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Corticosteroids & Anabolic Steroids
1.
2. Corticosteroids:-
Adrenal Gland
Outer (Adrenal Cortex)
(3 layers)
Inner (Adrenal Medulla)
Secretes on sympathetic stimulation
Epinephrine
(Predominantly)
Norepinephrine
Zona glomerulosa
(Mineralocorticoids)
e.g.-Aldosterone
F(x)- Na+ & H20 retention
K+ & H+ excretion
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
(Glucocorticoids)
e.g.- cortisol,
Corticosteroids
F(X)- Regulate
carbohydrate & protein
metabolism
Androgens
ď Hypersecretion-
Primary
hyperaldosteronism
(Connâs syndrome)
ď Hypersecretion-
Cushingâs syndrome
Hyposecretion- of all the hormone leading
to Addisonâs Disease
3.
4. ⢠Biosynthesis:-
⢠Corticoids (gluco + Mineralo)-21-carbon compounds having a
cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene (steroid) nucleus.
⢠synthesized in the adrenal cortical cells from cholesterol under the control of
ACTH
ď Regulation of
synthesis and
secretion of
corticosteroids
5. Mineralocorticoids
ďSynthesize from â Zona glomerulosa(Adrenal cortex)
ďMost important Mineralocorticoids âAldosterone
ďSite of Actionâ Kidney (DCT & Collecting duct)
ďFunction-Na+ retention by âNa+ reabsorption
ďMOA:- Aldosterone
ââ
Bind to mineralocorticoids receptor
ââ
stimulate synthesis of aldosterone induce protein(AIP)
â
Stimulation of Na+/K+ exchanger in the apical membrane
ââ
Responsible for action
6. Aldosterone effects
ďDeficiency state:-
ďâNa+ reabsorption âHyperkalemia & acidosis
Excess:-
ďRetention of Na+ & water-hypertension & oedema
ďHypokalemia
ďAlkalosis
ďSynthesize from â Zona Fasciculata (Adrenal cortex)
ďMOA:-
Glucocorticoids
7.
8. Pharmacological Action:-
ďCNS:- Mild euphoria
ďHigher doseââseizure threshold (precipitate seizure in epileptic pt.)
ďCVS:- Glucocorticoids
Hypertension (permissive action)
ďGIT:- Inhibit-PGâsââGA & pepsin secretionâ aggravate Peptic ulcer
ďHematopoietic system:-
ďDestruction of Malignant-T & B cells but little effect on normal cells
ďâRBC, platelet & neutrophils
ďâ lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophiles
Promote Na+ & water retention
(except synthetic glucocorticoids )
Potentiate effect of catecholamine &
angiotensin-II on smooth muscle
week mineralocorticoid action
9. ⢠Metabolism:-
ďCarbohydrate metabolism- : through
ďâutilization of glucose by peripheral tissues
ďStimulate gluconeogenesis from amino acids
ďProtein metabolism:- (breakdown-protein)
ďDisplace amino acids from protein synthesis(catabolic action)âmuscle wasting
ďFat metabolism:-
ďRedistribution of fat from peripheral tissue â central such as
ďśBack of neck & shoulder (buffalo hump)
ďśAbdomen & face (moon face)
Anti-insulin effects (insulin
resistance)âHyperglycaemia
Centripetal obesity
10. ⢠Anti-inflammatory action:-
Stimulation
ďInhibit IL-1,2,6 & TNF-Îą
ďStabilize lysosomal membrane
ďâleucocyte migrate to site of injury
Potent
Anti-
inflammatory
action
ďImmunity:- suppress cell mediated(T-cell) immunity more than humoral
immunity (B-cells)-immunosuppressant
ďFavors spread of infectionâ impaired capacity of defensive cells to kill micro-
organism
11. ďInterfere healing & scare formation
ďInhibit chemotaxis of immune cells
ďInhibit the release of IL-2ââT-cell proliferation
ďâAntibody production from β-cells
ďCalcium metabolism:-
Glucocorticoid
Inhibit calcium
absorption from the gut
ârenal excretion
of calcium
âBlood Calciumlevel
Promote Osteoclastic action
(bone resorption action)
Inhibits Osteoblastic
action (bone forming
cells)
osteoporosis and pathological fracture of vertebral
bodies
12. ⢠Skeletal muscles:-
ďźCorticosteroids are required for the normal function of skeletal muscles.
