
into plug and play solutions
• Insight: By integrating these components, light sensor
and nano-drone seamlessly, the light values from surfaces
of produce samples can be used for quality estimation
• Benchmark: Shows a good level of accuracy
with existing light sensor modalities in a controlled manner

6. A Practical Re-purposing Framework for Pervasive Agriculture
6
Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at Scale"
ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan
Phase I Phase II Phase III

7. Cost Dimensions Energy Weight
Sensors or Devices Choice
• Nano-drone
• Light sensor
• Integrated solution
7
Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at Scale"
ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan
Known = f (D, E, W)
Nano-drone with
thermal camera
phone
Nano-drone with
light sensor
Case study: Low-Cost Quality Monitoring of Fruits and Vegetables at Scale

8. Common cathode RGB LED light sensor re-purposing
Principle of light reflectivity
Apparatus
• M5StickC PLUS ESP32 development board
• Battery supplies (120 mAh @ 3.7V), and an LCD screen
• RGB LED diode (5mm in size, 0.06W power draw) and a photo-resistor (5MΩ)
• Sampling frequency (5Hz)
• Together lightweight (24g)
Evaluation with decomposition over time
Fruits 8 days period
Vegetables 12 days period
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Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at Scale"
ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan

9. Light sensor quality estimation for fruits
9
Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at
Scale" ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan
Light sensor captures decomposition
of fruits over time
Red light across decomposition period
Green light Blue light
• Fruits for 8 days period
Red light

10. Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring
at Scale" ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan
10
Light sensor quality estimation for vegetables
• Vegetables for 12 days period
Blue light Durometer readings

11. Prototype Integration and Evaluation
Principle of lift, weight, thrust and drag
• Drone size 140mmX140mmX43.5mm
• Weight of nano-drone is 63g
• Flight time 6 ~ 7 mins, flight radius 50m
• Battery 3.7V X 500mAh, frequency 2.4Ghz (2 extra batteries)
Payload testing
11
Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at Scale"
ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan
Test calibration for prototype

12. Nano-drone prototype for fruit quality estimation
Result from integrated solution
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Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at Scale"
ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan
Nano-drone integrated solution
can also be used to capture
decomposition of
fruits over time
Result from light sensor (red)

13. Conclusion
• A practical framework that re-purposes off-the-shelf and low-cost components into plug and
play fashion.
• Reduces the burden of huge instrumentations – towards scalability in digital agriculture
• Applications in produce quality estimation in greenhouses and orchards (swarm)
• Reduction of data collection latency
13
Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring at
Scale" ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan

14. Questions?
Thank you! (Do not hesitate to contact us)
ありがとう
14
Abdul-Rasheed Ottun
(rasheed.ottun@ut.ee)
Zhigang Yin
(zhigang.yin@ut.ee)
Mohan Liyanage
(mohan.liyanage@ut.ee)
Mayowa Olapade(olapade@ut.ee)
Aleksandr Makarov
(aleksandr.makarov@ut.ee)
Huber Flores
(huber.flores@ut.ee)

15. Mayowa Olapade (Olapade@ut.ee), "Low-Cost Produce Quality Monitoring
at Scale" ACM IoT 2023 Nagoya, Japan
15
Computer Vision
Plant Disease Dataset
2 CNN Models
3 configurations
Training all layers from
scratch
Training layers from
pretrained weights
Last linear layers from
pretrained weights
Appendix