Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology)What are the bu.pdf

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Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology) What are the bubbles in fermented medium made of? Describe the process that they come from. Solution Answer: The bubbles in the fermented medium is made of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Microbes ferment glucose/dextrose to produce gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The medium most commonly used is phenol red glucose broth and is composed of 0.5-1.0% glucose. As the broth gets fermented, acidic end products are produced. This reduces the pH of the media which can be detected as the phenol red changes its colour from red to yellow. Inverted tubes called Durham tubes can be attched to the tubes of the broth which trap any carbon dioxide produced as a result of fermentation..

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How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment? Solution Multicore is differ from Multi processing because A multiprocessor systems having more than one central processing unit and allowing them to work in parallel. This is known as Simultaneous Multiprocessing. A multicore central processing unit has many execution cores on one CPU it means different things depending on the correct design but basically it means that a definite subset of the CPU\'s components is duplicate so multiple cores can work in parallel on separate operations. This is known as Chip level Multiprocessing..

How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment.pdf

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How the non-dense index works? How the non-dense index works? Solution Dense Index: An index record appears for every search key value in file. This record contains search key value and a pointer to the actual record. This makes searching faster but requires more space to store index records itself. Index records contain search key value and a pointer to the actual record on the disk. A non-dense index has: One entry for each block One entry for each different value Sparse Index is non-dense index In sparse index, index records are not created for every search key. An index record here contains a search key and an actual pointer to the data on the disk. To search a record, we first proceed by index record and reach at the actual location of the data. If the data we are looking for is not where we directly reach by following the index, then the system starts sequential search until the desired data is found..

How the non-dense index worksHow the non-dense index works.pdf

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Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. Which type of temperature sensor has (a) highest sensitivity at low temperatures, (b) best linearity, (c) applicable for high temperatures? What does Fourier analysis of signals mean? What information can one extract once the analysis has been performed? How is this information useful to engineers? Solution Best linearity is of RTD Thermocouple is capable for higher temperatues Thermistor has highest sensitivity at low temperatures.

Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. .pdf

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Genetic recombination can occur in many different stages. Identify t.pdf

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For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hydrogen ions are pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space? A:1 B:10 C:12 -An explanation would be appreciated! Solution Answer is B: NADH is the rich source of electron and it possess high reduction potential. So it transfer electrons (2e-) to oxygen through various complexes of Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria. Those are Complex-I ----> Complex-III & Complex-IV. During electron transfer, 4:2:4 protons pumped form mitochondrial matrix to peri mitochondrial space via Complex-I, Complex-III & Complex-IV respectively.

For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hy.pdf

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Find the domain of the function. (Enter your answer using interval no.pdf

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explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps to enhance safety in the microbiology lab. Explain whether each is necessary in all instances. Negative air flow (i.e., air flows into laboratory rather than out Solution 29 Equipments every microbiology laboratory should have General Concepts : The clinical presentation of an infectious disease reflects the interaction between the host and the microorganism. This interaction is affected by the host immune status and microbial virulence factors.Sings and symptomes vary according to the site and severity of infection. Diagnosis requires a composite of information, including history, physical examination, radiographic findings, and laboratory data. In fections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The pathogen may be exogenous(acquired form environmental or animal sources or from other persons) or endogenous (from the normal flora)..

explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps .pdf

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Each of the following lymphatic structures in the correct category based on their location. Solution Cisterna Chyll- loated in THORACIC DUCT. it is a sac in which intestinal and two lumber lymphatic trunk flow. TONSILS- located in NECK. it is near the throat made of soft lymphoid tissue. THYMUS- location THORAX. here T lymphocytes mature. THORACIC DUCT- located in thorax. it is extended in chest area at C7 vertebra. MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE- loated in thorax. it is placed between lungs in thoracic cavity. SPLEEN- located in abdomen. it is to the left of stomach and recycles RBC..