ďźWeakness occurs in both hypocorticism and hypercorticism
ďźProlonged use âmuscle wasting and weakness (steroid myopathy)
14. ⢠Individual drugs:-
1. Hydrocortisone (cortisol):- Rapid action + short duration of action
ďGlucocorticoids + Mineralocorticoids action
ďUses:-
ďAcute adrenal insufficiency
ďStatus asthmaticus
ďAnaphylactic shock (emergency uses)
ďulcerative colitis-Topically and as suspension for enema
2. Prednisolone:-
ďIt is 4 times more potent than hydrocortisone
ďHas intermediate duration of action
ďAlso processâ mineralocorticoid Action(Na+ & water retention)-higher dose
ďUses-used preparation for allergic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorders and in
malignancies.
ďIt causes less HPA axis suppression if given once daily in the morning
15. 3.Prednisone:-
⢠It is a prodrug, gets converted to prednisolone in liver;
⢠less efficacious, hence rarely used
4.Methyl-prednisolone:-
⢠It is used for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects; as high-dose pulse
therapy
⢠in renal transplant, pemphigus vulgaris, etc.
⢠Routes: Retention enema in ulcerative colitis
5.Triamcinolone:-
⢠More potent and relatively more toxic than prednisolone.
⢠It has no mineralocorticoid activity
6. Dexamethasone:-
ďVery potent and highly selective glucocorticoid.
ďIt is also long-acting causes marked pituitary-adrenal suppression
ďUSES:-inflammatory and allergic conditions like shock & cerebral edema
16. 6.Betamethasone:- Similar to dexamethasone
⢠USES:- cerebral edema and other states in which fluid retention must be
avoided
7. Beclomethasone:-
ďThey have local action
ďIt is used by inhalation in bronchial asthma, as nasal spray for allergic rhinitis;
as ointment for skin and mucous membrane lesions.
ďHPA-axis suppression is minimal
8. Budesonide:-more potent than beclomethasone
⢠9. Fluticasone:-
⢠Uses:-
⢠Asthma & COPD-inhalational route
⢠Inflammatory bowel disease-orally
⢠skin and mucous membrane lesions- ointment
17. ⢠Desoxy-corticosterone acetate (DOCA):-
⢠It has selective mineralocorticoid activity and is used in Addisonâs disease as
replacement therapy
⢠Fludrocortisone:-
⢠Potent mineralocorticoid activity.
⢠USES:-
⢠Addisonâs disease:- as a replacement therapy (fludrocortisone + hydrocortisone)
Side effects of corticosteroid therapy:-
⢠Depends on dosages + duration of therapy
⢠Less side effect-short period(<2 weeks)
⢠âriskâ prolong use+ âdosing
18. ďHypothalamicâpituitaryâadrenal (HPA) axis suppression:-
ďNot seen-<1 week therapy with mild-moderate & high doses
ďRequired precautions-during long term therapy
1. Topical use of steroids is preferred
2. Short- or intermediate-acting steroids (e.g. hydrocortisone, prednisolone) should
be preferred
3. If daily dose is high-split the dosing
ďź2/3-dose at Morning
ďź1/3-dose at Evening
4. Try alternate-day steroid therapy in chronic conditions like bronchial asthma,
nephrotic syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), etc
5. Tapering of dose-Withdrawal of steroids after long-term (2 weeks) treatment
should be very slow to allow recovery of normal adrenocortical function.
Minimize the HPA axis suppression
19. ⢠Abrupt stoppage- Glucocorticoid therapy following prolonged use leads to
Flaring up of the underlying disease being treated.
⢠Withdrawal symptoms- like fever, myalgia, arthralgia, malaise, etc.
ďMetabolic effects:- Hyperglycaemia, precipitation of diabetes mellitus (DM) or
aggravation of pre-existing diabetes.
ďCushingâs habitus:- Abnormal fat distribution causes peculiar features with
moon face, buffalo hump and thin limbs
ďGIT:- Peptic ulceration sometimes with haemorrhage or perforation.
ďSalt and water retention: Mineralocorticoid effect may cause oedema,
hypertension and even precipitation of CCF, particularly in patients with primary
hyperaldosteronism.
ďśRx-minimized by using synthetic steroids like dexamethasone, betamethasone,
etc.
