1. The Efficiency of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
Extracts against Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
Introduction
Background of the Study
Staphylococcus aureus are one of the major human bacteria
thet have ability to produce a various illnesses such as skin
infections through the production of a wide range of tocins.
(Herriman, 2011)
Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus) is an important medicinal
plant widely used in several indigenous systems of medicine for
the treatment of various ailments.( Dreiser, 2001 )
Antibacterial are definitely effective in killing bacteria,
however, there is considerable controversy surrounding their
health benefits. The non-residue producing agents have been used
for many years and continue to be effective agents for
controlling disease organisms in a wide variety of healthcare
and domestic settings. When used under strict guidelines of
application, the residue-producing agents have proven effective
at controlling bacterial and fungal infection in clinical
settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, neonatal nurseries
and other health care facilities where there may be a high risk
of infection. (Sturm et al., 2003)

2. An antibacterial is an agent that inhibits bacterial growth
or kills bacteria. The term is often used synonymously with the
term antibiotic(s). Today, however, with increased knowledge of
the causative agents of various infectious diseases,
antibiotic(s) has come to denote a broader range of
antimicrobial compounds, including anti-fungal and other
compounds. Antibacterial must be distinguished from
disinfectants (sanitizing agents), which are less-selective
substances used to destroy microorganisms. (Velajisoet al.,
2007)
This study was conducted to test the effects of Spiral
Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) against Bacteria
Staphylococcus Aureus.

3. Statement of the Problem
Generally, this study aims to find out the Efficiency of
Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) extract against
Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following
questions:
1. What treatment shows the Highest Efficiency on the
Aureus using Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) ?
2. Is there a difference on the effect of Bacteria
Staphylococcus Aureus when exposed to separate
concentrations of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) ?
Hypotheses
1. There is no significant difference on the extinction of
Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
when exposed to varying concentrations of Spiral Ginger
(Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
2. The treatment that has the greatest Efficiency on the
percent extinction of Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
using Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) is
Treatment A which has 100% Spiral Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) .

4. 3. There is no significant mean difference on the extinction
of Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus using different
concentrations of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) .
Significance of the Study
Thus, the researcher would like to conduct an
antibacterial from Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus Sm..) on
Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus which may be profitable to humans
a competitive form of antibacterial and predictable to
individual and also to the environment.
Also, this investigatory project is intent to guide the
incoming researchers who want to conduct further or related
studies that may benefit from the findings of this research
study.

5. Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study will be restrained in applying the extract
of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) against
Staphylococcus Aureus. The Plant Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) will be manipulated to rotary evaporation to
separate the solvent. Phytochemical analysis of the plant will
be through at West Visayas State University. There will be three
Set Ups to be done in three replications. Treatment A – 100%
Spiral Ginger extracts, Treatment B – 75% Spiral Ginger, 25%
water (H2O) as diluents, Treatment C – 50% Spiral Ginger,50%
water (H2O), a positive control – Cotrimoxazole, and a negative
control – water (H2O) for the test of Staphylococcus Aureus .
Yet, the plant will be having a proper Plant Identification
that will be done in the Department of Agriculture. While the
accomplishment and the testing will be done at the Capiz
Emmanuel Hospital under the supervision of a registered Medical
Technologist.

6. Definition of Terms
Antibacterial - Anything that destroys bacteria or
suppresses their growth or their ability to reproduce. Heat,
chemicals such as chlorine, and antibiotic drugs all have
antibacterial properties. Many antibacterial products for
cleaning and hand washing are sold today. Such products do not
reduce the risk for symptoms of viral infectious diseases in
otherwise healthy persons.
Spiral Ginger - Spiral ginger is a rhizomatous herbaceous
plant. Stems are stout, leafy, up to 2 meters or more in height,
and 1.6 centimeters in diameter. Leaves are spirally arranged,
oblong, 15 to 30 centimeters long, with pointed tip, short
stalks and covered with soft hairs on the lower surface.
Agar - Agar or agar-agar is a gelatinous substance,
obtained from algae and discovered in the late 1650s or early
1660s by Minoya Tarozaemon in Japan, where it is called Kanten.
Staphylococcus Aureus- a common and important cause of
disease in animals including bovine mastitis, tick pyemia
(enzootic staphylococcosis), abscesses, dermatitis,
furunculosis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, wound
suppuration, and bumblefoot in poultry. S.
aureus subsp. anaerobius causes lesions similar to caseous
lymphadenitis in sheep. Theoretical Framework