Each of the following lymphatic structures in the correct category ba.pdf

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Answer the following questions from the Article below: Exercise #1. Read the following article and then answer the following questions in paragraph form. 1. How has DNA changed the study of biology over the past 50 years? Explain whether scientists have shifted to a molecular level in the various subdisciplines of biology. Also, do you believe any trend to the molecular level will continue far into the future? 2. Explain the role of DNA in the development of an organisms. Does DNA fully provide a blueprint to create an individual? Can DNA by itself propagate itself or does it require other molecular machines? 3. In modern biology, which is the role of physics in the study of organisms and their molecules? Has physics moved to the forefront or does it play an ancillary role? As described in the article, why are the molecular forces of very low energy in an organism? Historians have the luxury of looking back at human endeavor over long periods of time, but most scientists are too busy working in the present and thinking anxiously about the future and have no time to view their work in the context of what has gone before. I once remarked that all graduate students in biology divide history into two epochs: the past 2 years and every- thing else before that, where Archimedes, Newton, Darwin, Mendel—even Watson and Crick—inhabit a time-compressed universe as uneasy contemporaries. It seems remark- able that historians once thought that science progressed by the steady addition of knowledge, building the edifice of scientific truth, brick by brick. In his 1962 book The Struc- ture of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn argued that progress occurs in revolutionary steps by the introduction of new paradigms, which may be new theories—new ways of looking at the world—or new technical meth- ods that enhance observation and analysis. Between Kuhn’s revolutions, scientif ic knowledge does advance by accretion, as there is much to do to consolidate the new science. But then, inevitably, unsolved problems accumulate and, in many cases, the inconsis- tencies have been put to one side and every- body hopes that they will quietly go away. The edifice becomes rickety; some of its founda- tions are insecure and many of the bricks have not been well-baked. This is when a new revolutionary wave in the form of new ideas or new techniques appears, which allows us to condemn and demolish the unsafe or corrupt parts of the edifice and rebuild truth. Often there is great resistance to the new wave, but as Max Planck pointed out, it succeeds because the opponents grow old and die. The process is then repeated: The radicals become liberals, the liberals become conservatives, the conservatives become reactionaries, and the reactionaries disappear. Students of evolu- tion will recognize this process in the theory of punctuated equilibrium: Organisms stay much the same for very long periods of time; this is interrupted by bursts of change when novelty appears, f.

Answer the following questions from the Article belowExercise #1..pdf

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All answers are in the form of True/False with a explantion as to why: 1) An ideal band-pass filter centered (at ± 0) can be created by just multiplying the sinc function by cos(0t) in the the time domain. 2) Nyquist theorem deals with windowing of a signal in the time domain, which is translated into leakage in the frequency domain. 3) The global frequency response of an LTI system composed of two LTI systems in parallel with each other is simply the addition of the individual frequency responses of the systems. 4) We can find the H(j) of an unknown LTI system by stimulating it with a impulse and taking the Fourier Transform of its response. Another more realistic way is to stimulate the LTI system with a unit step function (signal), take the Fourier Transform of its response, multiply it by (j) for every 0 and divide it by pi at =0. ^I believe that one is true, but I am needing help forming an explanation. 5) A first step towards sampling an unknown analog signal without aliasing is to low-pass filter the signal. Solution 1) False Because fourier transform of sinc function is rectanctangular function in frequency domain, and fourier transform of cos function is impuse function. So when when multiply in time domain that means convoution in frequency domain. And if ve convolude rectangular function with impulse function then it would be rectangular pulse train. Which is not ideal band paas filter at w=0. 2) False It would be either window or leakage in time domain or frequency domain. 3) TRUE It is simply understand by block reduction method in control system. When there is another forward block we add both maid forward block with secondry forward block. OR LTI is linear in nature so add in parallel and multiply in series. 4) TRUE Its because the response or tansfer function of any system is called impulse response. It means when the input is Impuse function what is the output of that system. Same as the relation between unit imulse response and impuse respone in just fouries tranfer of unit step function. Because the fourier transform of impulse is unity. so if input is unit step function multiply it by (j) for every 0 and divide it by pi at =0.(1/(i)+(),) 5)FALSE Low paas filter use after sampling to recover the original signal..

