2. Evolutionaryily Stable Strategy(ESS) 演化穩定策略
(Smith & Price, 1973)
A strategy that was adopted by all members of a population,
cannot be bettered by alternative strategy.
ESS
2
4. The stable mixture
V<C
h = the proportion of Hawks in population
H average= -25h + 50 (1-h)
D average= 0 h + 25 (1-h)
h = 1/2 In V<C V/C (the stable proportion of Hawks)
If V>C, then Hawk is an ESS!
4
5. Competition by exploitation : the ideal free distribution
The ideal free model 理想自由模型 (Fretwell, 1972)
當資源豐富的棲地在有a個競
爭者的情況下，個體報酬會趨
近於競爭者較少的低資源棲地。
Fig. 5.1 The ideal free distribution.
5
11. Fish and Ducks settle in a stable distribution between feeding patches.
Numerical prediction 數值預測
Equal intake prediction 等量攝取預測
Prey risk prediction
獵物風險預測
11
12. Competing for mates: dung flies
What is the optimum time to spend waiting for
females at each cowpat?
12
15. The ideal free distribution with unequal competitors
2:1
The Competitive unit model
(Parker & Sutherland, 1986)
Hypothesis:
the number of competitive units ,
rather than the number of
individual, is equalized across
patches.
8:4
8:4
Fig. 5.5
15
17. Leaf is not a
homogeneous habitat.
Average success is equal on leaves of different quality,
but individuals near the leaf base do better.
17
18. The economics of resource defence
Economic defendability 經濟的可防禦性 (Brown, 1964)
Fig. 5.7
18
19. Box 5.1
The Economics of territory defence in the
Golden-Winged sunbird
(Gill & Wolf, 1975)
Metabolic costs
Forage time
Net energy saving
of defending
Extra cost of defence
19
20. The economics of resource defence
Shared resource defence 資源的共同防禦
With satellite
NO satellite
With satellite
Fig. 5.8
20
24. Variation could also be maintained in a
population even if there was no difference in
competitive ability between individuals.
24
25. The stable equilibrium frequency
of producers and scroungers
Covered
(Mottley & Giraldeau, 2000)
Uncovered
pridected
stable
equilibrium
25
26. Alternative mating strategies and tactics 替代的交配策略與戰術
Strategy
A genetically based decision rule, so differences between
strategies are due to differences in gene.
Tactic
A behaviour pattern played as part of a strategy.
26
27. Conditional strategies with alternative tactics
Natterjack toads:
callers & satellites
(Arak, 1983)
兩倍
callers
satellites
Fig. 5.11
27
28. Satellite males make adaptive choice concerning
which callers to parasitize.
Fig. 5.12
28
33. forceps
How selection has shifted a
threshold switch in morphology
(Tomkins & Brown, 2004)
Knoxes Reef
Bass Rock
B
K
K
B
(北海上22個島上的結果)
Forcept變長能保護越多雌性
33
