A fiber has n_1 = 1.5, n_2 = 1.49, and core diameter 50 um. Consider .pdf

•

0 likes•5 views

arri2009av

A fiber has n_1 = 1.5, n_2 = 1.49, and core diameter 50 um. Consider the guided ray travelling at the steepest angle with respect to the fiber axis. How many retlections are there per meter for this ray? Solution If a ray enters an optic fiber at a steep angle(ii), when this ray intersects the core-cladding boundary, the angle of intersection is too large. So, reflection back in to the core does not take place and the light ray is lost in the cladding. So zero reflections..

Education

More from arri2009av

Blair, R. B. 1996. Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications 6:506–519. http://academic.uprm.edu/~jchinea/cursos/comunidades/refs/blair1996.pdf Questions 1. The author predicts that different bird species will respond differently to urbanization. What are the three response groups the author expects to find and how is each predicted to respond to urbanization? 2. Although not explicitly stated in the text, the author compared bird densities among sites using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Describe the experimental design of the ANOVA: what were the response and predictor variables, and treatment levels? Explain how the author used replication in both space and time. 3. The author presents data on bird densities within sites in both Table 1 and Figure 3. Which presentation do you find more interpretable and why? What information is common to both, what is unique to either one or the other? Could you limit the redundancy of these two presentations by combining them into one table or figure? If so, which would you choose and how would you lay it out? 4. The golf course had the highest bird species richness, density, and biomass (when Rock Doves were excluded from the analysis), and the second highest diversity (Figure 4). Summarize the author’s explanation for this result. 5. Based on the study results, briefly argue the pros and cons of golf courses as they relate to bird diversity and abundance. Solution 1: The author predicts three groups of birds which he called as urban exploiters, urban avoiders and suburban adaptable. The urban exploiters are expected to get adapted to the changes and to reach their highest densities at the developed sites. The urban avoiders are expected to respond in a sensitive way to the anthropogenic changes in their habitat and are expected to have their maximum densities at the natural sites only. The suburban adaptables are expected to exploit some additional available resources leading to their moderate development..

Blair, R. B. 1996. Land use and avian species diversity along an urb.pdf

arri2009av

An attack in which an authentic-looking e-mail or website entices a user to enter his or her username, password, or other sensitive information is called ________. (Select the most specific answer.) A- a spyware attack B-identity theft C- phishing D- social engineering A- a spyware attack B-identity theft C- phishing D- social engineering Solution C - phishing , is the method that attackers use to get login credentials and other sensitive information by sending emails that resemble original login authentication procedure..

An attack in which an authentic-looking e-mail or website entices a .pdf

arri2009av

Consider a relation T with six attributes ABCDEF where AB is a composite primary key for T. Assume T has the following functional dependencies: AB -> CDEF A -> CEF F -> E In what normal form is relation T? Explain why? Is it possible to decompose T into a number of relations in order to achieve a higher normal form? Explain how. Solution T(A,B,C,D,E,F) AB -> CDEF A -> CEF F -> E The relation T is in First Normal Form assuming all attribute values are atomic. But it is not in second normal form because attribute E is functionally dependent on the attribute F.But F is not part of key attributes so relation is not in second normal form. attribute.A relation is in second normal form if all non key attributes are fully functionally deprndent on attribute keys. Yes , it is possisble to decompose the relation into number of relations in order to achieve the higher normalization. Following are the tables into which we can decompose the relation T Table1(A,C,E,F) Table2 (A,B,D) Table3 (F,E) underlined attributes are primary keys.

Consider a relation T with six attributes ABCDEF where AB is a compo.pdf

arri2009av

A vague appointment Four people make an appointment to meet each ot.pdf

arri2009av

Assume real numbers R for now. Consider relation on R, x y iff x y Z. (a) Is it an equivalence relation? (b) Compute [1/2] (c) Classify all elements of R/ . That is state: “Every element of R/ is of the form ...” – include all the details, so that you don’t count any element twice. (d) Bonus question: (you don’t need to answer): Is there a geometric way to think about R/ ? Solution a) x-x=0 is in Z for all real numbers x SO R is reflexive IF, x-y is in Z then y-x is also in Z So, R is symmetrix IF, x-y and y-z are in Z then x-y+y-z=x-z is also in Z Hence, R is transitive Hence, R is an equivalence relation b) [1/2]={n+1/2: n is in Z} c) Elements of R/~ are of the form: a+R, where, a is a real number in (0,1] We need only consider real numbers outside this interval because all other real numbers will differ by an integer from one of the numbers in this interval..

