Rhizopus Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates, including \"mature fruits and vegetables. jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco. Some Rhizopusspecies are opportunistic agents of human zygomycosis (fungal infection) and can be fatal. Rhizopus infections may also be a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. This widespread genus includes at least eight species. Rhizopus species grow as filamentous, branching hyphae that generally lack cross-walls (i.e., they are coenocytic). They reproduce by forming asexual and sexual spores. In asexual reproduction, sporangiospores are produced inside a spherical structure, the sporangium. Sporangia are supported by a large apophysate columella atop a long stalk, the sporangiophore. Sporangiophores arise among distinctive, root-like rhizoids. In sexual reproduction, a dark zygospore is produced at the point where two compatible myceliafuse. Upon germination, a zygospore produces colonies that are genetically different from either parent. · R. microsporus var. oligosporus is used to make tempeh, a fermented food derived from soybeans. · R. oryzae is used in the production of alcoholic beverages in parts of Asia and Africa. · Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) causes fruit rot on strawberry, tomato, and sweet potato and used in commercial production of fumaric acid and cortisone. Various species, including R. stolonifer, may cause soft rot in sweet potatoes and Narcissus. Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillium chrysogenum or Notatum (formerly) is a species of fungus in the family Trichocomaceae. It is common in temperate and subtropical regions and can be found on salted food products,[1] but it is mostly found in indoor environments, especially in damp or water-damaged buildings.[2] It was previously known as Penicillium notatum. It has rarely been reported as a cause of human disease.[. It is the source of several -lactam antibiotics, most significantly penicillin. Other secondary metabolites of P. chrysogenum include roquefortine C, meleagrin, chrysogine, xanthocillins, secalonic acids, sorrentanone, sorbicillin, and PR-toxin. Like the many other species of the genus Penicillium, P. chrysogenum usually reproduces by forming dry chains of spores (or conidia) from brush-shaped conidiophores. The conidia are typically carried by air currents to new colonisation sites. In P. chrysogenum the conidia are blue to blue-green, and the mold sometimes exudes a yellow pigment. However, P. chrysogenum cannot be identified based on colour alone. Observations of morphology and microscopic features are needed to confirm its identity and DNA sequencing is essential to distinguish it from closely related species such as Penicillium rubens. The sexual stage of P. chrysogenum was discovered in 2013 by mating cultures in the dark on oatmeal agar supplemented with biotin, after the mating types (MAT1-1 .

1. Rhizopus
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals.
They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates, including "mature fruits and vegetables.
jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco. Some Rhizopusspecies are opportunistic
agents of human zygomycosis (fungal infection) and can be fatal. Rhizopus infections may also
be a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. This widespread genus includes at least eight species.
Rhizopus species grow as filamentous, branching hyphae that generally lack cross-walls (i.e.,
they are coenocytic). They reproduce by forming asexual and sexual spores. In asexual
reproduction, sporangiospores are produced inside a spherical structure, the sporangium.
Sporangia are supported by a large apophysate columella atop a long stalk, the sporangiophore.
Sporangiophores arise among distinctive, root-like rhizoids. In sexual reproduction, a dark
zygospore is produced at the point where two compatible myceliafuse. Upon germination, a
zygospore produces colonies that are genetically different from either parent.
· R. microsporus var. oligosporus is used to make tempeh, a fermented food derived from
soybeans.
· R. oryzae is used in the production of alcoholic beverages in parts of Asia and Africa.
· Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) causes fruit rot on strawberry, tomato, and sweet
potato and used in commercial production of fumaric acid and cortisone.
Various species, including R. stolonifer, may cause soft rot in sweet potatoes and Narcissus.
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum or Notatum (formerly)
is a species of fungus in the family Trichocomaceae. It is common in
temperate and subtropical regions and can be found on salted food products,[1] but it is mostly
found in indoor environments, especially in damp or water-damaged buildings.[2] It was
previously known as Penicillium notatum. It has rarely been reported as a cause of human
disease.[. It is the source of several -lactam antibiotics, most significantly penicillin. Other
secondary metabolites of P. chrysogenum include roquefortine C, meleagrin, chrysogine,
xanthocillins, secalonic acids, sorrentanone, sorbicillin, and PR-toxin.
Like the many other species of the genus Penicillium, P. chrysogenum usually reproduces by
forming dry chains of spores (or conidia) from brush-shaped conidiophores. The conidia are
typically carried by air currents to new colonisation sites. In P. chrysogenum the conidia are blue
to blue-green, and the mold sometimes exudes a yellow pigment. However, P. chrysogenum
cannot be identified based on colour alone. Observations of morphology and microscopic
features are needed to confirm its identity and DNA sequencing is essential to distinguish it from
closely related species such as Penicillium rubens. The sexual stage of P. chrysogenum was

