Ossification Of Bones

Ossification Of Bones
As we grow up our bones change massively, as a baby you have approximately 300 bones, however as you develop and grow these bones fuse together
to a point where by adulthood you have 206.
As an embryo, your bones are mainly made up of cartilage. They are very soft and therefore are extremely fragile. Ossification is a process that uses
calcium, as the child grows, to create bone. Gradually as ossification occurs bones get stronger and harder.
Osteoblasts are cells that form in the marrow of bones. These cells (Osteoblasts) are vital in the forming and developing of a foetus, as it grows to
become a child. The bone cells don't stop working even once a person has reached adulthood, bone development occurs throughout your whole life.
This continued development can be identified in the healing & repair of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are 5 different types of bones in our bodies: Long, Short, Flat, Irregular and Sesamoid
1.Short bones are bones that are as long as they are wide. Their main function is to provide strength, stability and support. They allow little or no
movement. An example of a short bone is the carpals in the hand or the tarsals in the foot.
2.Flat bones are flat and thin bones, that provide a surface for muscle attachment and provide protection. These bones are expanded into flat plates for
example the sternum and the cranium. They act as a barrier in order to protect the heart, brain and lungs (vital organs). Their composition is made up
of two outer layers of hard compact, smooth bone with an inner layer of bone tissue that is called Cancellous bone, this contains a substance called
bone marrow.
3.An irregular bone is a bone that cannot be grouped due to the fact that it is not a flat, short, long or sesamoid bone. An example of an irregular bone
is the vertebrae in the spine. Effectively it cannot be characterised into any of the other
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Phosphorus Poisoning: A Case Study
At the point when matches were first made they were hazardous to make and almost unsafe to light. Charles Sauria, a French scientific expert, found
that when white phosphorus was added to the tip of the matchstick matches, they could be lit anyplace. The matches were in incredible interest and
extremely gainful for makers (Stolze, 2015). This change came amid the Industrial Revolution before businesses were constrained to execute safe
working conditions. It was obligatory for low wage representatives to work extend periods of time over warmed vats that discharged harmful exhaust.
The vapor were ended up being ruinous to bone tissue. Specialists later treated these workers for an ailment that brought on their jaw unresolved issues
and rot (Inglis–Arkell, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was unshakable and perpetual, the treatment was anguishing and the last result was an upsetting deformation. It was this deforming impact plain to
each onlooker that made phosphorus harming so famous and prompted decided endeavors for its abrogation in each socialized area" (Donoghue, 2005).
In 1906, a few European nations banned the assembling and importation of white phosphorus matches at the Berne Convention. A protected substitute,
sesqui–sulfide, had been found by a French scientific expert and effectively utilized for production of light up anyplace portable fire sticks in 1898
(Donoghue, 2005). In the United States, John Andrews distributed a report in 1910 of 150 instances of phossy jaw from 15 to 16 match industrial
facilities then in operation.
Christian Warren of University of Georgia's Department of History expressed that specialty strategy had little to do with phossy jaw, as on account of
radium dial painters. Relational arrangers were not the only one in contracting phossy jaw; pretty much any laborer presented to phosphorus vapors and
dust may contract it (Warren, 2001). In the United States in the 1920s, after the match business changed to sesquisulphide, specialists in firecrackers
and manure plants

P-Nitrophenol Enzyme Lab Report
The influence of changing amino acids sequence to the Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) enzyme optimal functions
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite in the bone is regulated by an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase. If a mutation in the AP enzyme exists, a possible outcome can be a
decreased level of bone density. Through various experimentations, the functions of normal and mutant AP enzymes were observed. The variations in
function of the enzyme were determined through different pH levels. In order to accomplish this, the activity of alkaline phosphatase needed to be
examined by assessing how fast the product p–nitrophenol was forming. By incorporating the spectrophotometer, the optimal wavelength of light to
use in the AP experiment had to be determined by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
P–nitrophenol was measured at various wavelengths through a spectrophotometer to find the optimal absorption. Once determined, p–nitrophenol was
diluted in a buffer, NAOH, and PNP buffer to establish the standard curve for p–nitrophenol and the extinction coefficient. A time course was then
established to determine over what length of time the reaction should occur. Substrate PNP and the pH buffer 10 were added to test tubes and placed in
the incubator at 5 minute increments. With the information obtained through the experimentation, the hypothesis was ready to be tested. The amount
of time it took the AP enzyme to convert PNP to p–nitrophenol was recorded to determine if there was a difference in the effect of pH on normal and
mutant AP in heterozygous individuals. To ensure validity of the functional differences between normal AP and mutant AP, polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis was used. The center lane of gel with a pre stained protein standard was loaded first. Homozygous normal AP extract (15ul),
heterozygous AP extract (15ul), and purified mutant AP (15ul) were the other three samples loaded into the wells. After the samples ran far
enough, they were transferred to staining trays and washed with 50 ml of gel wash buffer, AP buffer, and pH 6. Next 50 ml of carbonate buffer, pH10
was added to one tray and 50 ml of citrate, pH6 was added to the other tray. Lastly 1 ml of AP dye and substrate was added to each tray and placed in
37 degrees Celsius water to incubate. Once the incubation was complete 50 ml of PBS was added to wash off the excess staining solution and the
gels were ready to be

Haversian Bone
Journal article write up Spatial organization of the haversian bone in man
The strength of the human bone depends on the microstructure contained inside. Every human bone contains osteons, these are aligned in a certain
way, osteonal orientation. Usually in humans they are grouped in two antirotary system of opposite direction in the shaft of the bone (diaphysis).There
is a general hypothesis that the direction of these osteons is a functional adaptation and depends on the direction of the first stress that acts on the
bone. There are a few others who looked into this hypothesis but they considered a sheep tibia. Here the writer of the article is trying to determine the
osteonal direction in a human femurs and evaluate the results to see if the above hypothesis was good. In this study the angle of osteonal orientation
was measured and also the direction. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The adult bones had normal structure and polio affected the bone structure causing bending in the diaphysis. To study the structure the primary layer
was removed by electrical grounding, later India–ink was used to stain the structure of the bone. Then a metallographic paper was used on the
structure of the bone to give it a high lusture and then the structure was studied. The osteonal direction was measured in the area where the bone had a
nearly circular cross section. A cylindrical loading model was used to compare the results to that of the femurs. The cylindrical model was loaded in
with bending force in the frontal plane and torque in the perpendicular

