Guillian-Barre.Therapy.Experimental.

Guillain-Barre : Protease
Inhibition.
Dmitri Popov. PhD, Radiobiology.
MD (Russia)
Advanced Medical Technology and Systems Inc. Canada.
intervaccine@gmail.com

Guillian-Barre.
• Research Proposal: Guillian-Barre : Protease Inhibition.
• Dmitri Popov
• Full-text · Research Proposal · Jan 2015
• File name: Guillian-Barre.Therapy.Experimental..pptx
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4913.5122
•

Guillain-Barre : Protease Inhibitors.
• Proteases are ubiquitous in all living cells. As soon as cells are
disrupted, proteases are released and can quickly degrade any
protein. This can drastically reduce the yield of protein during
isolation and purification.
• Contaminating proteases can be inhibited by protease inhibitors,
thereby protecting the protein of interest from degradation.
• http://iti.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/iti/documents/himc/immun
oassays/ProteaseInhibitionGuide.pdf

Guillain-Barre: Protease Inhibitors.
• A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is any enzyme that
performs proteolysis, that is, begins protein catabolism by
hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in
a polypeptide chain.
• Proteases have evolved multiple times, and different classes of
protease can perform the same reaction by completely
different catalytic mechanisms. Proteases can be found in
animals, plants, bacteria, archaea and viruses.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease

• Proteases can be classified into seven scientific groups:
• Serine proteases - using a serine alcohol
• Cysteine proteases - using a cysteine thiol
• Aspartate proteases - using an aspartate carboxylic acid
• Threonine proteases - using a threonine secondary alcohol
• Glutamic acid proteases - using a glutamate carboxylic acid
• Metalloproteases - using a metal, usually zinc
• Asparagine peptide lyases - involve asparagine, but they are a type of
proteolytic enzymes different from those above.

Guillain-Barre : Protease Inhibitors.
• The mechanism used to cleave a peptide bond involves making an
amino acid residue that has the cysteine and threonine (proteases) or
a water molecule (aspartic acid, metallo- and glutamic acid proteases)
nucleophilic so that it can attack the peptide carboxyl group. One way
to make a nucleophile is by a catalytic triad, where a histidine residue
is used to activate serine, cysteine, or threonine as a nucleophile. This
is not an evolutionary grouping, however, as the nucleophile types
have evolved convergently in different superfamilies, and some
superfamilies show divergent evolution to multiple different
nucleophiles.

• Proteases occur in all organisms,
from prokaryotes to eukaryotes to viruses. These enzymes are involved in a
multitude of physiological reactions from simple digestion of food proteins
to highly regulated cascades (e.g., the blood-clotting cascade,
the complement system, apoptosis pathways, and the invertebrate
prophenoloxidase-activating cascade). Proteases can either break specific
peptide bonds (limited proteolysis), depending on the amino acid sequence
of a protein, or break down a complete peptide to amino acids (unlimited
proteolysis). The activity can be a destructive change (abolishing a protein's
function or digesting it to its principal components), it can be an activation
of a function, or it can be a signal in a signalling pathway.

• Proteases are used throughout an organism for various metabolic processes.
Proteases present in blood serum (thrombin, plasmin, Hageman factor, etc.) play
important role in blood-clotting, as well as lysis of the clots, and the correct
action of the immune system. Other proteases are present in leukocytes
(elastase, cathepsin G) and play several different roles in metabolic control.
Some snake venoms are also proteases, such as pit viper haemotoxin and
interfere with the victim's blood clotting cascade. Proteases determine the
lifetime of other proteins playing important physiological role like hormones,
antibodies, or other enzymes. This is one of the fastest "switching on" and
"switching off" regulatory mechanisms in the physiology of an organism.
• By complex cooperative action the proteases may proceed as cascade reactions,
which result in rapid and efficient amplification of an organism's response to a
physiological signal.

• The activity of proteases is inhibited by protease inhibitors. One example of
protease inhibitors is the serpin superfamily, which includes alpha 1-
antitrypsin, C1-inhibitor, antithrombin, alpha 1-
antichymotrypsin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and neuroserpin.
• Natural protease inhibitors include the family of lipocalin proteins, which
play a role in cell regulation and differentiation. Lipophilic ligands, attached
to lipocalin proteins, have been found to possess tumor protease inhibiting
properties. The natural protease inhibitors are not to be confused with
the protease inhibitors used in antiretroviral therapy.
Some viruses, with HIV/AIDS among them, depend on proteases in their
reproductive cycle.
Thus, protease inhibitors are developed as antiviral means.