Assume real numbers R for now. Consider relation on R, x y iff x .pdf

arri2009av

An enzyme aggase requires >16 units of activity for wild type function. Two alleles of aggase have been identified. Wild type allele A_1 produces 12 units of enzyme and mutant allele A_2 produces 5 units of enzyme. Which allele is dominant and which is haploinsufficient? Explain your reasoning. Solution Haploinsufficiency is a potential mechanism in which a diploid species can express a single functional copy of that gene and the other one copy of gene function will be lost due to mutation finally trigger loss-of-function mutation so that it is not possible to generate a complete wild-type phenotype with one functional copy of allele. Therefore, in the above case, enzyme aggase need >16 units of enzyme, in which only A1 generates 12 units & the remaining A2 produced 5 units together 17 units to produce a complete wild-type phenotype. Here, haplosuffciency can occur with a single functional copy of gene, A1 & A2 alleles \"individually\" both are does not produce enough product to meet >16 units of enzyme to display the wild type\'s so that both are considered as haplosufficient Dominance can be observed only in allele A1 because it can mask the allelic recessive locus due to heterozygosity & Mendelian inheritance in which A1 is responsible for the phenotype Other reason: 1. Dominant gain of function in which protein expressed from the mutant gene is constitutively active due to base substitutions finally protein expression is further downregulated because of increase in expression of enzyme proteins. 2. Loss of Function/ Haploinsufficiency: It is also due to loss of heterozygosity thereby by loss of gene function with haploinsufficiency. Finally, resultant organism possesses only one functional gene copy with truncated protein..

An enzyme aggase requires 16 units of activity for wild type functio.pdf

arri2009av

17. Of these, which represents a heterozygote? a. aa b. Ab c. AA d. both a. and c. 18. Active transport across a cell membrane is a. moving a molecule from lower to higher concentcation b. moving a molecule from higher to lower concentration c. moving a from outside the cell to inside the cell d. by which cells tet rid of waste products 19. All of the following are true about the cell membrane except _____. a. They are mainly composed of lipids and b. All polar molecules pass freely, directly through the membrane c. They are selectively permeable. d. They have a lipid bilayer 20. Which cellular process produces the most ATP? a. Photosynthesis b. aerobic respiration c. meiosis d. anaerobic respiration 21. A plant can regulate the amount of water in its cells by a. moving to a more aqueous environment b. increasing the amount of solute in the cytoplasm c. reducing its rate of respiration d. drinking a tall glass of refreshing rain water 22. Eye color is represented by the alleles AaBBCc. This is an example of ______. a-complete dominant inheritance b. heterozygote advantage c-sex-linked inheritance d-polygenic inheritance 23. During amniocentesis the baby\'s cells are obtained from the ____. a. fluid around the embryo b. placenta c. uterine wall d. developing embryo Solution 17. Heterozygous is represented by b. Ab 18. Active transport across cell membrane is a. moving molecule from lower to higher concentration. 19. All are true about cell membrane except a. They are mainly composed of lipids. 20. Which cellular process produces most ATP? b. Aerobic respiration 21. A plant can regulate the amount of water in its cells by b. increasing the amount of solute in the cytoplasm. 22. Eye colour represented by the alleles AaBBCc is an example of d. Polygenic inheritance 23. During amniocentesis the baby\'s cells are obtained from the a. fluid around the the embryo.

17. Of these, which represents a heterozygote a. aa b. Ab c. .pdf

arri2009av

1. Match the decription listed with the corresponding structure A. corpus callosum B. hypothalamus C. mammillary bodies D. pineal body (gland) 1. controls hormone secretion from the pituitary gland 2. fiber tract that connects the left cerebral hemisphere to the right cerebral hemisphere 3. involved in suckling reflex and chewing 4. primary relay center for sensory information coming into the brain 5. secretes the hormone melatonin from its precursor molecule serotonin Solution Ans). A. corpus callosum - 2. fiber tract that connects the left cerebral hemisphere to the right cerebral hemisphere B. hypothalamus - 1. controls hormone secretion from the pituitary gland C. mammillary bodies - 4. primary relay center for sensory information coming into the brain D. pineal body (gland) - 5. secretes the hormone melatonin from its precursor molecule serotonin.