The Human Body And Osteoporosis
The human body is made up of 206 bones that we rely on everyday. They are extremely vital! Also bones are responsible for producing red blood
cells in the bone marrow. With that being said bones are a huge contributor to the overall health of each individual. Unfortunately bones also get
diseases just like any other body system. The diseases of the bones can range from osteoporosis, bone cancer and many other diseases.
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become porous over time. The way bone strength is measured is by measuring the bone mineral density
also may be referred to the bone mass. Somebody who suffers from osteoporosis has very low bone mass . It is most commonly seen in at least a 50
year old or older and most commonly

Essay On Paget's Disease
Skeletal System Disorders:
Paget's disease The Skeletal system is comprised of joints and bones as well as tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that connect them. Our skeletal system
works together with the body to provide movement and protection for humans to live. However, skeletal disorders and diseases can threaten the system
causing pain, inability to move, breakage, defects, and other harmful conditions. For instance, Paget's disease is one that disturbs the normal process of
bone growth. About one millions adults in the U.S. were reported to have this bone disease and many more may not even know it. In 1877, an
English surgeon and physiologist named Sir James Paget discovered Paget's disease by the inflammatory of a bone also known as

Bone Injury Essay
3.Causes of Fracture Injury
Bone is a living tissue that can adapt to allow efficient self–repair to prevent fractures. However, fractures occur when loads exceed the bone strength
that progressively damage the bone beyond a state of repair (Doblare, et al, 2004). Condylar Fractures are vertical fractures that occur in the sagittal
plane of the distal cannon bone caused by numerous potential limb actions under different loading conditions (Brokken, 2015)
3.1 Forces of impact and loading on the distal limb
Bones under intense loads under magnitude force of the stress beyond the failure point (Fig 5), results in bone fractures. This type of fracture is
usually happens in a single event for example a fall or kick and not usual causes of condylar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subsequently following in bone deformation past the yield point and consequently, inflammation that results in apoptosis of osteocytes and loss of
homeostasis of the bone matrix (see fig 5). Bone then hypermineralises (>66% mineral) and considering that bone is characteristically an inflexible
structure with a low strain tolerance to rupture ~4% cortical bone and 5% in cancellous bone (Mc Nally, 2014).
4.

Bone Physiology Essay
1.Bone physiology
There are two types of bone tissue: cancellous bone and cortical bone, whereas there are four main types of bone cells (Table 1). Bones serve multiple
functions; mainly protecting various organs within the body and assisting mobility. Due to their rigidity, they support and maintain the shape of the
body. Also, bones are essential in hematopoiesis and for physiological processes. Theircalcium and phosphate containing crystals regulate mineral
homeostasis and metabolic processes (Webb and Tricker, 2000).
Table 1: The physiology (Oryan, Monazzah and Bigham–Sadegh, 2015) and location (Bigham–Sadegh and Oryan, 2014) of various bone cells.
2.Types of bone fracture
Most bone fractures are caused by traumas and bone diseases. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Application of micro–particles
Micro–particle systems have been exploited in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of novel drug delivery systems. Sustained release of
therapeutic protein drugs have been considered and discussed for more than a decade. They can be designed as biodegradable (Lee and Shin, 2007)
to avoid minimal invasive surgical procedures and have been used in the delivery of growth factors to the bone. Micro–particles consist of a polymer
and cross–linker. The advantages of using an alginate polymer to formulate micro–particles are: they can be sterilised without altering their molecular
weight; they have hemostatic properties causing controlled release of the encapsulated drug and are cost–effective (Iannuccellia et al., 1996). They can
encapsulate proteins and control their release. Also, they are biodegradable systems which are mechanically stable and easy to control; biocompatible
and can have variable residence times (Lee and Shin,

case study Essay
1. Describe bone physiology and the bone remodeling cycle. Be sure to emphasize the two types of bone tissue and the roles of osteoblasts and
osteoclasts.
During our adolescent years our bones are evolving to become protracted and broader. Therefore, formation is occurring until we have reached our peak
bone mass. The peak bone mass is usually reached by the age of 30; therefore, as we age formation decelerates. Essentially, exercising is an ethical
verdict, especially during our matured years.
One of the key elements of regulating skeletal growth is the Osteoclasts. The Osteoclasts are responsible for initiating the bone remodeling cycle.
Blood vessels and nerves are able to penetrate the bone once the chondrocytes die ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone
diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
Year introduced: 1992
2. Explain the relationship between calcium and bones.
The bones are made up of two minerals, including calcium. Calcium is critical in order to maintain the level of bone mass to support structures of the
body. If calcium is truncated in other regions of the body then it will be released from the bones into the bloodstream sending it to the appropriate
destination. Bones begin to weaken if an insufficient amount of calcium is not consumed. The body will discontinue absorbing calcium if an abundant
amount of calcium is consumed, in which vitamin D aids this process.
3. Explain how the body controls calcium levels in the bones and blood. Be sure to describe the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin in
detail.
According to National Institutes of Health, 99% of calcium is stored in our teeth and bones. Some of our organs require calcium for certain process,
such as muscle contraction; therefore, the remaining one percent remains in our blood. The blood and bones regulates calcium levels by the means of
hormones. Two of the main systematic modifiers are Calcitonin and the Parathyroid hormone.
Calcitonin and the Parathyroid hormone both influence the calcium

Macrophages And Osteoclasts
Macrophages and osteoclasts are cells that form from a common myeloid lineage. Because of this common lineage, both cell types share similar
properties that can lead to tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancer cells. Macrophages are large white blood cells found in the innate immune system
that utilize phagocytosis to engulf pathogens in order to eliminate them, while osteoclasts are large cells found in the bone that break down and absorb
bone tissue. Macrophages have properties that allow them to produce and secrete many chemokines and pro–inflammatory cytokines. These molecules
can lead to increased angiogenesis in a microenvironment; additionally, the growth factors secreted by macrophages have the ability to promote tumor
growth by promoting