• Venoms.
• Certain types of venom, such as those produced by venomous snakes,
can also cause proteolysis. These venoms are, in fact, complex
digestive fluids that begin their work outside of the body. Proteolytic
venoms cause a wide range of toxic effects, including effects that are:
• cytotoxic (cell-destroying)
• hemotoxic (blood-destroying)
• myotoxic (muscle-destroying)
• hemorrhagic (bleeding)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolysis#Venoms

• Inhibitors of Serine Protease.
• Inhibitors of Cysteine Protease.
• Inhibitors of Metallo-Proteases.
• Inhibitors of Aspartic Proteases.

• LITTLE is known about the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The fact that most carcinogens are
mutagenic has led to speculation that the primary step in cancer induction may be mutational; there is
evidence from both in vivo and in vitro studies that a strong correlation exists between the
mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of an agent. Mutagenic and carcinogenic agents, both physical and
chemical, also produce similar kinds of DNA damage and repair.
• Radiation-induced mutagenesis in some bacterial cells requires an error-prone DNA repair system, and
there is now some evidence that error-prone DNA repair may be involved in the malignant
transformation of cells by radiation. Protease inhibitors have been shown to suppress specifically both
error-prone repair and mutagenesis in bacterial cells , as well as to inhibit carcinogenesis in vivo .
• We report here that the protease inhibitors antipain and leupeptin will suppress radiation-induced
transformation in vitro as well as inhibit two-stage transformation in vitro using radiation and the
promoting agent, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA).
• Protease inhibitors suppress radiation-induced malignant transformation in vitro
• ANN R. KENNEDY & JOHN B. LITTLE
• Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Physiology, Harvard University, School of Public Health,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115

• A lysosome (derived from the Greek words lysis, meaning "to loosen",
and soma, "body") is a membrane-bound cell organelle found in most
animal cells (they are absent in red blood cells). Structurally and
chemically, they are spherical vesicles
containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down virtually all
kinds of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, lipids, and cellular debris. They are known to contain
more than 50 different enzymes, which are all optimally active at an
acidic environment of about pH 5.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome

• Cysteine proteases, also known as thiol proteases, are enzymes that
degrade proteins. These proteases share a common catalytic
mechanism that involves a nucleophilic cysteine thiol in a catalytic
triad or dyad. The first step in the reaction mechanism by which
cysteine proteases catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is de
protonation of a thiol in the enzyme's active site by an
adjacent amino acid with a basic side chain, usually a histidine
residue.

• Example of Inhibitors of proteases.
• Classes of Protease Inhibitors available from Roche Applied Science

• When isolating or purifying proteins, benefit from the ultimate in
convenience – use complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Tablets and
eliminate the time consuming search for the right protease inhibitor.
complete is a proprietary blend of protease inhibitors, formulated as
a ready-to-use water soluble tablet.
• Simply add the convenient tablet to your homogenization buffer, and
instantly protect your proteins against a broad range of proteases.

• Consistently inhibit a multitude of protease classes, including serine
proteases, cysteine proteases, and metalloproteases.
• Inhibit proteolytic activity in extracts from almost any tissue or cell
type, including animals, plants, yeast, bacteria, and fungi.

• Deliver consistent doses of protease inhibition.
• Obtain stable, non-toxic protection in aqueous buffers.
• Maintain the stability of metal-dependent proteins, and function of
purification techniques (i.e., IMAC [immobilized metal affinity
chromatography] for isolation of Poly-His-tagged proteins) by using
EDTA-free complete Protease Inhibitor Tablets.

• Some examples of cells, tissues, and organisms in which protease
activity has been successfully inhibited with complete tablets — as
reported in scientific literature:
• ■ Acintobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ■ Adipocytes (mouse, rat) ■
Adrenal gland (PC-12, rat) ■ Bladder carcinoma cells (T24, human) ■
Bone marrow cells (mouse, human) ■ Bone osteosarcoma (U-2 OS,
SaOs-2, human) ■ Brain neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-BE(2), human) ■
Brain tissue (bovine, mouse, rat, human) ■ Breast cancer cells (BT20,
MCF7, human) ■ Bronchial Alveolar Lavage Fluid (mouse, rat)