ďMuscle- hypokalemia leading to muscle weakness and fatiguability.
ďLong-term steroid therapy âcause steroid myopathy
20. ďBone:-
Osteoporosis with pathological fractures of vertebral bodies is common. Ischemic necrosis
of the femoral head can also occur.
ďGrowth retardation in children is more common with dexamethasone and
betamethasone.
ďEye:- Glaucoma and cataract may occur on prolonged therapy.
ďCNS:- Behavioral disturbances like nervousness, insomnia, mood changes can occur
psychosis may be precipitated.
ďLong-term therapy- steroids leads to immunosuppression, which makes the patient
more vulnerable to various infections like fungal (candidiasis, cryptococcosis), viral
(herpes, viral hepatitis), bacterial (reactivation of latent tuberculosis), etc.
ďInhalational steroids- can cause local irritation and fungal infection of upper
respiratory tract, which can be prevented by the use of spacer and by rinsing the mouth
after inhalation.
21. ďTherapeutic uses of glucocorticoids:-
ďEndocrinal uses:-
ď1. Acute adrenal insufficiency:- (Medical emergency)
ďRx-
ďI.V. hydrocortisone and i.v. normal saline with 5% glucose to correct fluid and
electrolyte imbalance. Precipitating causes such as trauma, infection or
hemorrhage should be treated.
ď2. Chronic adrenal insufficiency:-(Addisonâs disease)
ďTreated with oral hydrocortisone
ď2/3-moring dose +1/3-evening dose + adequate salt and water.
2. Chronic secondary adrenocortical deficiency
3. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
4. Maintenance therapy in Cushing syndrome (after surgical removal of
pituitary/adrenal tumor)
22. Non-endocrinal uses:-
⢠Because of their dramatic symptomatic relief, they are often misused. Non-
endocrinal diseases require
1. In dentistry:-Topical or systemic glucocorticoids are used in:-
⢠Recurrent aphthous stomatitis
⢠Chronic ulcerative stomatitis
⢠Oral pemphigoid
⢠Erythema multiforme
⢠Temporomandibular joint pain:- Intra-articular triamcinolone is used.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis:-
ďImmediate symptomatic relief but no action on progression of the disease.
ďIntra-articular injection is preferred only if one or two joints are involved.
ďUse adjunct NSAIDs & DMARDs
23. 3.Osteoarthritis:- rarely used in OA. Intra-articular injection is recommended for
acute episodes.
4. Rheumatic fever:-
ďźThey produce more rapid symptomatic relief than aspirin
ďźPrednisolone is given along with aspirin and should be continued until the
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) comes to normal and then the steroid is
tapered off gradually.
5. Allergic diseases:- such as
ďśHay fever, Reactions to drugs, Urticaria, serum sickness, Contact dermatitis,
Angioneurotic oedema
ďśAnaphylaxis-(DOC-adrenaline) as corticosteroid are slow onset of action.
Adjuvant I.V.- hydrocortisone+ I.M. Adrenaline
6.Bronchial Asthma-
ďModerate to severe asthma-inhaled or systemic glucocorticoids
ďI.V. hydrocortisone + nebulized β2-agonist and ipratropium bromide
24. ⢠Advantage-
⢠â mucosal oedema and bronchial hyperirritability
⢠âdevelopment of resistance to glucocorticoids
ďStatus asthmatics:-inhalational preparations like beclomethasone, budesonide
or fluticasone because they cause minimal systemic adverse effects.
7.Immunosuppressive therapy:-
ďCollagen vascular disease- large dose glucocorticoids(steroid with negligible
salt and water retaining property is preferred )
ďSkin graft-To avoid rejection
ďOrgan transplantation-Glucocorticoids prevent as well as treat graft rejections
ďAcute immune disease-thrombocytopenia
ďRenal disease- Glucocorticoids are the first-line drugs in nephrotic syndrome
ďChronic demyelinating polyneuropathies- e.g. Guillian barre syndrome
25. ďMyasthenia gravis
8. Ocular diseases:- used to suppress inflammation in the eye thus they prevent
damage to vision.
ďAdministered- topically, sub conjunctivally, systemically or by retrobulbar
injection, depending upon the condition.
ďContraindicated in herpes simplex, keratitis and ocular injuries.