Trabecular Bone
The purpose of the article "Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Trabecular Bone: A Review" was to provide an evaluation of the relationship
between the mechanical properties of trabecular bone and its intrinsic biological nature. The authors then expand on the classic and modern procedures
used to analyze trabecular bone at the microscopic and macroscopic level as well as the elastic properties and strength.
From the background provided on trabecular bone biology and tissue properties, the major highlights included: cell populations, mechanosensation,
mechanotransduction, tissue composition, and tissue elastic properties. In the cellular matrix of trabecular bone, three main multicellular units,
osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes, exist. Osteoclasts function in bone resorption as part of the bone remodeling process. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These methods included: bucking analysis, nano–indentation, ultrasonic measurements, and combinations of mechanical testing and finite element
modeling. "Trabecular bone is a highly anisotropic and heterogeneous structure whose mechanical properties are highly dependent upon anatomical site
and species". This particular element lead to the main conclusion that out of the many methods mentioned, microfinite element analysis and individual
trabecular segmentation (ITS) are the tools that will provide researchers with the power to evaluate different aspects of mechanical properties of
trabecular bone with high accuracy. Following this theme, previous research established that the elastic modulus is highly variable across anatomical
sites and species as well. As for strength, yield and ultimate strain are good predictors of failure but it fundamentally depends on the compositional
level of collagen and

Spongy Bone Essay
Bone is made up of two types of structure which are the compact bone and the spongy bone. Compact bone lies over spongy bone and makes up most
of a bone's diaphysis, it consist of compactly arranged osteons which is the Harvesian system. Compact bone able to protect, supports and resist stress.
Spongy bone makes up most of the mass short, flat and irregular bones and is also found at the epiphyses of long bones. It stores marrow and
provides some support. The size of the bone grow throughout childhood and adolescence as our body produces more bone than it loses. At some point
in life, human will be at their peak bone mass density (BMD) which is the end of the bone growth. For normal human being, the BMD usually stays
constant as the break down and regeneration of bone is equal. However, for certain people, the bone loses is more than the regeneration and production
which then cause osteoporosis. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cancellous bone is more active and is broken down and regenerated more quickly than compact bone. Because of this, cancellous bone is more
likely to be affected when the break down and regeneration of bone are out of balance in osteoporosis. The cells that are responsible for the BMD
to stay constant is osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The function of osteoblasts is that it produces new bone matrix in a process called ossification while
osteoclasts are cells that remove and recycle bone matrix. For a normal bone, there is a balance between the action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts but
in osteoporotic bone, the activity of the osteoclasts in removing bone matrix is faster than the osteoblasts can form a new bone matrix. This results in a
net bone lose. Osteoporosis can also lead to thinning of both the compact bone and cancellous bone which makes bone more fragile to

Bioidentical Hormone Therapy
Treatment and Reversal of Osteoporosis via Bioidentical Hormone Therapy and Strontium Replacement
Bone is living tissue that cyclically breaks down and is replaced. Osteoporosis happens when the rate of new bone creation flags behind the removal
of old bone. This causes bones to become weak and brittle. In severe cases, falls or mild stresses–like bending over or coughing–can cause a fracture.
These fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.
Healthy diet and weight–bearing exercises can help prevent bone loss or strengthen already weak bones, but what other options are available? There is
more and more clinical evidence showing that bioidentical hormone therapy and strontium supplementation are effective ways to fight the risk ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of the 272 women who completed the study, those who took 680 milligrams of strontium daily had an increase in lumbar bone mineral density of
approximately 3 percent per year, significantly greater than placebo. By the second year of the study, there was a significant decrease in additional
fractures in the strontium group as compared with the placebo group. In addition, the study found SR extremely tolerable for the women taking it; the
highest number of treatment–related adverse events per patient was reported in the placebo

Bone Decay
Despite popular belief, bones can decay. Depending on numerous factors, the rate of decomposition can be somewhere between a year to fifty years
for the typical human corpse. For coroners and medical examiners, information regarding bone decay is vital for identifying bones and the people they
belong to. If a body is unrecognizable, features of the bone are used to calculate the age range, gender, ethnicity, and height to narrow down the
possible candidates. For bone anthropologists, bone is studied to determine what conditions may have been like for specific organisms. During this
process, bone is carefully studied for marks & abrasions, evidence of chemical or physical changes in the bone, and the possible pressure applied to
the bone while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The function of all three help is to maintain calcium homeostasis and provide enough calcium to effectively maintain bone strength. In an depth
analysis on bone and bone structure; the dynamics of calcium homeostasis are simplified; "When blood calcium levels decrease below normal,
calcium is released from the bones so that there will be an adequate supply for metabolic needs. When blood calcium levels are increased, the excess
calcium is stored in the bone matrix. The dynamic process of releasing and storing calcium goes on almost continuously, and is carried out by different
bone cells" (Gray–Wilson & Wilkin, 2016, p. 9). Osteoblasts assist this calcium homeostasis by forming into osteocytes when trapped in the bone
matrix, and cause the under stimulation of the production of osteoid. With less focus on the production osteoid, attention is directed to the production
of calcium and the directing of calcium into the blood where it is transported to provide for numerous functions in various other systems of the body.
When calcium levels begin to decrease again, the cycle begins anew when osteoclasts break down the bone matrix to dissolve calcium

Osteocytes's Role In Bone Homeostasis
Osteocytes are the most abundant cell type in human bones and play a fundamental role in bone homeostasis. Representing 95% of all mature bone
cells and have the longest lifespan in all bone cells, up to decades, osteocytes are the key to bone integrity1. They are initially derived from osteoblasts,
residing within bones and take part in bone metabolism through excessive communication with other bone cell populations, including osteoblasts,
osteoclasts and most importantly, osteocyte progenitors. Osteocytes secrete soluble signalling factors that regulate both bone formation and bone
dissociation. Osteocytes have a stellate shape, with cell body of around 15 micrometers. In mature bones, osteocytes form circular structures termed
osteons, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intramembranous ossification mainly forms the flat bones of the face, the clavicles, and the bones of the skull. In this pathway, the bones ossify
directly from multipotent mesenchymal cells, or in other words, the mesoderm (Fig 2). Compared to its counterpart, intramembranous ossification is
not currently well understood4.
Figure 2. Intramembranous Ossification. The mesenchymal cells give rise to a centre of ossification. The bone cells in the ossification centres
proliferate rapidly and move outward until the whole structure slowly progresses into spongy and compact bones. This structure of spongy bone doesn't
arrange the cells into