• Bronchial Biopsies (human) ■ Bronchial epithelial cell line (BZR,
human) ■ Cardiomyocytes (mouse, rat) ■ Cervix adenocarcinoma
(HeLa, human) ■ Cochlea (rat) ■ Colon carcinoma cells (T84, human)
■ Colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (CaCo-2) (human) ■ Colorectal and
duodenal adenomas ■ Colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-116, human) ■
Cortex (rat). ■ Dictyostelium (amoeba) ■ E. coli ■ Endothelial cell line
■ Epidermis (human) ■ Epithelial cell lines (human, bovine) ■ Fat
(mouse) ■ Fibroblasts (human; NIH-3T3, MDTF, mouse) ■
Fibrosarcoma cell line (HT1080, human) ■ Fruit (tomato) ■
Glioblastoma cell line (U87MG) ■ Head (Drosophila).

• ■ Heart (human, mouse, chicken) ■ Hematopoietic cell lines (mouse,
human) ■ Immature seed (soy) ■ Insect cell lines (Sf2, Sf21, Sf9, Tn5)
■ Keratinocytes (human) ■ Kidney (dog, human, mouse, rat, monkey,
Xenopus) ■ Leaf (Arabidopsis) ■ Liver carcinoma cells (HepG2, Hep3B,
human) ■ Liver tissue (mouse, rat, Xenopus) ■ Lung carcinoma cells
(A549, human) ■ Lung homogenates (mouse, Xenopus) ■ Lung lavage
fluid (mouse) ■ Luteal tissue (bovine) ■ Lymph nodes (mouse) ■
Lymphoblastoids (human) ■ Lymphocytes (Jurkat, human; WEHI 3b D,
mouse; monkey)

• ■ Peripheral blood cells (BA/F3, mouse; CEM, HL-60, human) ■ Pichia
pastoris ■ Placental labyrinth (mouse, rat) ■ Platelets (human) ■ Primary
chondrocytes (human) ■ Primary lung cancer cells ■ Primary mast cells
(mouse) ■ Primary neuronal cultures (mouse) ■ Prostate adenocarcinoma
cells (PC-3, human) ■ Prostate carcinoma cells (DU-145 and LNCaP, human)
■ Pseudomonas ■ Rectal tissue (rabbit).
• Renal cell carcinomas (human) ■ Reticulocyte lysate (rabbit) ■ Retina
(mammalian) ■ Saccharomyces cerevisiae ■ Salivary gland (mouse) ■
Salmonella typhimurium ■ Seed (Arabidopsis) ■ Skin (human) ■
Spermatogenic cells (mouse) ■ Spinal cord (rat) ■ Spleen (mouse, rat,
Xenopus) ■ Staphylococcus aureus ■ Streptococcus pneumoniae ■
Superior cervical ganglion (mouse) ■ Toxoplasma gondii ■ Umbilical vein
endothelial cells (HUVEC, human) ■ Whole plant tissue

• Mammary carcinoma cells (MDA468, human) ■ Mammary epithelial
cells (HMEC) ■ Mammary gland (mouse) ■ Mast cell line (human) ■
Monocyte cells (THP-1, human) ■ Muscle (Drosophila, human,
mouse, rat, rabbit, Xenopus) ■ Neisseria gonorrhoeae ■ Neurons (rat)
■ Ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3, human) ■ Ovary cells (CHO, hamster) ■
Pancreas (mouse) ■ Parathyroid tissue (bovine)

• USING PROTEASE BIOMARKERS TO MEASURE VIABILITY AND
CYTOTOXICITY ANDREW NILES, MICHAEL SCURRIA2, LAURENT
BERNAD, BRIAN MCNAMARA, KAY RASHKA, DEBORAH LANGE, PAM
GUTHMILLER1 AND TERRY RISS , PROMEGA CORPORATION,
PROMEGA BIOSCIENCES, INC.

• Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness as a
result of damage to the peripheral nervous system. Many experience
changes in sensation or develop pain, followed by muscle weakness
beginning in the feet and hands. The symptoms develop over half a day to
two weeks. During the acute phase, the disorder can be life-threatening
with about a quarter developing weakness of the breathing muscles and
requiring mechanical ventilation. Some are affected by changes in the
function of the autonomic nervous system, which can lead to dangerous
abnormalities in heart rate and blood pressure.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome
•