All answers are in the form of TrueFalse with a explantion as to wh.pdf

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Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription factor binding sites? Imagine that both miRNA target sites and transcription factor binding sites were dispersed randomly in the genome ? Which would be likely to appear more frequent? Solution mRNA localization: mRAN location is critical for regulation of gene expression by allowing spatially regulated protein production. Through mRAN localization protein are transcribed in their intended target site of the cell. This is especially important during early developement when rapid cell cleavages give different cells various combinations of mRNA which can then lead to drastically different cell fates.RBPs are critical in the location of this mRNA that insures protein are only transcribed in ttheir intended regions. One of these proteins is ZBp1 binds to beta- actin mRNA at the site of transcription and moves with mRNA into the cytoplasm. It then localizes this mRNA to the lamella region of several asymmetric cell types where it can then be translated. FMRP is another RBP involved in RNA localization. It was shown thatt in addition to other functions for FMRP in RNA metabolism, FMRP is involved in the stimulus-induced localization of several dendritic mRNAs in neuronal dendrites. Transcription factors binding site: Transcrption factors bind to either enhancer or promoter regions of DNA adjacent gene is either up- regulated. Transcription factors use a varity of mechanisms for the regulation of gene expression. These mechanisms include: Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity - acetylates histone proteins, which weakens the association of DNA with histones, which make the DNA more accessible to transcription, thereby up- regulating transcription. Hiestone deacetylase (HDAC) activity - deacetylates histone proteins, which strengthens the asociation of DNA with histones, which make the DNA less accessible to transcription, thereby down- regulating transcription. Activation: trancsription factors may be activated (or deactivated) through their signal- sensing domain by a number of mechanism including:.

Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription fa.pdf

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4. Pick out any text-mining tool that impressed you the most and discuss an overview of its text mining process, sentimental & speech analytics. Solution LanguageWare is a natural language processing (NLP) technology developed by ibm, which allows applications to process natural language text. It comprises a set of Java libraries which provide a range of nlp functions: language identification, text segmentation/tokenization, normalization, entity and relationship extraction, and semantic analysis and disambiguation. The analysis engine uses Finite state machine approach at multiple levels, which aids its performance characteristics, while maintaining a reasonably small footprint. Speech analytics: Speech analytics allows users to analyse and extract information from both live and recorded conversations. It is being used effectively to gather intelligence for security purposes, to enhance the presentation and utility of rich media applications, and perhaps most significantly, to deliver quantitative business intelligence through the analysis of the millions of recorded calls . Sentiment analysis: Sentiment analysis is a branch of speech analytics that focuses specifically on assessing the emotional states displayed in a conversation. One common use of sentiment analysis within contact centres is to provide insight into a customer’s feelings about an organisation, its products, services, customer service processes, as well as its individual agent behaviours..