1. Match the decription listed with the corresponding structureA. .pdf

arri2009av

1.) What are some factors that should be taken into account when establishing criteria for recruitment and selection of employees in a global corporation? 2.) What are the most important factors that should be taken into account when establishing criteria for recruitment and selection of employees for international assignments and why? Solution 1. the people who are representing in global corportaion should have good skills and positive at the work and even after the work also. they should be in a position to mould them selves according to the need and requirement. they should have awareness about different culture, tradition and respect the people who follows it. they need to konw differences between the company norms and rules in host country and parent country also. some times the legal aspects and other aspects related to work will be different. the person who wants to work for different global companies should know the variations and differences also. the major part is cultural barriers, the new comers should adapt or ready to adapt new culture and practice it. they should know the traditions and values followed by the people and respect them. even they need to consider the race, gender, and community aspects also. 2. the first factor is the strength in the group, how many people requires to complete the assignment. second factor is how the group should form, who are the different kinds and specilists represents in the group. do they ready to work in teams as well as individuals with out having any ego or personal problems, should assess. the seniority and skill expertise of the people should be match, otherwise it creates new problems. the traditions and cultures which they follows and are they open to adapt and follow the new culture should be consider. there are two kinds of problems in this type of group, one is related to work. it can be resolved and every one can note and complete their given tasks. they can perform their roles correctly and achieve the targets. the second problem is relates to out of work. it may relates to personal egos, differentiations in the payments among the members, respect the others and their cultures and so on. these kind of problems are vary difficult to solve and the team representatives should not create these sort of problems..

1.) What are some factors that should be taken into account when est.pdf

arri2009av

Write a class named testscores. The class constructor should accept an array of rest scores as its argument., The class should have a member function that returns the average of the test scores. If any test score in the array is negative or greater than 100, the class should throw an exception. Demonstrate the class in a program. Solution #include #include using namespace std; class TestScores{ private: float total = 0; //intiialising total marks int length; //declaring variable for the size of scores array bool invalid = false; public: TestScores(vector scores){ length = scores.size(); //length of vector of scores for(int i = 0; i100){ cout<<\"Error! Invalid test score!\"; //error for invalid input total = 0; invalid = true; } else{ total+=scores[i]; } } } float average(){ if(invalid==true){ return 0; } return this->total/this->length; } }; int main(){ vector scores; scores.push_back(20); scores.push_back(25); scores.push_back(30); scores.push_back(35); scores.push_back(40); scores.push_back(455); scores.push_back(50); TestScores testScores = TestScores(scores); cout<<\"Average: \"<.

Write a program that asks the user for the name of a file. The progr.pdf

arri2009av

Write a java program called Question39 that does the following: Gets input for temperature Utilizing a branching statement: If temperature is 76-100, call method outputHot passing the temperature input as an argument. If temperature is 0-39, call method outputCold passing the temperature input as an argument. If temperature is 40 to 75, call method outputJustRight passing the temperature input as an argument. If temperature is outside these ranges, output “Temperature outside range” to the screen. Be precise, import modules, include comments, prologue, etc. as needed. Solution Question39.java import java.util.Scanner; public class Question39 { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println(\"Enter temperature: \"); int temp = scan.nextInt(); if(temp >=76 && temp <=100){ outputHot(temp); } else if(temp >=0 && temp <=39){ outputCold(temp); } else if(temp >=40 && temp <=75){ outputJustRight(temp); } else{ System.out.println(\"Temperature outside range\"); } } public static void outputHot(int temp){ System.out.println(\"Temperature \"+temp+\" Hot \"); } public static void outputCold(int temp){ System.out.println(\"Temperature \"+temp+\" Cold \"); } public static void outputJustRight(int temp){ System.out.println(\"Temperature \"+temp+\" Just Right \"); } } Output: Enter temperature: 45 Temperature 45 Just Right.