Guillain-Barre: Protease Inhibitors
• This autoimmune disease is caused by the body's immune
system mistakenly attacking the peripheral nerves and damaging
theirmyelin insulation. Sometimes this immune dysfunction is
triggered by an infection. The diagnosis is usually made based on the
signs and symptoms, through the exclusion of alternative causes, and
supported by tests such as nerve conduction studies and examination
of the cerebrospinal fluid. Various classifications exist, depending on
the areas of weakness, results of nerve conduction studies, and the
presence of antiganglioside antibodies. It is classified as an
acute polyneuropathy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_synd
rome

• The first symptoms of Guillain–Barré syndrome are numbness, tingling, and
pain, or in combination. This is followed by weakness of the legs and arms
that affects both sides equally and worsens over time. The weakness can
take half a day to over two weeks to reach maximum severity, and then
becomes steady. In one in five people, the weakness continues to progress
for as long as four weeks. The muscles of the neck may also be affected,
and about half experience involvement of the cranial nerves which supply
the head and face; this may lead to weakness of the muscles of the
face, swallowing difficulties and sometimes weakness of the eye muscles.
• In 8%, the weakness affects only the legs (paraplegia or paraparesis).
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome

Guillain-Barre: Protease Inhibitors
• Involvement of the muscles that control the bladder and anus is
unusual. In total, about a third of people with Guillain–Barré
syndrome continue to be able to walk. Once the weakness has
stopped progressing, it persists at a stable level ("plateau phase")
before improvement occurs. The plateau phase can take between two
days and six months, but the most common duration is a week. Pain-
related symptoms affect more than half, and include back pain,
painful tingling, muscle pain and pain in the head and neck relating to
irritation of the lining of the brain.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_synd
rome

• Many people with Guillain–Barré syndrome have experienced the
signs and symptoms of an infection in the 3–6 weeks prior to the
onset of the neurological symptoms. This may consist of upper
respiratory tract infection (rhinitis, sore throat) or diarrhea.
• In children, particularly those younger than six years old, the
diagnosis can be difficult and the condition is often initially mistaken
(sometimes for up to two weeks) for other causes of pains and
difficulty walking, such as viral infections, or bone and joint problems
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_synd
rome

• On neurological examination, characteristic features are the reduced
power and reduced or absent tendon reflexes (hypo- or areflexia,
respectively). However, a small proportion has normal reflexes in affected
limbs before developing areflexia, and some may have exaggerated
reflexes. In the "Miller Fisher variant" subtype of Guillain–Barré syndrome
(see below), weakness of the eye muscles (ophthalmoplegia) is more
pronounced and may occur together with abnormalities in
coordination (ataxia). The level of consciousness is normally unaffected in
Guillain–Barré syndrome, but the Bickerstaff brainstem
encephalitis subtype may feature drowsiness, sleepiness, or coma.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome

• A quarter of all people with Guillain–Barré syndrome develop
weakness of the breathing muscles leading to respiratory failure, the
inability to breathe adequately to maintain healthy levels
of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide in the blood.
• This life-threatening scenario is complicated by other medical
problems such as pneumonia, severe infections,blood clots in the
lungs and bleeding in the digestive tract in 60% of those who require
artificial ventilation

• The autonomic or involuntary nervous system, which is involved in
the control of body functions such as heart rate and blood pressure, is
affected in two thirds of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome, but
the impact is variable. Twenty percent may experience severe blood-
pressure fluctuations and irregularities in the heart beat, sometimes
to the point that the heart beat stops and requiring pacemaker-based
treatment. Other associated problems are abnormalities
in perspiration and changes in the reactivity of the pupils. Autonomic
nervous system involvement can affect even those who do not have
severe muscle weakness.

• he nerve dysfunction in Guillain–Barré syndrome is caused by an
immune attack on the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system
and their support structures. The nerve cells have their body (the
soma) in thespinal cord and a long projection (the axon) that
carries electrical nerve impulses to the neuromuscular junction where
the impulse is transferred to the muscle. Axons are wrapped in a
sheath of Schwann cells that contain myelin. Between Schwann cells
are gaps (nodes of Ranvier) where the axon is exposed.