4. Pick out any text-mining tool that impressed you the most and dis.pdf

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At the end of this lecture you should be able to Compare and contrast homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid fermentation. Describe how electron transport chains produce energy. Describe syntrophy and how it benefits multiple organisms. Describe anacrobic respiration and the role it plays in soil denitrification. The answers to these questions are covered both in the lecture material and the textbook. What is a important intermediate molecules shared by many fermentation reactions? What are some of the different end products of fermentation reactions and what determines which end product will be produced by bacteria? Define the term substrate-level phosphorylation. How does it differ from oxidative Assuming an organism is facultative, what cultural conditions dictate whether the organism obtains energy from substrate-level rather than oxidative phosphorylation? Why is syntrophy also called \"interspecies H_2 transfer\"? Describe the Stickland reaction. What are the starting molecules of this reaction and how is energy produced from this type of fermentation? Using the figure below, describe how electron transport chains produce energy? What type of phosphorylation typically occurs with electron transport chains? What do all electron transport chains have in common? Can bacteria without an electron transport produce energy and a proton motive force? so how? Solution Ans 1: Homofermentative LAB ferment glucose with lactic acid as the primary by-product. Homofermentative LAB include Lactococcus spp. that are used in dairy starter culture applications where the rapid development of lactic acid and reduced pH is desirable. Other homofermentative LAB include yogurt strains consisting of rods (Lactobacillus delbruckii subspecies bulgaricus, Lb. acidophilus) and cocci (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus) and thermophilic strains that might be used in cheese (e.g., Lb. helveticus). Other homofermentative cocci that might be found in milk and dairy products, but are rarely used as starter cultures include other Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus, Pediococcus and Aerococcus. Heterofermentative LAB ferment glucose with lactic acid, ethanol/acetic acid and carbon dioxide (CO2) as by-products. Testing for heterofermentative fermentation generally involves the detection of gas (e.g., CO2). With the exception of certain fermented milk products, heterofermentative LAB are rarely used as dairy starter cultures, although they are not uncommon in milk and dairy products. If allowed to grow to significant numbers, they can cause defects related to their acid and CO2 production, such as slits in hard cheeses or bloated packaging in other dairy products. Heterofermentative LAB include Leuconostoc spp. (Gram-positive cocci) and Gram-positive rods such as Lactobacillus brevis, Lb. fermentum, and Lb. reuteri. Other Lactobacillus species are considered “facultatively” heterofermentative, meaning they will produce CO2 and other by- products only und.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to Compare and contrast.pdf

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Case Study Amanda is a 22 year old newly qualified teacher who loves adventure. She was born with a genetic condition called Cystic Fibrosis but she doesn’t let this hold her back in life. She has decided to take her first teaching job abroad in Abu Dhabai. She knows some teacher friends who already live there and they tell her about the plentiful jobs, high pay and bustling social life not to mention the luxurious shopping malls. It all seemed very exciting. All she has to do now is reassure her parents she can manage her illness while living abroad. Due to her condition thick mucus builds up in her lungs which causes chronic cough, wheezing and increased susceptibility to lung infections such as pneumonia. Finally the plan hatches and she finds herself aboard a direct flight to Abu Dhabai. Over the next month Amanda settles into life in Abu Dhabai. She loves her new job and meets lots of people from all over the world. Unfortunately the thrill is short lived and Amanda comes down with a major lung infection. She goes to the hospital and after taking note of her symptoms and examining her chest x-rays doctors conclude that she has a severe case of pneumonia. They send her sputum specimens to the lab for culturing and immediately treat her with antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumonia , Streptococcus pyogenes, the most common causes of pneumonia in CF patients. They also give her aspirin to reduce her fever. Amanda calls home and lets her family know she is in hospital and had chest x-rays that revealed lesions in her lungs in the pattern of organizing pneumonia. She can barely speak on the phone due to her persistent cough and shortness of breath. Her head aches and she still has a high fever. Her parents waste no time flying over to be with her. A week into her hospital stay Amanda’s symptoms have not improved, in fact they are much worse. Her respiratory symptoms increased in severity and she also developed gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The sputum cultures came back inconclusive and doctors are left searching for answers as to the cause of Amanda’s pneumonia and recent GI symptoms. They run tests for more species of bacteria, fungi and viruses that could be causing the lung infection. At this point they suspect that she has viral pneumonia and administer intravenous ribavirin and discontinue other antibiotics. She is also put on a ventilator as doctors fear she is close to respiratory failure. Her parents watch anxiously as their exhausted daughter coughs sporadically and lapses in and out of consciousness. Finally they are relieved when doctors tell them they finally know the cause of her symptoms. An rRT-PCR test revealed the presence or MERS-CoV in Amanda’s sputum. She has MERS. Unfortunately the doctors have no good news as they share the reality that there is no specific treatment for MERS and all they can do for Amanda is support her breathing and vital body functions wh.