Write a program that obtains the execution time of selection sort, bu.pdf

arri2009av

Why is an engine with port injection vs. carburetion more likely to have fuel dilute the lubricating oil? Why did some aircraft engines in World War II have water injection? What is the physical phenomenon? What is the difference between multipoint port injection systems and a common rail system? Solution 11. Combustion in SI Engine Mixture preparation: - Carburation (no longer used in North American markets) - Port injection - fuel is sprayed into the air stream just before the inlet valve. Direct injection - fuel is injected into the cylinder (DISI). Ignition: spark plug Flame kernel initiation and propagation model 101 Most car engines use port injection or a carburetor. Diesel engines use direct fuel injection -- the diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex component. The injector has to be able to withstand the temperature and pressure inside the cylinder and still deliver the fuel in a fine mist. Some diesel engines contain a glow plug that heats the combustion chambers and raises the air temperature when the engine is cold so that the engine can start. 12. cause, Water injection (engine) In internal combustion engines, water injection, also known as anti-detonant injection (ADI), can spray waterinto the incoming air or fuel-air mixture, or directly into the cylinder, in order to cool certain parts of the induction system where \"hot points\" could produce premature ignition. War Emergency Power (WEP) is an American term for a throttle setting on some World War II military aircraft engines. For use in emergency situations, it produced more than 100% of the engine\'s normal rated power for a limited amount of time, often about five minutes. Maximum normal power would be limited by a mechanical stop, for instance a wire across the throttle lever slot, but a more forceful push would break the wire, allowing extra power. 13. Assuming you are aware of the basic functioning of an engine, CRDi and MPFi are both electronically operated fuel supply systems for diesel and petrol engines respectively. CRDi - common rail diesel ignition MPFI - multi-point fuel injection CRDi consists of a common rail which holds fuel at a very high pressure (~1400 bar) and injects diesel directly into the cylinder during the transition from compression stroke to power stroke. Due to the high pressure injection, the fuel burns efficiently and hence power and fuel efficiency figures are improved. MPFI on the other hand is simply multi point fuel injection. Here, the carburetor is replaced with a MAP sensor and injection points in the intake manifold. the MAP sensor relays to the ECU as to the amount of air entering the manifold and accordingly the quantity of fuel to be injected into the cylinder heads is ascertained (to maintain the best possible air-fuel mixture as per the requirements). the main purpose of an injection system is to supply properly metered fuel to the combustion chamber via intake valve.

Wings of bats area. Plesiomorphic (ancestral) feature for mammals.pdf

arri2009av

Which of the Karnaugh maps below represents the expression, X = AC + BC + B? The greatest single-digit value in the octal number system equals 1 8 9 7 Which of the following is a correct form of Boolean addition? A synchronous inputs are best described as having full control over the FF, regardless of the input or clock states being to the clock, but not to the inputs being tied to the inputs, but independent of the clock having little or no control over the FF, except during the active clock input Which statement below best describes the function of a decoder? Decoders are used to prevent improper operation of digital systems. A decoder will convert a binary number into a specific output representing a particular character or digit. Decoders are special ICs that are used to make it possible for one brand of computer to talk to another. A decoder will convert a decimal number into the proper binary equivalent. Solution 37) None of the fig represents AC+BC+B 38) The greatest single digit value in octal is 7. 39) 0+1=1 is correct 41) decoder expression is option B.

Why do financial assets show up as component of household wealth.pdf

arri2009av

Why do financial assets show up as component of household wealth Why do financial assets show up as component of household wealth Solution National wealth is a measurement of the real assets used to produce goods and services. Financial assets are claims on those assets held by individuals. Financial assets owned by households represent their claims on the real assets of the issuers, and thus show up as wealth to households. Their interests in the issuers, on the other hand, are obligations to the issuers. At the national level, the financial interests and the obligations cancel each other out, so only the real assets are measured as the wealth of the economy. The financial assets are important since they drive the efficient use of real assets and help us allocate resources, specifically in terms of risk return trade-off..

why is lifelong learning important for Engineers Give an example to.pdf

arri2009av

A researcher believes that people who take a Liberal stance on social issues will view the Obama presidency more favorably. She collects information from a random sample twelve college students and asks them to rank their views on social issues on a scale of 1 to 10 as well as their view of the Obama presidency. Their information is listed below. (Social Issues: 1= Very Conservative, 10=Very Liberal; Obama: 1= Complete Failure, 10= Very Successful) Student Social Issues (X) Obama (Y) A 9 2 B 7 7 C 5 1 D 5 5 E 8 9 F 5 2 G 4 5 H 6 6 I 9 8 J 7 6 K 8 6 L 7 8 a. What is the sum of the squared difference in ranks (D2)? b. What is the Spearman’s Rho (rs) value for these data? c. What is the Rho Squared value for these data? Student Social Issues (X) Obama (Y) A 9 2 B 7 7 C 5 1 D 5 5 E 8 9 F 5 2 G 4 5 H 6 6 I 9 8 J 7 6 K 8 6 L 7 8 Solution.