Osteoporosis Research Paper
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones are most likely to break. You can get Osteoporosis, as you increase in age and from injury. Osteoporosis is
mainly caused from having low bone mass. The signs from Osteoporosis is very sneaky as a result of,, it has no vital signs at all. However, you can
contract Osteoporosis by falling or any other harmful injury. Poor bone structure can be involved with Osteoporosis. With Osteoporosis, you will not
function the same as you would have with everyday life. Bones and joints are most likely to agonized and bones are most likely going to able break
more frequently. If you know you have been diagnosed with Osteoporosis, you need to be extra careful. Your bones are twice as fragile than someone

Brittle Bone Disease
Osteoporosis or Brittle Bone Disease makes the bones fragile. Consequently with little bump or a fall from standing height may result in a fracture
which is generally termed as "Fragility Fracture" Wrist, vertebrae and hips are the most common sites for fracture but it may occur in long bones of
the leg ( tibia and fibula ), ribs and the collar bone. Osteoporosis is Only Painful if Fractures Have occurred . Therefore it is also termed as "Silent
Disease"
Bones contain collagen (protein), calcium salts and other minerals. Each bone is made up of a thick outer shell known as cortical bone and a strong
inner mesh of trabecular bone which looks like a honeycomb. Bone is alive and constantly changing throughout life. Old, worn out bone is broken
down by cells called osteoclasts and replaced by bone building cells called osteoblasts. In childhood, osteoblasts work faster, enabling the skeleton to
increase in size, density and strength. During this period of rapid bone growth, it takes the skeleton just two years to completely renew itself. In adults
this process takes seven to ten years. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this point the balance between bone demolition and bone construction becomes stable. After the age of around 35, bone loss increases very
gradually as part of the natural ageing process. This can lead to osteoporosis and an increased risk of broken bones. Women are particularly susceptible
because bone loss becomes more rapid for several years following the

The Process And Implications Of Bone Remodeling
Abstract
This paper summarizes the process and implications of bone remodeling as proposed by Svetalana V. Komarova, Robert J. Smith, S. Jeffrey Dixon,
Stephan M Sims, and Lindi M. Wahl. Bone remodeling in the human body is an intricate process where osteoclasts resorb existing mineralized tissue
and osteoblasts form new bone. Bone remodeling involves various interactions between different cells in the osteoclasts and osteoblasts. A problem
occurs when these interactions are disturbed and can lead to numerous different bone disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, or Paget's disease.
Manipulating Frost's mechanostat theory, a theory that describes bone biology, and its corresponding biomechanical mathematical models of bone,
Komoarova, Smith, Dixon, Sims, and Wahl were able to form their own model that allowed them to analyze how a change in interactions between cells
can affect the bone remodeling process.
Introduction
Bone remodeling is an important process in the human body, that, when disturbed, can lead to various disorders. The asynchronous process of bone
remodeling involves bone resorption from the osteoclasts followed by bone formation from the osteoblasts. Furthermore, autocrine and paracrine
regulators are involved and allow for interactions between the osteoclast and osteoblast.
In this paper we will look at the two different types of bone remodeling, targeted and random. We will then form a model that serves to simplify this
complex process in

Research Paper On Paget's Disease
Hello everyone, I decided to research Paget's Disease for this week's unit 7 discussion. Paget's disease is a chronic bone disorder that typically results
in enlarged deformed bones due to excessive breakdown, and formation of bone tissue that can cause bones to, weaken and may result in bone pain,
arthritis deformities, or fractures. Paget's disease was named after a great English surgeon and pathologist Sir James Paget, who discovered this
condition in 1877. Men and women are equally affected by this disease. Because Paget's disease can be passed on after age 40, brothers, sisters, and
children of someone with this condition may want to have an alkaline phosphatase blood test every 2 or 3 years to screen for Paget's disease.
The symptoms

Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a common disease that is determined and diagnosed by weakness in the bones; usually the disease mostly affects older women.
Osteoporosis is caused when bones lose calcium; calcium provides you a bone strength and support. Osteoporosis is the common name but it also
called osteopenia. This disease begins to affect aged 45 years and usually most women over 75 manifest diseases.
There are several risk factors for osteoporosis. These factors can include sex, race and age. Bone mass of blacks tends to be higher. The white race bone
mass is lower, while Asian Americans folded down in the middle. But African
–American women during aging do not tend to lose bone weakness than
the white women's. The white women are more disposed to risk of this disease. White women aged 80 or older with calcium deficiency tend to have
bone fracture. But men do not lose bone mass until age 70, taking into account the lifestyle of each individual. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The most common cause is genetic inheritance, this means that if a close as mom / dad, a member there is a probability that the disease is obtained.
Another of the most common causes of osteoporosis is poor intake of calcium and vitamins. Most adults do not get an adequate amount of calcium and
vitamins to their diets. Alcohol consumers develop the disease at an early age. Another cause of this disease is the excess production of the hormone
produced by the body. Deficiency of vitamin D in the body is a key point for osteoporosis. Vitamin D is important for maintaining normal metabolism.
The lack of physical activity is also a cause of this disease; maintain a daily exercise routine is recommended to maintain health and a healthy body.
Moreover maintain a healthy diet is beneficial for the prevention of osteoporosis. During early ages they have to star establish certain measures to
avoid future

Stress Fracture Research Paper
Good Morning Mz athlete,
You have experienced a stress fracture. Stress fractures are caused by repetitive force and weakened bones due to an condition such as
osteoporosis[1]. Repetitive force on your bone due to running has caused your bone to crack[2]. Your bones may also have been weakened due to a
variety of factors such as lack of calcium or vitamin D[3], lowered calcitriol levels[3], lowered estrogen levels[4], and insufficient resting time[1].
These factors can cause cells in your bones called osteoclasts to reabsorb calcium into blood by releasing hydrochloric acid to dissolve the calcium
phosphate in the bone[3].
Calcium or vitamin D deficiency can lead to weakened bones. Many parts of your body need calcium to function such as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It increases the activity of osteoblasts the cells that build bone[3] and decreases the activity of osteoclasts the cells that reabsorb bone[5]. An decrease
in estrogen levels can weaken bones leading to osteoporosis. Postmenopausal women are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis due in part to this
phoma[6]. Lowered bone density due to decreased estrogen levels may contribute to stress fractures in female athletes
Repetitive force without adequate recovery time can lead to an decrease in bone density[1] Repetitive force stimulates the replacement of bone. The
old bone is absorbed then new bone is formed when at rest[1]. If sufficient time is not left between workouts for new bone to develop the body will
resorb more bone during workouts then it can replace during limited resting times leading to bone fatigue[1]. Bone fatigue combined with repetitive
force can lead to cracks in the bone which can become stress factors like the one you are experiencing[1].
Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid that regulates the production of bone[3] The parathyroid glands also produce hormones that regulate
the reabsorption of calcium[3]. An imbalance in calcitonin and parathyroid hormones could contribute to weakened

The Haversian System
The structural unit in compact bone is called the Haversian system and is organized as parallel columns, which run lengthwise down the axis of long
bones. The Haversian system consists of the Haversian canal (central canal), a layer of lamellae (bone matrix), tiny spaces (lacunae) between the
lamellae, osteocytes (bone cells) within the lacunae and canaliculi (small channels). Trabeculae are plates in spongy bone that branch and connect
with one and another. The process of forming a new HAVERSIAN system and new Trabeculae begin with a process called remodeling, this is a
process in which an existing bone is reabsorbed a new bone is laid down to replace it there several phases that occur to reach this. Phase one is
Activation:

Essay On Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is the disease process by which bone remodeling is altered. This alteration is when old bone is insufficiently replaced by new bone
(Cosman et al, 2014). New bone growth peaks in the early 20's and after this age bone mass is lost faster than generated. The lack of new bone
replaced can lead to fractures and deformed skeletal architecture. This alteration occurs with menopause, increased age, or long term use of
corticosteroids (Cosman et al, 2014) Often the first sign of osteoporosis is a bone fracture and early stages remain undetected (Mayo Clinic[MC],
2017). Other symptoms of osteoporosis are a stooped posture, height loss, pain in the back from a fracture or collapse vertebral body. There are several
risk factors that can lead to osteoporosis. Increase age can cause bone loss and as a person ages it is important to incorporate adequate vitamin D,
calcium, and strength training to prevent osteoporosis (WebMD, 2017). Women are four times more likely to get osteoporosis than men. Men over
50 have a greater risk of osteoporosis. Individuals with a family history of osteoporosis are at an increased risk. Smaller body frames have less bone to
lose and have greater chance of getting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diet recommendations should include increase protein intake because protein is a building block of bone tissue. Increased calcium intake is
needing to make bone. After age 50, 1200mg of calcium are needed daily. Vitamin D is need to absorb calcium and may be need to be taken as a
supplement. Maintaining a healthy body is encouraged because being underweight encourages bone loss. Quit smoking to prevent bone loss. More
than two drinks of alcohol per day can decrease bone formation. Prevent falls by wearing low heeled shoes, keep rooms brightly lit, installing grab
bars, removing rugs and tripping hazards, and ensure the patient can get in and out of bed easily (MC,

Osteosarcoma Research Paper
Osteosarcoma In this paper, Osteosarcoma will be taken apart by details. The symptoms, treatment, signs, and other details will be discussed and
explained. In a normal bone for most people there are two types of cells; osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are what build up our bones by
forming the bone matrix and therefore gives us the strength in our bones. Osteoclasts on the other hand break down the bone matrix so that we don't
get too much of it and that helps the bones to keep its proper shape. In Osteosarcoma the osteoblasts are what help make up the cancer in the bones.
The bones do not have as strong of a bone matrix. This type of cancer is most commonly found in kids and young adults. There are three forms of
treatment but not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These include; where the tumor is, how big it is, if it has spread to any other parts or areas of the body, the patients weight and age, if there is a
break in the bone caused by the tumor, and if the patient has any genetic diseases. After those issues have been addressed treatment is able to be
determined (Osteosarcoma and MFH of Bone Treatment). There are also two broad categories of Osteosarcoma and they are low grade and high
grade. During low grade the common treatment is wide excision only and chemotherapy is not usually recommended before or after the surgery. If it is
high grade Osteosarcoma then chemotherapy is usually performed for 2–3 cycles before surgery and 3–4 cycles after surgery (Choy, E.).
Chemotherapy is not the only treatment for Osteosarcoma. The three things that are usually combined and used are; surgery, chemotherapy, and
radiation therapy. During surgery, the surgeon goes in and removes the tumor and any surrounding tissues so that area is "free of disease". Another
surgery procedure that is performed is radioplasty, which is where the ankle joint is used as a replacement for the knee joint after an amputation. After
surgery, a pathologist looks at the amputated bone to see how many tumors have died due to the chemotherapy. This helps to decide on what antibiotics
to start using and if chemotherapy should be continued. Radiation therapy is not

Bone Formation Essay
? During fetal development, the bones of the fetus are composed of cartilaginous tissue it resembles osseous tissue but is more flexible and dense
because of the lack of calcium salts in its intercellular spaces .As the embryo develops, the process of depositing calcium salts in the soft, cartilaginous
tissue occurs and continues throughout the life on the individual after birth.
2.What are the roles of osteoclasts in bone formation? Osteoclasts are large cells that function to reabsorb, or to digest bone tissue. They digest bone
tissue from the inner sides of bones thus enlarging the inner bone cavity so that the bone does not become overly thick and heavy.
3.How does osteoblast assist when recovering from a fractured bone? When a bone breaks osteoblast lay down the mineral bone matter (calcium salts)
and osteoclasts removes excess bone debris (smooth out the bone).
4. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which bone in the skull has an opening to allow the spinal cord to pass through, and what is the opening called? The Occipital bone forms the back
and base of the skull. It joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture. The inferior portion of the occipital bone has an opening called the
Foramen Magnum through which the spinal cord passes. 8.The vertebral column consists of 4 different curves, what are they? The 4 different curves
are the sacral and thoracic curves are present at birth. The cervical curve develops when an infant holds there head erect. The lumbar curve develops as
the infant begins to stand and to learn how to walk.
9.Describe the location of the coccyx. The coccyx is the tailbone, and it is a fused bone, having been formed from four small coccygeal bones.
10.Describe the difference between metacarpals and metatarsal bones. Metacarpals are the bones in the palm of your hand. Metatarsals are the bones
of the mid foot, there are five of those bones that are similar to metacarpals and metatarsal they both articulate with the phalanges of the