Case Study Amanda is a 22 year old newly qualified teacher who lov.pdf

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Write an equation for the function graphed. Show the work to find the value of a Solution 22)roots are x =0,3 numerator has x(x-3) vertical asymptotes at x =-3 , x=4 denominator has (x+3)(x -4) function is of the form y =a[x(x-3)]/[(x+3)(x -4)] horizontal at y =-2 limx-->infinitya[x(x-3)]/[(x+3)(x -4)] =2 limx-->infinitya[x2(1-(3/x))]/[x2(1+(3/x))(1 -(4/x))] =2 =>a[(1-(0))]/[(1+(0)(1 -(0))] =2 a =2 function is y =2[x(x-3)]/[(x+3)(x -4)].

Write an equation for the function graphed. Show the work to find th.pdf

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Why does a RNA virus carry essential enzymes within its particles, whereas DNA viruses do not Why does a RNA virus carry essential enzymes within its particles, whereas DNA viruses do not Solution RNA viruses replicate with the help of RNA-dependant RNA polymerases and need to code for their polymerases as they are not present in animal cells. Therefore once the virus attacks the host. by different means, it creates mRNA for further replication. based on how it creates the mRNA there are different types of RNA viruses. Plus strand viruses: the virion RNA is same as mRNA. So starts translating immediately after infection. example poliovirus Negative-strand RNA viruses: These viruses have RNA complementary to mRNA strands. So require RNA-dependant RNA polymerases and transcribing enzymes. example: influenza virus. double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses contain double-stranded RNA molecules that cannot function as mRNA. These viruses require RNA polymerases to make their mRNA. example: rotavirus DNA viruses utilize host enzymes for replication and, host tRNA and ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins. These viruses produce specific proteins that are coded by viral genes as compared to normal cells that produce thousands of proteins. these proteins often modify host cell responses to enhance viral replication..

Why does a RNA virus carry essential enzymes within its particles,.pdf

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Why is Tyrosine more acidic than Serine, even though they both are alcohols? Solution Answer: Both the tyrosine and serine are alocohols. They resembles due to the presence of hydroxyl group. Tyrosine Pka value is 9.7 whereas serine Pka value is 14.2 The tyrosine is a phenol and it is more acidic thatn the serine because of the ability of the neighbouring pi system to delocalize the excess electron density of the anion.

Why is Tyrosine more acidic than Serine, even though they both are a.pdf

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which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak in bringing about national health insurance later led to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid? which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak in bringing about national health insurance later led to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid? Solution Often, when charity care was provided, private payers were charged more to make up the difference, a practice referred to as cost-shifting or cross-subsidization. In 1965, Congress passed the amendments to the Social Security Act and created the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Thus, for the first time in US history, the govern-ment assumed direct responsibility to pay for some of the health care on behalf of two vulnerable population groups—the elderly and the poor. Medicaid and Medicare were designed to cover only the most vulnerable populations. The proposals did not reengineer how the majority of the Americans would receive health care. The growing elderly population was becoming a politically active force among middle-class Americans..

which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak.pdf

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Which of the following are partial differential equations I. y + y.pdf

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What is the meaning of leveling and balancing a Data flow diagram|? Solution Leveling means to define data flow in details. It helps in drawing lower level diagram which can reveal lower level information of the data flow. It exposes functional attribute of software process in detail and helps in understanding each and every function of the process. Balancing means preserving the input and output of the data flow. It is used to maintain consistency in the diagram which makes it more readable and it can be understood easily. Balancing helps in linking input and output of different levels and leveling helps in defining desired details of a particular level..

What is the meaning of leveling and balancing a Data flow diagram.pdf

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