7. Theoretical Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure 1. Zone of inhibition on the growth of S. aureus treated
with different concentrations of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) extracts
Set Ups
Treatment A – 100%
Spiral Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
extracts
Treatment B– 75% Spiral
Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
extracts and 25% triple
distilled water as
diluents
Treatment C –– 50%
Spiral Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
extracts and 50% triple
distilled water
Positive control –
Cotrimoxazole
Negative control – 3
distilled
Bacteria
Staphylococcus
Aureus

8. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus) is an important medicinal
plant widely used in several indigenous systems of medicine for
the treatment of various ailments. The stems can grow as tall as
10 feet, but you can see its growth habit is unusual. The tips
twirl around like wisteria vines but end up being more or less
straight. All Costus Speciosus are known for the regular spiral
arrangement of leaves on the stem.
Spiral Ginger is an Indian ornamental plant which
has long been used medicinally in traditional systems of
medicine. The plant has been found to possess diverse
pharmacological activities.( Dreiser, 2001 )
Phytochemical screening yielded secondary metabolites
of alkaloids and flavonoids.( Aliajesoet al., 2007)
The scrapings of the stalk are applied to leprous skin
Studies suggest anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-arthritic,
anti-cholinesterase, and ecbolic properties. (Sturm et al.,
2001)
The plant has been found to possess diverse pharmacological
activities. Stalk are used to treat pneumonia, rheumatism,
dropsy, urinary diseases, jaundice, skin diseases and leaves are
used to treat mental disorders.( Apess, 2000 )

9. In the present study, antibacterial activity of three
species of Costus (C.speciosus, C.pictus and C.igneus).
The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed against a
few pathogens viz. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
pnuemoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The generated data has
provided the basis for its wide use as the therapeutic both in
traditional and folk medicine.
( Barbara, 2000 )
Staphylococcus aureus- is a gram positive
coccus bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and is
frequently found in the human respiratory tract and on the skin.
It is positive for catalase and nitrate reduction.
Although S. aureus is not always pathogenic, it is a common
cause of skin infections (e.g. boils), respiratory disease
(e.g. sinusitis), and food poisoning. Disease-associated strains
often promote infections by producing potent protein toxins, and
expressing cell-surface proteins that bind and inactivate
antibodies. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of
pathogenic S. aureus (e.g. MRSA) is a worldwide problem in
clinical medicine.
Staphylococcus was first identified in 1880 in Aberdeen, United
Kingdom, by the surgeon Sir Alexander Ogston in pus from a
surgical abscess in a knee joint. This name was later appended

10. to Staphylococcus aureus by Rosenbach who was credited by the
official system of nomenclature at the time. It is estimated
that 20% of the human population are long-term carriers of S.
aureus which can be found as part of the normal skin flora and
in anterior nares of the nasal passages. S. aureus is the most
common species of staphylococcus to cause Staph infections and
is a successful pathogen due to a combination of nasal carriage
and bacterial immuno-evasive strategies. S. aureus can cause a
range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such
as pimples, impetigo, boils (furuncles), cellulitis folliculitis
,carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-
threatening diseases such
as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis,endocarditis, toxic
shock syndrome (TSS), bacteremia, and sepsis. Its incidence
ranges from skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint,
endovascular to wound infections. It is still one of the five
most common causes of nosocomial infections and is often the
cause of postsurgical wound infections. Each year, some 500,000
patients in United States' hospitals contract a staphylococcal
infection. (Lathrop, 2006)