• Different types of Guillain–Barré syndrome feature different types of
immune attack. The demyelinating variant (AIDP, see below) features
damage to the myelin sheath by white blood cells (T
lymphocytes and macrophages); this process is preceded by
activation of a group of blood proteins known as complement. In
contrast, the axonal variant is mediated by IgG antibodies and
complement against the cell membrane covering the axon without
direct lymphocyte involvement

• Various antibodies directed at nerve cells have been reported in
Guillain–Barré syndrome. In the axonal subtype, these antibodies
have been shown to bind to gangliosides, a group of substances found
in peripheral nerves. A ganglioside is a molecule consisting
of ceramide bound to a small group of hexose-type sugars and
containing various numbers of N-acetylneuraminic acid groups. The
key four gangliosides against which antibodies have been
described are GM1, GD1a, GT1a, and GQ1b, with different anti-
ganglioside antibodies being associated with particular features; for
instance, GQ1b antibodies have been linked with Miller Fisher variant
GBS and related forms including Bickerstaff encephalitis

• The production of these antibodies after an infection is probably the
result of molecular mimicry, where the immune system is reacting to
microbial substances but the resultant antibodies also react with
substances occurring naturally in the body.[1][12] After
a Campylobacter infection, the body produces antibodies of
the IgA class; only a small proportion of people also produce IgG
antibodies against bacterial substance cell wall substances
(e.g. lipooligosaccharides) that crossreact with human nerve cell
gangliosides. It is not currently know how this process escapes central
tolerance to gangliosides, which is meant to suppress the production
of antibodies against the body's own substances.

• Not all antiganglioside antibodies cause disease, and it has recently
been suggested that some antibodies bind to more than one type
ofepitope simultaneously (heterodimeric binding) and that this
determines the response. Furthermore, the development of
pathogenic antibodies may depend on the presence of ofter strains of
bacteria in the bowel

• Antibodies become a clinically important
drug class: more than 25 antibodies are approved for
human therapy and more than 300 antibodies are currently in clinical
development worldwide for a wide range of diseases,
including autoimmunity and inflammation, protection against radiation
cancer , organ transplantation, cerebrovascular disease,
cardiovascular disease, infectious diseases and ophthalmological
diseases.
http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v10/n5/abs/nri2761.html
https://www.google.ca/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-
8#q=radiation%20toxins
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC3929455/

• Mechanisms of action of therapeutic antibodies. Five non-overlapping
• mechanisms of action are depicted. Examples of therapeutic antibodies are
listed for
• each mechanism of action depicted. Ligand blockade with full length IgG
therapeutic
• antibodies (for example, infliximab, adalimumab or golimumab), antibody
fragments
• (for example, certolizumab pegol) or receptor immunoadhesins (for
example, etanercept
• and those indicated with ‡) can prevent ligands from activating their
cognate receptors.
• http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v10/n5/abs/nri2761.html

• Binding of ligands (for example, interleukin-6 (IL-6)) to receptors (for example, IL-6R) can
also be blocked by antibodies directed to their cognate receptors and inhibit receptor
activation or function. Binding of cell surface receptors by antibodies can also result in
their internalization and downregulation to limit cell surface
receptors that can be activated by the ligand.
• Binding of cell surface receptors by antibodies (for example, αL integrin by efalizumab) or
binding of a ligand (for example, free serum IgE
• by omalizumab) can indirectly also result in downregulation of cell surface receptors
available for cellular activation. Binding of cell surface receptors can result in depletion of
antigen-bearing cells through complement-mediated lysis and opsonization, as well
as Fc receptor for IgG (FcγR)-mediated clearance.
http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v10/n5/abs/nri2761.html

• Therapeutic antibodies can also induce active signals that alter cellular fates. Binding of the T cell
receptor (TCR)–CD3
• complex by teplizumab can induce TCR-mediated signals and alter T cell functions and
differentiation. MAC, membrane attack complex; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TNFRI; TNF
receptor I. *Antibodies with several mechanisms of action.
• Receptor blockade and receptor modulation. in addition to ligand blockade, therapeutic
antibodies can also block ligand–receptor interactions by targeting the
• receptor . These include antibodies that target the il-6 receptor (tocilizumab
(Actemra/RoActemra; Chugai/Roche)), αl integrin (also known as CD11a
• and lFA1) (efalizumab (Raptiva/Xanelim; Genentech/Roche/Merck–Serono)), the α4 subunit of
α4β1 and α4β7 integrins (natalizumab (Tysabri; Biogen idec/Elan)) and α4β7 integrin
(vedolizumab (MlN2; Millennium Pharmaceuticals/Takeda)). Targeting of receptors adds a
• secondary level of mechanistic activity as a subset of these therapeutic antibodies not only blocks
ligand binding butalso downregulates the cell surface expression of the targeted receptors.
• http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v10/n5/abs/nri2761.html

• Granzymes.

Guillian-Barre.Therapy.Experimental.

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