Wings of bats area. Plesiomorphic (ancestral) feature for mammals.pdf

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Why is an engine with port injection vs. carburetion more likely to have fuel dilute the lubricating oil? Why did some aircraft engines in World War II have water injection? What is the physical phenomenon? What is the difference between multipoint port injection systems and a common rail system? Solution 11. Combustion in SI Engine Mixture preparation: - Carburation (no longer used in North American markets) - Port injection - fuel is sprayed into the air stream just before the inlet valve. Direct injection - fuel is injected into the cylinder (DISI). Ignition: spark plug Flame kernel initiation and propagation model 101 Most car engines use port injection or a carburetor. Diesel engines use direct fuel injection -- the diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex component. The injector has to be able to withstand the temperature and pressure inside the cylinder and still deliver the fuel in a fine mist. Some diesel engines contain a glow plug that heats the combustion chambers and raises the air temperature when the engine is cold so that the engine can start. 12. cause, Water injection (engine) In internal combustion engines, water injection, also known as anti-detonant injection (ADI), can spray waterinto the incoming air or fuel-air mixture, or directly into the cylinder, in order to cool certain parts of the induction system where \"hot points\" could produce premature ignition. War Emergency Power (WEP) is an American term for a throttle setting on some World War II military aircraft engines. For use in emergency situations, it produced more than 100% of the engine\'s normal rated power for a limited amount of time, often about five minutes. Maximum normal power would be limited by a mechanical stop, for instance a wire across the throttle lever slot, but a more forceful push would break the wire, allowing extra power. 13. Assuming you are aware of the basic functioning of an engine, CRDi and MPFi are both electronically operated fuel supply systems for diesel and petrol engines respectively. CRDi - common rail diesel ignition MPFI - multi-point fuel injection CRDi consists of a common rail which holds fuel at a very high pressure (~1400 bar) and injects diesel directly into the cylinder during the transition from compression stroke to power stroke. Due to the high pressure injection, the fuel burns efficiently and hence power and fuel efficiency figures are improved. MPFI on the other hand is simply multi point fuel injection. Here, the carburetor is replaced with a MAP sensor and injection points in the intake manifold. the MAP sensor relays to the ECU as to the amount of air entering the manifold and accordingly the quantity of fuel to be injected into the cylinder heads is ascertained (to maintain the best possible air-fuel mixture as per the requirements). the main purpose of an injection system is to supply properly metered fuel to the combustion chamber via intake valve.

Education

Wings of bats are:
a. Plesiomorphic (ancestral) feature for mammals
b. Plesiomorphic feature for bats and birds
c. Synapomorphic (shared-derived) feature for vertebrates
d. Synapomorphic feature for bats
e. Synapomorphic feature for bats and birds
Solution
It is a synapomorphic feature for all bats. Option (d). A synapomorphic trait is a trait that is
detvied from a common ancestor and is a one that distinguishes a clade from the other. So here,
wings of bats are derived from its common ancestor, and its structure clearly differentiates bats
from other clades.
Note that wings of bats and birds though perform the same function, are structurally very
different from each other.

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