A researcher believes that people who take a Liberal stance on socia.pdf

arri2009av

Which of the following IP address groups can be used for assignment to computers using the public Internet? A. 10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255 B. 12.222.0.0–12.222.255.255 C. 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255 D. 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255 Solution Answer B is the correct answer. It is the only IP address shown in the four options that is a routable IP address. The address groups listed in answers A, C, and D are reserved for private networks and are not routed by the Internet, so those answers are incorrect. You will need to memorize the address groups reserved for private IP networks..

Which of the following items are stocks, as opposed to flowsQuest.pdf

arri2009av

What is accrual accounting and why is it the preferred method for most organisations Solution Accrual method of accounting is the method of accounting where receivables are reported as assets as and when they are earned. Revenues are reported as and when they are earned, payables are reported as liabilities as andd when they are incurred. The expenses are also reported when they are best matched revenues or when they are used up. Net income is based on revenues earned and expenses incurred, than on cash receipt and cash disbursements. Under Accrual Method of Accounting, the balance sheet is more complete as far as reporting of assets, liabilities and the amounts of stockholders equity. Also it is required by GAAP. Accrual Method of accounting is the most preferred method for most of the organisations because: i. It is more complete reporting of company\'s assets, liabilities and stockholders equity at the end of the accounting period than cash basis accounting. ii. Also it is the more realistic reporting of a company\'s revenues, expenses and the net income for a specific time interval. Whereas cash basis of accounting is most likely to violate the matching principle of accounting..

What is the effect of linkage on the inheritance of genes Explain h.pdf

arri2009av

Water being diverted during a flood in Helsinki, Finland (latitude 60°N) flows along a diversion channel of width 47 m in the south direction at a speed of 3.4 m/s. On which side is the water the highest (from the standpoint of noninertial systems) and by how much? Solution That angle of the water surface is tan alpha = 2 w v cos theta / g = (2 * 2 pi * 3.4 * cos 60) / (9.8) * (24 * 60) = 4.36 * 10-5 rad The difference in height of the water on the two sides is = w * tan alpha = 47 * 4.36 * 10-5 = 2.05 mm.

what are differences of transcription factors between prokaryotic.pdf

arri2009av

what are differences of transcription factors between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms what are differences of transcription factors between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms Solution Prokaryotes contain a single type of RNA polymerase, while eukaryotes (multicellular organisms and yeasts) contain three distinct types. Transcription in Prokaryotes In prokaryotes, all transcription is performed by a single type of RNA polymerase. This polymerase contains four catalytic subunits and a single regulatory subunit known as sigma (s). Several distinct sigma factors have been identified, and each of these oversees transcription of a unique set of genes. Sigma factors are thus discriminatory, as each binds a distinct set of promoter sequences. Transcrption in eukaryotes in eukaryotes, transcription is achieved by three different types of RNA polymerase (RNA pol I- III). These polymerases differ in the number and type of subunits they contain, as well as the class of RNAs they transcribe; that is, RNA pol I transcribes ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), RNA pol II transcribes RNAs that will become messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and also small regulatory RNAs, and RNA pol III transcribes small RNAs such as transfer RNAs (tRNAs)..

What are the two most important research tools PAUL D.LEEDY identifi.pdf

arri2009av

Verify the following coordinate transformations {|a rightarrow|,L(a rightarrow)} = {2.1, -0.1} a rightarrow = (2.08951, -0.20965} {|a rightarrow|, L(a rightarrow)} = {4.7, -0.1} a rightarrow = (4.67652 -0.469217) Solution The modulus of |a| is 2.1 and the angle subtendd by it is -0.1 radians horizontal component = 2.1cos(-0.1 radians) = 2.08951 vertical component = 2.1sin(-0.1 radians) = -0.20965 The modulus of |a| is 4.7 and the angle subtendd by it is -0.1 radians horizontal component = 4.7cos(-0.1 radians) = 4.67652 vertical component = 4.7sin(-0.1 radians) = -0.469217.

What additional complexities are faced in global supply chains How .pdf

arri2009av

More from arri2009av (20)