microcontroller and many components

1. PREDEFINED HARDWARE

2. INTRODUCTION
IN INDIA MOST OF THE RURALS STILL ARE
FACING THE PROBLEM OF ELECTRICITY
CRISIS, WHEREAS IN CITIES A LOT OF POWER
IS WASTED.
WE AS A CITIZEN OF INDIA HOLD THE
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE RATIONAL USE OF
ENERGY.
THIS SYSTEM HELP IN HOUSEHOLD POWER
USAGE.

3. COMPONENTS
1)- MICROCONTROLLER(ATMEGA32)
• It is a small computer on a single integrated
chip. Contains processor core, RAM/ROM ,
EEROM, programmable I/O ports and a Timer.

5. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD)
Now we need to interface an LCD to our microcontroller
so that we can display messages, outputs, etc. We will
use the 16x2 LCD, which means it has two rows of 16
characters each. Hence in total we can display 32
characters.

6. L298
The L298 is an integrate
monolithic circuit in a 15
-lead Multiwatt.
It is a high voltage, high
current dual full-bridge
driver designed drive
inductive loads such as
relays, solenoids, DC and
Stepping motors.
Operatng supply upto 46
volt and dc current upto
4.5 A.
Over temperature
protection.

7. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTANCE(LDR)
Normally the resistance of an LDR is
very high, sometimes as high as
1000 000 ohms, but when they are
illuminated with light resistance
drops to 100 ohms.
The LDR must be part of a voltage
divider circuit in order to give an
output voltage, Vout , which changes
with illumination.
When no light falls on the LDR, very
high resistance shown by the LDR
hence Vout will be very low. And
when light falls on the LDR, very
Low resistance shown by the LDR
hence Vout will nearly be equal to
the Vin applied. Hence the two
conditions can be distinguished.

8. SENSOR NETWORK
• We have used the fundamental that
the white surface reflects almost all
the light falling on it whereas the
black surface absorbs maximum
light falling on it.
• Our arena would be a black surface
all over with white strips showing
the way to travel. With keeping LED
lights always ON and using the
above principle our LDR will get
different light intensities when on
the two different surfaces i.e. black
and white.
• Hence we would be able to detect
our present position of the sensor
whether it is on Black or on White
and will now act accordingly.

9. l7805
7805 voltage regulator is used
to get +5 V output out of a
higher voltage supply (7.5V-
20V).We use adapter’s supply
to generate +5V here. Connect
the gnd and +12V of adapter to
the pins as shown and get +5V
directly as an output out of the
3rd pin. Current up to 0.5 A
can be obtained from this
regulator without any
significant fall in voltage level.

10. LM 35
Operates from 4 to 30
volts
Calibrated directly in °
Celsius
Measure temperature
and accordingly we take
output.
In this, we use this to
control the bulb on off
phenomenon.

11. RELAYS