Osteoarthritis Research Paper
DiseaseOsteoporosisOsteomalaciaRheumatoid arthritisGoutOsteoarthritis
PathophysiologyA metabolic bone disorder in which a reduction in bone mass and density can combine with the loss of bone matrix and
mineralization. During the bone remodeling process, bone resorption exceeds bone formation which leads to thin, breakable bones that may fracture
easily.A disease from a deficiency ofvitamin D and phosphates. An autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammatory disease. The disease
often starts with symmetric involvement of the small joints such as the fingers, followed by inflammation and destruction of additional jointsThe
articular cartilage, o is damaged and lost through structural fissures and erosion resulting from extreme

My Particular Bone Model
My particular bone model, representing that of the femur, beared the ability to withstand and support the weight of a standard textbook. Depicted on
the outermost portion is that of the periosteum, the element in which provides protection for the remaining sections of the bone. Additionally, I was
able to incorporate a representation of compact bone into the model; the unforgiving nature of this tissue greatly aided in supporting the substantial
weight. A key component within my model was that of compact bone tissue, due to it's distinct and useful properties. The outstanding strength and
rigidity of this structure allowed for the successful placement of heavier objects in a direct manner, as well as providing a solid protection for the bone's

Osteoporosis: Fracture Risk Assessment Tool
Osteoporosis is a common bone disorder that has many symptoms. The most common symptoms are fractures. There are many different types of
fractures such as hip, wrist, and spine fractures. Fractures indicate that the person has osteoporosis. Osteoporosis with fractures is unrecognized in the
clinical setting. Therefore, a diagnosis of osteoporosis can be conducted by the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) which is an efficient tool for
evaluate the probability of bone fracture risk. FRAX mainly depends on the bone mineral density. Because bone mineral density is considered to be the
standard measure for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and the assessment of fracture risk. Although osteoporosis has no obvious symptoms, FRAX
provides significant information to diagnose osteoporosis.1 The fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) is a diagnostic tool used to estimate the
probability of bone fracture risk. Bone fracture risk is an indicator for having osteoporosis. The development of FRAX was by the World Health
Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases at Sheffield University in 2008. FRAX integrates clinical risk factors and
bone mineral density at the femoral neck to calculate the 10–year probability of hip fracture and the 10–year probability of a primary osteoporotic
fracture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the U.S. FRAX model was formulated from data from the Rochester cohort, which was recruited from two random population samples in
Olmsted County, Minnesota. This community is predominantly white and is better educated than the white population of the United States. Secondly,
FRAX calculation tool does not include some of the most important risk factors for fractures such as the physical activity, risk of falls, and
biochemical bone markers. Therefore, the calculated risk may be less than the actual risk. In future FRAX versions, these limitations will be

Osteoporosis
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a disease which causes bones to become brittle, which increases the risk of broken bones. Having osteoporosis means that even a small
bump may cause a bone fracture.
Osteoporosis most commonly affects bones in the spine, hip and wrist, but can affect any bones. Osteoporosis in the spine can result in postural changes,
i.e. stooping.
What causes Osteoporosis?
Ostoeporosis occurs when bones lose minerals, particularly calcium, faster than they are replaced by the body. This causes a reduction in both bone
thickness and density.
Although genetic factors can influence a person's risk, osteoporosis can largely be prevented by managing lifestyle factors, particularly through
exercise and eating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
parathyroid, or an overactive thyroid gland
Medical conditions which lead to malabsorption, e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease
Some chronic diseases, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, chronic liver or kidney disease
Some lifestyle factors also increase the risk of osteoporosis:
Low levels of physical activity
Smoking
Excessive intake of alcohol
Weight – people who have a thin build or are obese are at risk. Some studies suggest hormones associated with obesity may play a factor.
Statistics
Women who have suffered a fracture in their spine are over 4 times more likely to have another fracture within the next year (Osteoporosis Australia
2014).
Bone loss occurs at a rate of approximately 2% per year for several years following menopause (Osteoporosis Australia 2014).
Less than half of Australian adults get their recommended daily intake of calcium Osteoporosis Australia 2014).
Over 30% of Australian adults have a vitamin D deficiency, to varying degrees
Approximately one third of people over 65 years experience a fall each year. It is estimated that 6% of falls result in a fracture (Osteoporosis Australia

Paget's Disease
Osteitis deformans or as we all know it as Paget's disease, was first described in the year 1876 by an English surgeon named Sir James Paget. This
disease results in enlarged or deformed bones due to excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue (ReumatologГa ClГnica). Since there is a
disturbance in the bone remodeling stage, the bones may look enlarged but it is brittle, softer, and weaker which leads to fractures and deformities
(MedicineNet). This disease is a chronic bone disorder, which means that it is long term and cannot be prevented or cured by medications. Also, this
disease is mostly asymptomatic meaning it does not produce or show any symptoms, which is quite terrifying. It is mostly detected when patients get
an x–ray for something else. This is most commonly located in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another treatment is calcitonin as a nasal spray or injection, which is involved in bone metabolism. Another treatment is bisphosphonates, which
help control bone remodeling and resorption. Bisphosphonates were founded in the year 1970 and is now the preferred treatment because of its
better efficacy and safety profile compared to the use of calcitonin (Mayo Clinic). Researchers say that Paget's disease occurs in three different
phases. The first phase is called the lytic stage. During this phase, the rate of bone turnover is increased as to twenty times the normal rate. The
second stage is called the mixed phase. In this phase, the osteoblasts increase because it is trying to keep up with the bone resorption by making
new bone. As these two phases (osteoclasts and osteoblasts) repeat, a high degree of bone turnover happens. The final phase of Paget's disease is
called the sclerotic phase. During this stage, the bone formations over rule the bone resorption causing the bone to look abnormally larger and
deformed. Even though the bone appears to look larger, the bone is weaker because the way of laying down the bone is in a disorganized pattern
making it less dense

