How exactly do Protease inhibitors help HIV patients fight the disease? Where exactly do quinolones act to prevent bacterial multiplication? Cite 4 characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent Solution 1.Enzyme that breaks down protein into its building blocks, amino acids, is called a protease.In an HIV virus, proteolytic cleavage of the polypeptide precursors into mature enzymes and structural proteins are catalyzed by HIV protease.HIV protease inhibitors are peptide-like chemicals that competitively inhibit the action of the virus aspartyl protease. These drugs prevent proteolytic cleavage of HIV Gag and Pol polyproteins that include essential structural and enzymatic components of the virus. This prevents the conversion of HIV particles into their mature infectious form. 2.Quinolones bind to a bacterial complex of DNA and DNA gyrase, blocking DNA replication. Quinolones such as nalidixic acid bind to the cleavage complex composed of DNA and gyrase during this strand passage. This interaction of quinolone acts to stabilize the cleavage intermediate which has a detrimental effect on the normal DNA replication process. The effects of this inhibition result in the death of the bacterial cell. The newer fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin also interact with DNA gyrase and possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. 3.solubility in body fluids-agent must dissolve in body fluids to be transported in the body and reach the infectious organisms selective toxicity-agents must be more toxic to microorganisms than to host cells. toxicity not easily altered-agent should maintain a standard toxicity and not be made more or less toxic by interactions with foods and other drugs or abnormal conditions such as diabetes and kidney disease in the host nonallergenic-agent should not elicit an allergic reaction in the host stability-maintenance of a constant, therapeutic concentration in blood and tissue fluids, agent should be sufficiently stable in body fluids.

1. How exactly do Protease inhibitors help HIV patients fight the disease?
Where exactly do quinolones act to prevent bacterial multiplication?
Cite 4 characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent
Solution
1.Enzyme that breaks down protein into its building blocks, amino acids, is called a protease.In
an HIV virus, proteolytic cleavage of the polypeptide precursors into mature enzymes and
structural proteins are catalyzed by HIV protease.HIV protease inhibitors are peptide-like
chemicals that competitively inhibit the action of the virus aspartyl protease. These drugs prevent
proteolytic cleavage of HIV Gag and Pol polyproteins that include essential structural and
enzymatic components of the virus. This prevents the conversion of HIV particles into their
mature infectious form.
2.Quinolones bind to a bacterial complex of DNA and DNA gyrase, blocking DNA
replication. Quinolones such as nalidixic acid bind to the cleavage complex composed of DNA
and gyrase during this strand passage. This interaction of quinolone acts to stabilize the cleavage
intermediate which has a detrimental effect on the normal DNA replication process. The effects
of this inhibition result in the death of the bacterial cell. The newer fluoroquinolones such as
ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin also interact with DNA gyrase and possess a broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
3.solubility in body fluids-agent must dissolve in body fluids to be transported in the body and
reach the infectious organisms
selective toxicity-agents must be more toxic to microorganisms than to host cells.
toxicity not easily altered-agent should maintain a standard toxicity and not be made more or less
toxic by interactions with foods and other drugs or abnormal conditions such as diabetes and
kidney disease in the host
nonallergenic-agent should not elicit an allergic reaction in the host
stability-maintenance of a constant, therapeutic concentration in blood and tissue fluids, agent
should be sufficiently stable in body fluids