11. Methodology
Materials and Methods
Materials
The following materials will be used in the study: denatured
alcohol, 100 mL distilled water, Disinfectant, Cotrimoxazole, 1
250mL methanol, Nutrient Broth, different concentration of
Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) extract, Mueller-
hinton agar and pure isolate of Staphylococcus Aureus.
Tools
The following tools were used in the study: Pair of
scissors, 1 basin, 1 autoclave, 3 100mm Petri dishes, 4 test
tubes, test tube rack, marking pen, gloves, masks, laboratory
gown, match sticks, 5 vials, 1 alcohol lamp, cotton swabs,
pipette and 4 tuberculin syringes.

12. Experimental Design
The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) will be used. There
will be 3 replications with 3 treatments, a Positive Control,
and a Negative Control.

13. Procedural Design
Gathering of Plants
Proper Plant Identification Plant Preparation
Phytochemical Analysis
Extraction of Plants
Preparation of Treatments Procurement of the Test
Organism
Testing of the Microorganism
Sensitivity testing
Gathering of results
Proper Disinfection and Disposal of Materials

14. General Procedure:
Gathering of Plant Samples
The Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) extract
will be randomly picked and washed thoroughly with tap water.
Plant Identification
The leaves will be brought to the Department of Agriculture,
Roxas City for proper plant identification.
Plant Preparation
About 100 grams of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) will be air dried for one day and will be soaked
in 250mL methanol. It will be brought to WVSU for Phytochemical
analysis and for rotary evaporation.
Preparation of the Different Treatments
Using a tuberculin syringe, 1mL Spiral Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) extract will be transferred into a
sterile bottle labeled as Treatment A. For treatment B, 0.75mL
extract will be transferred into another sterile bottle labeled
as TB and will be diluted with 0.25mL triple-distilled water.
And for treatment C, 0.50mL extract diluted with 0.50mL triple-
distilled water will be transferred into a sterile bottle
labeled as TC.

15. Procurement of the Test Organism
A small amount of Staphylococcus aureus pure isolates
will be purchased.
Testing of the microorganism
Using a sterile platinum loop, identified strains of
Staphylococcus aureus will be taken and placed into a test tube
with nutrient broth. The bacterial suspensions will be agitated
and will be immediately compared against to the turbidity of a
0.5 McFarland Standard (Ademola and Ejikeme, 2010).
Through pressing and rotating the moisten swab firmly
against the inside wall of the tube, the excess liquids will be
drained off. The plates will be heavily streaked of the plate
approximately 60˚ after each application to make sure an even
distribution of the inoculums (Ademola and Ejikeme, 2010).
The open end of the pipette will be heated for about 10
to 15 seconds. The SDA will then stab using the open end of the
pipette to create a well/cup cleanly cut from plate. Five
equidistant wells will be created one after the other with 6mm
in diameter.

16. By means of a tuberculin syringe, the treatments will
be delivered into their particular agar wells. 2 to 3 drops was
softly allowed to drip directly into the well until a concave
wall upper rim was achieved at the assigned hole of each labeled
plate.
The plates will be then incubated at room temperature
(37˚C) for 24 hours in the incubator.
Gathering of results
The plates will be inspected for zone of inhibition
formation. A zone diameter in the x and y axis was measured
using a ruler with millimeter calibration. And the average was
taken and placed in a tabular form. An area of inhibited
bacterial growth will be observed as clear zones around the
wells.
Proper Disinfection and Disposal of Materials Used
After measuring the zones of inhibition, the plates with
microorganisms will be soaked with Lysol disinfectant and the
working place will be then disinfected. All the materials used
will be then subjected for autoclaving.

17. Statistical Tools
Results and Discussion
Conclusions and Recommendations
Appendices
Bibliography