What Is Paget's Disease?
Paget's disease (also known as osteitis deformans) is a chronic disease that affects bone growth, causing bones to become deformed and to be weaker
than normal. In normal function, bone is continually being broken down and replaced by new bone, to keep the skeleton strong. In Paget's disease, the
cells called osteoclasts that break down bone, are overactive. This makes the cells that produce new bone, called osteoblasts, to work faster than
normal. The resulting new bone is weak and of poor quality. The cause of the disease is unknown, but there is a strong genetic influence. Paget's
disease predominately affects people over the age of 40 years, and can occur asymptomatic. Early diagnosis can be made by X–ray, bone scan, and
alkaline phosphatase

Bone Skeletal System
Bones are the organs that hold the framework of the human body. Not only do they keep our bodies erect, they also house and protect organs, provide
mineral and triglyceride storage, allow movement, produce hormones and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Cells of bone tissue contains major
cells that build bone from matrix secretion (osteoblast) and breaks down bone (osteoclast). Both cells are a vital factor in bone growth, healing, and
remodeling. Other important cells include osteogenic cells, osteocytes, and bone lining cells. Osteogenic cells mitotically divide and later form into
osteoblasts. Osteocytes are aged bone cells that no longer divide, but do perform as stress receptors and respond to mechanical weight and impact by
communicating with osteoclasts and osteoblasts to promote bone remolding. Finally, bone–lining cells work cohesively with osteocytes to maintain
bone matrix. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The microscopical anatomy of compact bone are composed of osteon, canals/canaliculi, and interstitial and circumferential lamellae. The osteon is
considered the structural unit of the bone, which is wrapped in bone matrix called lamellae. These cylinder–reminiscent structures act as pillar to bear
weight. Canals perforate though the center of osteons and are filled with blood vessels and nerve fibers. Interstitial and circumferential lamellae help fill
gaps between osteons and provide support to long bones against twisting. Spongy bone has no particular structure and is scattered. Its function is help
cushion bones and stores bone between its trabeculae. These significant features help bone tissue thrive its role of assisting support, but factors like
diet, age, and environment can cause the decay and brittleness of the bone which later leads to the condition of

Bone Remodeling Research Paper
Bones are dynamic tissues that undergo changes need to maintain bone and calcium homeostasis through a process called bone remodeling. Bone
remodeling is an essential process that repairs damaged bone and maintains mineral homeostasis. This process is regulated by two main cells that
perform opposite, but complementary function. Osteoblasts are the main bone forming cells that originate from mesenchymal stem cell lineage.
Osteoblasts produce bone matrix which they later mineralized to form bone. During the process of bone formation, matured osteoblasts usually get
trapped in the bone matrix and become osteocytes. Osteoclasts on the other hand, are the main bone resorbing cells; they resorb bone producing
proteolytic enzyme and acid. In response ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Osteoblasts differentiation is induced by several extracellular signaling factors which include; fibroblast growth factors, parathyroid hormone–related
protein, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), transforming growth factor, Wnts and members of the growth hormone/IGF family. These numerous
signaling factors activate a wide verity of intracellular mechanisms implicated in osteoblast differentiation such as SMADs, protein Kinases, MAPK,
and beta–catenin. In addition two transcription factors, Runx2 and osterix (Osx) are known to regulate the commitment of pre–osteoblast cells into the
osteogenic lineage.169, 274 It is only recently that NF–ОєB signaling has been added to the list of transcription factors capable of regulating osteoblast
differentiation and function. This is mainly because expression of inflammatory cytokines on sites of inflammation inhibits bone formation. In contrast
to osteoblast, osteoclast differentiation is driven primarily by a single cytokine, RANKL, which regulates the expression of NFATc1 and c
–Fos. These
two genes are the primary transcription factors responsible for osteoclast differentiation. In osteoclast, RANKL signals macrophages to differentiate
into osteoclasts through induction of NF–ОєB and NFATc1. Both the canonical and non
–canonical NF–ОєB activations are stimulated by RANKL157.
NF–ОєB activation is crucial for osteoclast differentiation

Bone Turnover Markers
2.8 markers of Bone metabolism
Biochemical markers of bone turnover, or bone turnover markers, represent bone matrix components or enzymes that are released into the circulation
during bone formation or resorption (Lukaszkiewicz et al., 2001). Some bone turnover markers can be recovered and quantitated in the urine
(Bilezikian et al., 2015 ). bone turnover markers have the potential to yield information about the metabolic status of bone (Bilezikian et al., 2015 ).
They can be categorized as bone formation markers and bone resorption markers as in Table ( 2.1).
2.8.1 Markers of Bone Formation
Biomarkers of bone formation reflect osteoblast activity and are byproducts of collagen and non–collagenous matrix proteins ,growth factors and
osteoblastic enzymes released in the circulation when bone is being formed ( Eastell and Hannon 2008). They include ALP ,bone–specific alkaline
phosphatase, OC, and procollagen type I C–terminal propeptide and procollagen type I N–terminal propeptide ( Young 2012 ). ALP belongs to a large
family of proteins which are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Type I collagen clearly contributes to the integrity and strength of bone matrix, and defects in its production leads to bone of poor quality, susceptible
to fracture( Kini and Nandeesh 2012). Type I collagen is a triple helical structure consisting of two identical a1 chains and one a2 chain with a
non–helical region where the N–telopeptide and C–telopeptide join to the crosslinks (Brown et al.,2009; Bergmann et al., 2009 ; Seibel 2005). During
type I collagen synthesis, pro–peptides are released both from the N–terminal and C–terminal ends of the procollagen molecule, after the three
individual alpha chains have created the triple helix, which will become part of the collagen fibril( Kini and Nandeesh

Osteoporosis Disease
World wide there are 8.9 million fractures every 3 seconds due to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a skeleton disease in which bones become very brittle
and prone to fracture. The bones lose density, the density is the amount of bone tissue that is lost. Osteoporosis is a disease that has to do with ur
bones, there are symptoms to it than can tell you if you might be getting it. There are also many treatments and medications to cure this disease, almost
anyone can get this disease.
The bone mass and bone strength is decreased, due to loss of tissue. Due to the loss of bone strength and bone mass the bones are easier to break and
fracture. The bone is formed on a protein base by the deposition of minerals that is particularly calcium. Out of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One medication would be the bone remodeling process. There are two different stages of the bone remodeling process. The first stage is bone
resorption. Is is the breakdown and the removal of the bones. During respiration special cells which are osteoclasts on the bone's surface dissolve bone
tissue and create small cavities. The second stage is the bone formation. During formation other cells also known as osteoplasts fill the cavities with
new bone tissue. Bone resorption and bone formation usually take place in close order and remain balanced. An imbalance in the bone remodeling
occurs in aging in both genders. It can occur with other conditions. An imbalance can result in bone loss and eventually osteoporosis and broken bones.
Another medication would be anabolic drugs. Teriparatide, a form of parathyroid hormone increases the rate of bone formation and is in a distinct
category of osteoporosis medicines called anabolic drugs. The goal of treatment with teriparatide is to build bone and lower the risk of breaking
bones. This is the only medicine for osteoporosis approved by the FDA that rebuilds bone. There are also antiresorptive medicines. Biphoneates,
calcitonin, denosumab, estrogen and estrogen agonists/antagonists are an antiresorptive medicines. They slow the bone loss that occurs in the
breakdown part of the remodeling cycle. When people start taking these medications they stop losing bone as quickly as before. They still make bone
at the same pace as before. The bone density may increase. The treatment goal is to prevent bone loss and lower the risk of breaking

Endochondrial Ossification: Development Of New Bone
Endochondrial ossification is the term used for the development of new bone. Bone growth and remodelling takes place on a continual basis,
ossification lengthens and thickens bone and therefore the process of ossification is used throughout life as well as during the period after bone fracture.
Endochondral ossification, this type of bone development involves cartilage models, which are then replaced with bony tissue. This takes place at the
embryonic stages; 8 weeks into development, condroblast secret cartilaginous matrix which will from the hyaline cartilage for bone development. The
lacunae trap the condrablast and this is all surrounded by the perichondrium.
The next stage is when the condracytes enlarge it begins to calcify and form

How To Protect Your Bones From Fractures When You Have Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a common bone disease that can have serious complications. It can be made worse by a variety of medical conditions and medications.
It is most common in women past the age of menopause, but it can also affect younger women and men. Here are some of the complications of
osteoporosis and things you can do to protect your bones when you have the condition.
Complications Of Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis can cause chronic back pain. Your bones become less dense and weak when you have this condition and that can cause deterioration of
the structures in your spine. When the discs in your spine shift, they may compress a nerve and cause pain when you move a certain way.... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the more serious consequences of osteoporosis is bone fracture. Your bones fracture more easily, and the risk of hip fracture is increased. A
hip fracture can be difficult to recover from when you become elderly. While a hip fracture is common, the bones in your spine are more delicate too.
You might cause a fracture just by sneezing. Fractures in your spine can cause a lot of pain.
Lifestyle Changes That Protect Your Bones
When you have osteoporosis, it's important to reduce your risk of falling as much as you can. This may include making changes to your home such
as getting rid of throw rugs and other tripping hazards. You may need to walk with a cane or walker to help maintain your balance. Smoking is linked
to osteoporosis as is alcohol consumption.
You may want to avoid these habits and focus on eating a healthy diet rich in calcium andvitamin D. Exercise may help protect your bones too. While
you may not want to take up aggressive running that causes further damage to your bones, some weight bearing exercise might make your bones
stronger. Exercise can also strengthen your muscles and improve your balance which could help you prevent

Essay On Spinal Stenosis
It's estimated that as many as 75% of us will have some form of back or neck pain at some point in our lifetime. The good news is that most of us will
recover without the need for surgery–and conservative care such as physical therapy usually gets better results than surgery. Spinal stenosis is one
cause of back and neck pain. It affects your vertebrae (the bones of your back), narrowing the openings within those bones where the spinal cord and
nerves pass through.
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing within the vertebrae of the spinal column that results in too much pressure on the spinal cord (central stenosis) or nerves
(lateral stenosis). Spinal stenosis may occur in the neck or in the low back.
The most common causes of spinal stenosis are related to the aging process in the spine:
Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of the cartilage between joints. In response to this damage, the body often forms additional bone (called "bone spurs") to
try to support the area. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are 5 different types of spinal fractures, but the most common type is the spinal compression fracture. A compression fracture occurs when the
vertebrae collapse together. These fractures commonly occur in people with osteoporosis, women over the age of 50 who are postmenopausal, or any
individuals over the age of 60 who may have weakened bones. Spinal compression fractures can also occur when cancer affects the spine.
Approximately 700,000 cases of spinal compression fractures per year occur in the United States due to osteoporosis. It is estimated that 25% of
women who are postmenopausal in the United States have had a vertebral compression fracture due to weakening of the bones from changes in
hormones that occurred during this period of their lives. Physical therapists help patients with spinal compression fractures reduce their pain and
improve their strength, flexibility, and overall

Essay On Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a medical condition when the bones become brittle and fragile from the loss of tissue. This results hormonal changes, deficiency of
calcium, or vitamin D. The etiology of osteoporosis can be described as your bones being in a constant state of renewal. The bone is created and old
bone is broken down. A younger body makes newbone faster than it breaks down old bone. Once this happens, your bone mass increases. When a
person is in their early 20s, they reach their peak bone mass. The older a person gets, bone mass is lost faster than it is created. The chance to develop
osteoporosis depends on how much bone mass you kept when you were younger. The higher your gain bone mass, the more bone you have for your
body and the less likely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women are at higher risk for osteoporosis than men. Females have smaller bones and lose bone faster than men. The hormone changes after
menopause cause this factor. The older a person is, the greater risk he or she will have of osteoporosis because bones thin with age. Caucasian and
Asian women have a higher risk because of the differences in bone mass and density compared with other ethnic groups. If a family member has
osteoporosis or breaks a bone, there is a greater chance that this will happen to you. People who have fractured a bone after the age of 50 are at high
risk of another fracture. However, the risk factors that a person can change is poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking, medications, and low body
weight. If you get too little of calcium over your lifetime, this can increase your risk for osteoporosis. For example, not getting enough vitamin D from
your diet, supplements, or sunlight. When a person does not exercise or is not active can increase your risk because like muscles, bones become
stronger with exercise. Cigarette smokers may absorb less calcium from their diets. When a woman smokes, she has lower levels of estrogen in her

Ossification Of Bones

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