2. discovered in 2013 by mating cultures in the dark on oatmeal agar supplemented with biotin,
after the mating types (MAT1-1 or MAT1-2) of the strains had been determined using PCR
amplification.
The airborne asexual spores of P. chrysogenum are important human allergens. Vacuolar and
alkaline serine proteases have been implicated as the major allergenic proteins.
Penicillium chrysogenum has been used industrially to produce penicillin and xanthocillin X, to
treat pulp mill waste, and to produce the enzymes polyamine oxidase, phosphogluconate
dehydrogenase, and glucose oxidase.
Solution
Rhizopus
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals.
They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates, including "mature fruits and vegetables.
jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco. Some Rhizopusspecies are opportunistic
agents of human zygomycosis (fungal infection) and can be fatal. Rhizopus infections may also
be a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. This widespread genus includes at least eight species.
Rhizopus species grow as filamentous, branching hyphae that generally lack cross-walls (i.e.,
they are coenocytic). They reproduce by forming asexual and sexual spores. In asexual
reproduction, sporangiospores are produced inside a spherical structure, the sporangium.
Sporangia are supported by a large apophysate columella atop a long stalk, the sporangiophore.
Sporangiophores arise among distinctive, root-like rhizoids. In sexual reproduction, a dark
zygospore is produced at the point where two compatible myceliafuse. Upon germination, a
zygospore produces colonies that are genetically different from either parent.
· R. microsporus var. oligosporus is used to make tempeh, a fermented food derived from
soybeans.
· R. oryzae is used in the production of alcoholic beverages in parts of Asia and Africa.
· Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) causes fruit rot on strawberry, tomato, and sweet
potato and used in commercial production of fumaric acid and cortisone.
Various species, including R. stolonifer, may cause soft rot in sweet potatoes and Narcissus.
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum or Notatum (formerly)
is a species of fungus in the family Trichocomaceae. It is common in
temperate and subtropical regions and can be found on salted food products,[1] but it is mostly
found in indoor environments, especially in damp or water-damaged buildings.[2] It was
previously known as Penicillium notatum. It has rarely been reported as a cause of human

3. disease.[. It is the source of several -lactam antibiotics, most significantly penicillin. Other
secondary metabolites of P. chrysogenum include roquefortine C, meleagrin, chrysogine,
xanthocillins, secalonic acids, sorrentanone, sorbicillin, and PR-toxin.
Like the many other species of the genus Penicillium, P. chrysogenum usually reproduces by
forming dry chains of spores (or conidia) from brush-shaped conidiophores. The conidia are
typically carried by air currents to new colonisation sites. In P. chrysogenum the conidia are blue
to blue-green, and the mold sometimes exudes a yellow pigment. However, P. chrysogenum
cannot be identified based on colour alone. Observations of morphology and microscopic
features are needed to confirm its identity and DNA sequencing is essential to distinguish it from
closely related species such as Penicillium rubens. The sexual stage of P. chrysogenum was
discovered in 2013 by mating cultures in the dark on oatmeal agar supplemented with biotin,
after the mating types (MAT1-1 or MAT1-2) of the strains had been determined using PCR
amplification.
The airborne asexual spores of P. chrysogenum are important human allergens. Vacuolar and
alkaline serine proteases have been implicated as the major allergenic proteins.
Penicillium chrysogenum has been used industrially to produce penicillin and xanthocillin X, to
treat pulp mill waste, and to produce the enzymes polyamine oxidase, phosphogluconate
dehydrogenase, and glucose oxidase.