9. Skin diseases:-
ďThey dramatically relieve itching, pain, and inflammation in allergic and other
dermatoses.
ďTo minimize systemic effects, topical steroids are preferred.
ďSystemic steroid therapy is needed in severe conditions like exfoliative dermatitis,
dermatomyositis, pemphigus, etc. Psoriasis, keloids and hypertrophic scar are
sometimes treated by intralesional injection of steroids.
10.Lung maturation in the foetus- betamethasone is given to mother who is going
to delivered premature baby(12mg i.m. followed by 12mg i.m. next day)
ďâincidence of respiratory distress syndrome in infant
26. 11.Cerebral oedema:- oedema is caused by brain tumors, metastatic lesions and
tubercular meningitis. A steroid without salt and water retaining activity (e.g.
dexamethasone) is preferred.
12.Intestinal diseases:- They are used in ulcerative colitis when the patient is not
responding to other forms of treatment. Methylprednisolone can be administered as
retention enema during acute episodes
13.Hypercalcemia:- Hypercalcemia of sarcoidosis, and vitamin D intoxication responds
to prednisolone
ďOthers:-
ďHIV related disorders e.g. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, MAC
ďLepra reaction & septic shock
ďContraindication:-
ď Hypertension Epilepsy
ďDiabetes mellitus Psychosis
ďPeptic ulcer Congestive cardiac failure
ďTuberculosis Renal failure
ďHerpes simplex keratitis Glaucoma
ďOsteoporosis
27.
28. ⢠Anabolic Steroids are drug derived from synthetic testosterone, a
natural male hormone that are used to enhance performance
⢠They are synthetic androgens with greater anabolic(skeletal muscle) and
lesser androgenic activity
⢠On skeletal muscle testosterone ââstrength + muscle mass when used
with exercise for development of muscle & often misused
⢠Testosterone- potent anabolic effect, but it cannot be used because of
its strong androgenic effect
⢠Doping:- âUse of an expedient (substance or method) which is potentially harmful
to athletesâ health and/or capable of enhancing their performance, or the presence
in the athletes body of a prohibited substance or evidence of the use there of or
evidence of the use of a prohibited methodâ
30. Mechanism of Action :-
Anabolic steroid increase the body mass & increase the physical
performance by
1.Increasing the incorporation of amino acids into protein
2.Increasing the RNA polymerase activity in skeletal muscles.
3.Antagonizing protein catabolic effects of glucocorticoids
ďAntagonizing protein catabolic effect of glucocorticoids
ďResulted-weight gain
31. 1. Catabolic states- In chronic illness they use to improve appetite &
feeling of wellbeing (as a protein anabolic agents)
2. During recovery from prolonged illness, surgery, burns, trauma or
chronic debilitating diseases.â
3. Short stature
â Athletic performance- misused by athletes. Their use by athletes is
prohibited. They can be detected in the urine by antidoping investigations.
â In postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis - âca++ ion excretion (preferred
drug bisphosphonate)
32. Side effect:-
In Men:-
⢠Oligozoospermia,infertility â due to inhibition of LH,FSH(Negative feedback)
⢠Gynaecomastia- due to peripheral conversion of testosterone to estrogen
In women-
ď Virilization,
ď muscle hypertrophy ,
ď acne,
ď hirsutism,
ď frontal hair thinning,
ď deepening of voice ,
ď Anovulation
33. Teretogenic effect-
pseudomaphroditism (female uterus)
Children- Impairment of growth due to â premature closer of epiphyses
Toxicity in either sex-
Na+,H20 retention-oedema,
polycythaemia,
cirrhosis of liver.
Cholestatic jaundice-mainly with methyltestosterone
Abuse is sports- due to non-pharmacological use â serious side effect
ďContraindication-
Pregnancy
Renal dysfunctions
Patients suffering from migraine, diabetes
Synthesized and released under influence of ACTH - Ant. Pituitary (HPA axis).
Central such as back of neck & shoulders
Stomatitis-A condition that causes painful swelling and sores inside the mouth
Pemphigoid-Auto-immun disease with patches
Erythema multiforme is a skin condition considered to be a hypersensitivity reaction to infections or drugs
Thrombocytopenia-low platelet count.
To achieve performance large dose of drug use leading to side effect-hepatic damage,tendon rupture,impotence,acne
Polycythaemia-an abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers