Models or categories of addictionThe moral modelThis is based .docx

Models or categories of addiction
The moral model
This is based on religious and legal perspective. It acts as
guidance to the right and wrong ideology of individual conduct
within the society. However, the people who use the ideology
exercise their own choices on what to follow. Religion gives a
guideline of how people would live together harmoniously, but
the law is infinite, therefore, cannot be measured. If we
subconsciously know the wrong and right without having a set
of guideline does it mean that we are also wrong in God's law.
We incur emotional feelings that are unmeasurable and seen
through our actions and reactions, Newman et al. 2013. This is
in consideration to the consequences that involved due to their
action. In the case of alcohol abuse, the individual involved will
have addiction to the substance due to personal choice.
Psychological model
This refers to the social and emotional attributes that leads to
the substance use. According to Lewis et al. (2014),
individualren experience psychological trauma as an aftermath
of witnessing violent activities. The effect varies with the age
and gender of the individualren involved. Factors consistent in
the posttraumatic stress effect include anxiety attacks;
heightened stress level; emotional instability; developmental
issues; less cognitive and disrupted habitual patterns such as
sleep, eating disorder and emotional or physical pain. Life
complexities have resulted in acts that have emotional,
mentality and ability to act within different individuals. The
outcome encompasses merging the understanding of the inner
person and the society. The attribution to the concept includes
the behavioral, learning, psychodynamic and personality model.
Cognitive has the characteristics of a behavior motivated due to
the experiences that occurred in the intake of the drug. For
instance, the participant enjoyed the use of the substance would
want to indulge in the activity once more. This encourages the

repeat action of the individual. However NIAA argues that it
results in depression, withdrawal and nervousness of the
afflicted. The brain recognizes the substance thus develops
withdrawal characteristics in the person.
Learning model use the alcohol to establish positive
reinforcement to their attitude, personality or trait. The
dependent use the substance so as to reduce attacks that causes
nervousness, panic or anxiety, Capuzzi et al. 2012. The
hindrance of effectiveness of learning program may be caused
by the awareness disconnect of the brain. This caused by the
level of trauma that affected the ability of the individual to
separate the memory and emotions incapacitating them from
learning experience. Rigidity in the behavioral pattern inhibits
the learning experience due to the post trauma involvement that
form emotional attachment thus incapacitated the adaptability to
human assistance. This creates a communication barrier as the
individual becomes slow in the learning process in addition
inhibits fear and anxiety to learn new things. Sensitive issues
originating to their identity hence negative forces that influence
the acceptance to social support and aid (Lewis et al. 2014).
Psychodynamic model refers to as the linked personality
disorder. This means that afflicted abuse alcoholic substance
due to the traumatic experience in their childhood or current
situation. It may be contributed through masturbation,
homosexuality, rape, violent attacks or parents’ inadequacy.
This interconnection with the bad experience enhances use of
alcohol to forget their traumatic experience. They also use
alcoholic beverage to reduce of their painful experience thus
unable to regulate their intake. It causes disturbed object
relation. Conversely, it increases the dependency level and the
individual inhibits hostility, emotional display or depression.
Personality trait means that the individual character that
establishes adapting to social and cultural influences so as to fit
into the society, Strauffer et al., 2012.
Family model
This is based on the family set up, context and support for the

drug abuser. It may contribute to the afflicted behavior in terms
of genetic attribute, hostile environment and behavior. This can
reinforce the dependency on substance abuse or support towards
the recovery process of the patient. It is important for the
family to understand the position of alcoholic individual as well
as the disease so as to prevent the possibility of relapse. Some
parents will also use examples of coincidental situations that
occur to prove that there is a connection between drug abuse
and social use. Parents also use false consensus to believe that
reinforce wrong beliefs such as that about vaccines causing
autism symptoms. In the false consensus effect, parents are led
to believe that the subject belief concerning the danger of
vaccines is one which is widely held. This is mainly the result
of being exposed to selective data through various elements of
the media (Specter, 2009). In addition, most parents have no
way of getting feedback from others about questions regarding
this premise due to the unspoken rules regarding social
interaction. For instance, if a parent suspects that his son or
daughter is autistic because of the administrations of multiple
vaccines, this view is not likely to be corrected by others or by
doctors because it is unlikely that the parent will express it out
loud.
Cultural model
The identity of a person can be seen by the cultural background
and evidence in their disparity. In counselling an individual
who has been involved in post-traumatic experience hence
substance abuse, is important to understanding the element of
culture. This influences their social habits, cognitive ability and
human perception assists in the progressive analysis and
effectiveness of the program. Psychiatrists discovered that the
origin of the human being determine their behavioral attributes.
As a result, the development and emotional engagement made
consistent and linked together to improve their psychological
stability. As a result, programs developed in effort to intervene
their calamity hence enable them develop social personality and
behavior that consistent with the society code of conduct

(Kitayama & Cohen, 2010).
Social Model
Sociology studies the human behavior and experiences
influenced by societal norms, cultural difference, ethnical
group, historical background, social structures, individual self,
civilization and institution that govern our daily lives.
Sociology enables building relationship with individuals around
us basing on different social aspects that the influence such as
gender, racial background, families, institutions, individual
forces and other contributing factors. The evolving modern
societies have an impact on the way people relate to one
another. The changing trends may lead to combining all
variables that affect social aspects of a human being so as to
attain a civilized mode of living.
CODA’s patterns and characteristics
http://coda.org/index.cfm/meeting-documents/patterns-and-
characteristics-2011/
Serene Center typical codependent traits
http://www.serenecenter.com/self_help_docs/Serene%20Center
%20Addiction%20and%20Codependency%20Diagnostic%20Crit
eria.pdf
from the SAGE Social Science Collections. All Rights
Reserved.
at Apollo Group - UOP on March 30,
2015tfj.sagepub.comDownloaded from
http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Concept of codependency: blaming the victim or pathway to
recovery?
Alternate Title:
comment on B. G. Collins
Authors:
Favorini, Alison
Source:
Social Work; November 1995, Vol. 40, p827-830, 4p
Physical Description:
Bibliography
Document Type:
Article
Subjects:
Social work with women
Feminist criticism
Codependency
Psychiatric social work
Interpersonal relations
Codependents
Pathological psychology
Addictions
Addicts
Social workers
Social services

Abstract:
A commentary on B. Collins's “Reconstructing codependency
using self-in-relation theory: A feminist perspective,” which
appeared in Social Work, vol. 38, 1993, pp. 470-476. The writer
examines Collins's synopsis of the definitions of codependency
and descriptions of behavior and characteristics connected with
it and declares them to be consistent with what she has read on
the subject. She states that although documentation exists that
stress-related health problems are common in spouses of
alcoholics, Collins is correct in maintaining that the extension
of the disease concept from addiction to codependency is
inappropriate. However, she contends that Collins's article is a
frequently misleading analysis and critique of the concept of
codependency and outlines how this is so with reference to
previous studies on codependency, the origin of codependency,
and the help that social workers and self-help movements can
provide to codependents.
ISSN:
00378046
Accession Number:
508574272
Translate Full Text:
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Concept of Codependency: Blaming the Victim or Pathway to
Recovery?
Contents
1. Studies on Codependency
2. Origin of Codependency
3. Social Workers and Self-Help Movements
4. Conclusion
5. References
ListenSelect:
Section:
Points & Viewpoints
"Reconstruing Codependency Using Self-in-Relation Theory: A

Feminist Perspective" (Collins, 1993) was a thought-provoking
and well-written but frequently misleading analysis and critique
of the concept of codependency. As the second author of one of
the articles Collins cited as part of her argument (Jacob,
Favorini, Meisel, & Anderson, 1978), I felt compelled to
respond. Our article was written 16 years ago and, therefore,
predates the popularization and perhaps the formulation of the
codependency construct. The studies we reviewed typically
assessed the presence of psychopathology using measures such
as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway
& McKinley, 1951) and did not look for codependent behavior
specifically. This is an important distinction glossed over by
Collins.
In the 15 years since our article was published, a great deal has
been learned about addicted family systems that suggests the
prevalence of impaired problem solving and communication;
physical, emotional, and sexual abuse; and lasting negative
consequences for the children of these families. Certainly, to
locate the pathology of such a system in the addict's spouse is,
as Collins contends, "blaming the victim." However, as an adult
child of alcoholics (ACOA), I can testify personally to the value
of the concept of codependency in the recovery process of
surviving family members. Therefore, I would like to respond to
several points in Collins's article.
Collins's summary of the definitions of codependency and
descriptions of behavior and characteristics associated with it
are consistent with what I have read on the subject. The
hallmark trait is caretaking behavior--the codependent
individual will meet the needs of another before meeting his or
her own needs and will do this consistently. Collins suggests
that the term "codependency" is applied primarily to women and
that the behaviors described result in large part from societal
prescriptions of appropriate coping behavior for women.
However, authors writing on this subject do not limit the term's
application to women. Because most addicted individuals have
been male (this is changing), women may have more often

shown this pattern, but it is not limited in theory or in reality to
women.
Use of the term "sick" to label this behavior does seem extreme,
but most of the writings I have seen directed to ACOAs and
those recovering from codependency are primarily supportive
and caring and do not convey a tone of blaming the victim.
Although there is documentation that stress-related health
problems are common in spouses of alcoholics, I agree with
Collins that extension of the disease concept from addiction to
codependency is inappropriate.
Studies on Codependency
Collins actually cites no studies directly testing the existence of
codependence. Tweed and Ryff (1991) and Seefeldt and Lyon
(1991) both assessed ACOA characteristics but did not focus
specifically on codependence. The latter source is a conference
paper unavailable to this writer. Tweed and Ryff compared
higher-socioeconomic-status, demographically matched ACOAs
and non-ACOAs (according to the Children of Alcoholics
Screening Test) on 10 self-report measures of psychological
distress and well-being, personality, and psychological
development. Well-being assessment was included to examine
resilience.
ACOAs were significantly more depressed and anxious but did
not differ on the other eight measures. However, the younger
part of their sample were all college students, and the measures
used do not adequately tap the concept of codependence, nor is
the term used in their article. The ACOAs had significantly
more often received psychiatric treatment and were significantly
more concerned that they might have eating or alcohol
problems; they also more often reported emotional abuse in
childhood. Furthermore, all measures were self-reported,
allowing denial and social desirability to operate. Kaufman's
(1985) review of the literature, cited by Collins to support her
position, analyzed family system dynamics in substance-abusing
families and included a discussion of "coalcoholism," similar to
codependency. Kaufman described dynamics akin to those of the

codependent model.
In an intriguing review and synthesis of family systems theory
with the codependency model, Sheridan and Green (1993)
hypothesized that families of alcoholics differ from other
families in cohesiveness, adaptability, and competence (that is,
successful task performance while supporting individual
growth). Confusion over boundaries and roles, issues of control,
and rigidity of rules and expectations stifle the individuation of
family members and impair their self-esteem. Codependency is
defined as lack of self-definition and the seeking of identity
through external relationships. The authors cited many
supporting empirical studies, including two that reported a
tendency for ACOAs to be overresponsible for others and
underresponsible for themselves (Black, Bucky, & Wilder-
Padilla, 1986; Jackson, 1984/ 1985). In a discriminant function
analysis of data from 55 recovering ACOAs in clinical and self-
help programs, 33 nonrecovering ACOAs, and 39 adult children
of nonalcoholic parents, Sheridan and Green correctly classified
69 percent of the respondents with five significant predictor
variables--family of origin competence, family of origin
cohesion, individuation from parents, desire to control others,
and self-esteem. ACOAs reported more family-of-origin
problems with cohesion (either enmeshment or disengagement)
and competence and were less individuated, more controlling,
and lower in self-esteem. Although the study is limited because
of the middle-class sample and sampling methods, the variables
that emerged as significant predictors are indicative of
codependent traits and behavior patterns in ACOAs and support
the codependency model.
Origin of Codependency
Although Collins suggests otherwise, most writers addressing
codependency do acknowledge that codependent behaviors are
developed as a way to survive in an addictive or dysfunctional
family and note that these behaviors become dysfunctional when
continued into adulthood. Needing to always be in control and
having a strong care-giver orientation are some of the more

common adult sequelae. Most spouses of alcoholics or other
drug addicts grew up in families where drugs or alcohol were
abused and have developed enabling behaviors that attract
addicted individuals.
Anyone who doubts the existence of codependent behavior
patterns should visit ACA (Adult Children of Alcoholics),
CODA (Codependents Anonymous), or Al-Anon meetings to
witness the grip these behaviors have. I agree with Beattie
(1987, 1990) that it is a lifelong struggle to overcome these
ingrained behaviors. It is important to acknowledge the
diversity of ACOAs and spouses of alcoholics, but it is wishful
thinking to assert that living in such a family does not exert a
lasting effect that may fall short of diagnosable psycho-
pathology but can have persistent negative effects on personal
and work relationships.
The emphasis on nurturing the relationship to self is key to
recovery because the codependent has always put herself or
himself last. This self work must be done before the person can
have a mutual relationship of the type discussed by Collins. I
recommend Mellody and colleagues' (1989) Facing
Codependence for its discussion of how the self has been
damaged in abusive and dysfunctional families. Blaming and
boundary violations are extremely common in families of drug
addicts, and the victims must heal their damaged selves. Groups
such as ACA, CODA, and Al-Anon help to do this by providing
a supportive and nonjudgmental forum for sharing. As Woititz
(1983) said, "Children of alcoholics guess at what normal is" (p.
4). It is very healing for survivors to learn that there are others
like them who understand and who will not cast aspersions on
their experiences or behavior but will gently support them in
trying to change their lives. To recover, ACOAs and spouses
must understand how their own behavior and attitudes toward
self have kept them in an addictive relationship. Those who do
not learn from the past are doomed to repeat it.
Once the victims' self-esteem and boundaries are stronger, they
are then able to form healthy relationships with others without

being victimized again. Collins misinterprets authors on the
subject when she says they do not encourage relationships and
that they interpret "relational strengths as pathology" (p. 475).
It is enmeshed, enabling, and destructive relationships that must
be avoided, not all relationships:
Freedom begins with being open to love. The dilemma of
abandonment is a choice between painful intimacy or isolation,
but the consequence is the same--we protect ourselves by
rejecting the vulnerable inner-child and are forced to live
without warmth or love. Without love, intimacy and isolation
are equally painful, empty and incomplete. (ACA, no date)
Social Workers and Self-Help Movements
As a feminist, I can understand Collins's efforts to reinterpret
codependent behavior from a feminist perspective and power
theories. Society's denial of victimization has helped entrap
spouses and children, but this is changing, and one of the main
reasons is the self-help movements that Collins apparently
encourages social workers to eschew. She raises an interesting
point by asserting that authors on codependence (and the 12-
step movement) seek to avoid discussing the injustices of the
context in which codependent relationships occur.
The 12-step movement, which is closely linked to the
codependency model, has been ardently apolitical so as to keep
its appeal broad and to focus only on recovery from addiction,
one reason the movement has flourished and survived for
decades. Another reason for downplaying the societal context is
that blaming outside circumstances is a classic denial strategy
in addictive families. Excessive blaming interferes with taking
responsibility for one's own life.
Authors like Bradshaw (1988) and Mellody et al. (1989) do
discuss and promote equality in relationships, but they do not
frame this primarily in a feminist context. However, all these
authors seek to help clients and their readers recognize abuse of
power in those to whom they relate. This is politics writ small.
Social workers treating clients participating in self-help groups
might help them to see the larger political context. It would be a

mistake for social workers to see 12-step groups and the
codependence model as antifeminist. Bradshaw, Mellody et al.,
and Whitfield (1989) explicitly encouraged their readers to be
assertive about their rights. There is less emphasis on trying to
change the world, because overcontrolling behavior is
frequently prominent in these clients. For this reason, "letting
go" is stressed, but this should not be confused with being
unassertive or permitting further victimization.
I urge readers of Collins's article and this column to read the
authors discussed; attend ACA, CODA, or Al-Anon meetings;
and form their own opinions on this subject. Social workers
should not discourage clients from using a resource until they
understand it thoroughly.
Conclusion
Social workers cannot form a definitive opinion founded on a
limited database. It is apparent that more research is needed on
codependency. As researchers, we must humbly bear in mind
that our studies on related subjects have often shown conflicting
results, and it can take decades for a clear picture to emerge.
The construct of codependence must not be applied wholesale as
an explanation for most behaviors or social problems (see, for
example, Schaef, 1986). It must be more clearly defined to
permit operationalization into appropriate measures accurately
reflecting behavior patterns. Collins has done us a service by
encouraging us to examine this concept more critically. Only
then can research proceed and provide policy and clinical
guidance on the issue.
Meanwhile, social workers can draw on other sources of
knowledge such as the books discussed, clinical experience, and
self-help meetings to form a basis for whether and how they
will use the co-dependence construct and related self-help
groups in working with clients. Finally, perhaps social workers
can see our concept of empowerment in the following passage:
In childhood our identity is formed by the reflection we see in
the eyes of the people around us. We fear losing that reflection
.. . . thinking the mirror makes us real and we disappear or have

no self without it. The distorted image of family alcoholism is
not who we are. And we are not the unreal person trying to
mask that distortion. In ACA we stop abusing a substance or
losing ourselves in another. We stop believing we have no
worth and start to see our true identity, reflected in the eyes of
other adult children, as the strong survivors and valuable people
we actually are. (ACA, no date) .
References
Adult Children of Alcoholics. (no date). Newcomer's packet.
New York: Author.
Beattie, M. (1987). Co-dependent no more. New York: Harper &
Row.
Beattie, M. (1990). Co-dependents' guide to the 12 steps.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Black, C., Bucky, S. F., & Wilder-Padilla, S. (1986). The
interpersonal and emotional consequences of being an adult
child of an alcoholic. International Journal of the Addictions,
21, 213-231.
Bradshaw, J. (1988). Bradshaw on: The family. Deerfield
Beach, FL: Health Communications.
Collins, B. (1993). Reconstruing codependency using self-in-
relation theory: A feminist perspective. Social Work, 38, 470-
476.
Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1951). The Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory manual (rev. ed.). New York:
Psychological Corporation.
Jackson, J.G.W. (1985). The personality characteristics of adult
daughters of alcoholic fathers as compared with adult daughters
of nonalcoholic fathers. (Doctoral dissertation, U.S.
International University, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 46(1), 338B.
Jacob, T., Favorini, A., Meisel, S., & Anderson, C. (1978). The
alcoholic's spouse, children and family interactions: Substantive
findings and methodological issues. Journal of Studies on
Alcohol, 39, 12311251.
Kaufman, E. (1985). Family systems and family therapy of

substance abuse: An overview of two decades of research and
clinical experience. International Journal of the Addictions, 20,
897-916.
Mellody, P., with Miller, A. W., & Miller, J. K. (1989). Facing
codependence. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Schaef, A. W. (1986). Co-dependence: Misunderstood--
Mistreated. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Seefeldt, R., & Lyon, M. (1991, April). An attempt to validate
ACOA characteristics in a clinical sample. Paper presented at
the annual convention of the American Association of
Counseling and Development, Reno, NV.
Sheridan, M. J., & Green, R. G. (1993). Family dynamics and
individual characteristics of adult children of alcoholics: An
empirical analysis. Journal of Social Service Research, 17(1-2),
73-97.
Tweed, S., & Ryff, C. (1991). Adult children of alcoholics:
Profiles of wellness amidst distress. Journal of Studies on
Alcohol, 52, 133-141.
Whitfield, C. (1989). Co-dependence: Our most common
addiction--Some physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual
perspectives. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6, 19-36.
Woititz, J. (1983). Adult children of alcoholics. Deerfield
Beach, FL: Health Communications.
Accepted September 1, 1993
~~~~~~~~
By Alison Favorini
Alison Favorini, PhD, is associate professor, School of Social
Work, Wayne State University, 4756 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI
48202.
Source: Social Work, November 1995, Vol. 40, p827, 4p
Item: 508574272
American Accent

Choose Language
Maria Chmielewska ISSN 2071-789X
RECENT ISSUES IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2, 2012
58
ECONOMICS
9 fÉv|ÉÄÉzç
Maria Chmielewska
Institute of Psychology, Cardinal
Stefan Wyszyński University in
Warsaw
ul. Dewajtis 5
01-815 Warszawa
Tel.: 22 561 88 00
MARITAL QUALITY IN THE
CONTEXT OF INTERPERSONAL
DEPENDENCY
E-mail: [email protected]
Received: April, 2012
1st Revision: June, 2012
Accepted: September, 2012

ABSTRACT. The survey presented in this paper partly
proved the main hypothesis “Marital quality and the degree
of interpersonal dependency are in inverse proportion, i.e.
the higher marital quality, the lower the degree of
interpersonal dependency”. The phenomenon of
interpersonal dependency is derived from the concept of
codependency, which is mainly related to alcoholism, but
also to other types of mental and physical dependence on
the substance or process.
JEL Classification: F22, Z10 Keywords: the quality of the
marriage; interpersonal dependency,
marriage
Introduction
The quality of the marriage depends on many factors. These
include, among others,
subjective sense of satisfaction of spouses, partners personality
type and their own activity
(see eg Spanier, Lewis, 1979; Braun-Gakowska, 1985, 1992,
2008; Plopa, 2008), as well as
the maturity to marry, reasons for choosing a spouse, chief
compliance attitudes towards
values and character traits, communication within marriage and
sexual arrangement (see, for
example: Earth, 1975; Rostowski, 1987; Janicka Niebrzydowski,
1994, Ryś, 1994, 1999,
2008b; Wojciszke, 2005; Plopa, 2008 ). Maria Trawińska (1997)
stresses the importance of

compliance of the established model of marriage, the motivation
to act on behalf of marriage
and the balance between the elements of continuity (family
tradition) and the components of
variation (self-development). Many researchers highlights the
important relationship between
economic and socio-ontic conditions and the quality of the
marriage (see eg Trawińska, 1977,
Braun-Gakowska, 1992, 2008, Ryś, 1999, 2008b; Wojciszke,
2005). Good material
conditions are positively correlated with the quality of the
marriage (see eg Amato, Johnson,
Booth, Rogers, 2003, for: Jankowiak, 2007, p. 16; Plopa, 2008).
However, there are studies that indicate that the level of
satisfaction with the marriage
remains to small extent dependent on coping with external tasks
such as the financial security
of the family. Maintaining internal cohesion and the exchange
of positive actions and feelings
in a relationship are of crucial meaning (see eg Brichler et al.,
1975, Gottman, 1979;
Levinger, 1964, for: Wojciszke, 2005, p. 149). Researchers have
also studied the quality of
marriage in the light of attachment theory (cf. eg Bowlby, 1969,
for Holmes, 2007, p. 129;
Hazan, Shaver, 1987, for Holmes, 2007, p. 129; Shaver et al.,
1988 , for: Wojciszke, 2005, p
Maria Chmielewska, Marital Quality in the Context of
Interpersonal Dependency,
Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2, 2012, pp. 58-74.

59
87; Mikulincer, Nachson, 1991, Feeney, Noller, 1990 by:
Wojciszke, 2005, p. 90; Halpern,
2007). The marital satisfaction in late adulthood (Lee, 1988),
and the correlation between the
relationship quality and job satisfaction has been analyzed
(Rogers, May, 2003). In addition,
premarital cohabitation negatively correlated with the quality of
the marriage (see eg
Laskowski, 1987; Larson, Holman, 1994; Balakrishnan, Rao,
Lapierre-Adamcyk, Krótki,
1987; Bennett, Blac, Bloom, 1988; De Maris, Leslie, 1984,
Janus, Janus, 1993; Trussell, Rao,
1989; Thomson, Collela, 1992, Kamp Dush, Cohan, Amato,
2003, for: Jankowiak, 2007,
p. 17). Other studies have shown the importance of serial
cohabitation in the terms of the
quality of marriage (DeMaris, MacDonald, 1993, for: ibid, p
19). Sexual initiation before
marriage can have either a negative or positive effect on future
marriage (Cate, Long, Anger,
Draper, 1993, for: ibid, p. 20). Psychological differences
between sexes knowledge is also
important for high-quality relationship (cf. eg Sujak, 1988;
Zienkiewicz, 1988, Ryś, 1999;
Zarembowie, 2007; Pulikowski, 2008). Maria Ryś (1994, 1996,
1999) shows that integrating
conflict resolution deepens the intimacy of the spouses. Renata
Doniec (2001) emphasizes the
need for implementation of affiliation in the relationship.
Mieczyslaw Plopa (2008) points out

that there is a higher level of sense of coherence in spouses in a
successful relationships. All
authors emphasize the important role of love and emotional
involvement for the quality of
marriage.
The phenomenon of interpersonal dependency is derived from
the concept of
codependency, which is mainly related to alcoholism, but also
to other types of mental and
physical dependence on the substance or process. The problem
of alcoholism is particularly
acute in Poland. According to the statistical yearbook (last year)
125,896 people are registered
in outpatient drug treatment. However, a significant proportion
of people abusing alcohol is
not registered anywhere. It is estimated that in our country four
to five million people live in
families with alcohol problems, and adult children of alcoholics
are more than two million
(Ryś, Wódz, 2003, p. 118).
Until 1988, when the Institute of Psychology, Health and
Temperance of Polish
Psychological Association has being studied Polish wives of
alcoholics, there was little
objective data on their specific psychological situation, their
personal, social, marriage and
family issues, that affect them, as well as on the strategies that
they take in dealing with those
problems (Szczepańska, 1996, p. 5). As emphasized by Jerzy
Mellibruda (1999, p. 116), we
need a systematic study of psychological problems of co-
addicted individuals, as well as the
process of solving these problems, and the methods and forms
of therapy that can help to

manage this. Review of existing research on interpersonal
dependency indicates the
connotational diversity of the phenomenon. The authors point
out three main variants: the
destructive adaptation to living with an addict, so to chronic
stress (Szczepańska, 1996;
Sobolewska, Mellibruda, 1997; Mellibruda, 1999; Kisiel, 2001;
Sobolewska, 2001; Sztandera,
2006), psychosomatic illness, which means the individual’s
dependency of functioning from a
spouse, who is himself addicted to a substance or process
(Cermak, 1986, for:
Cierpiałkowska, 1998, pp. 75, Norwood, 1993, Cermak, Rutzky,
1998, Al-Anon Family
Groups, 1994; Woititz, 1994; Zaworska-Nikoniuk, 2000; Wobiz,
2001, Halpern, 2009); a set
of traits of personality or type of personality disorder, in which
a key role is played by the
origin of the phenomenon, that is the dysfunctional environment
in the family of origin
(Whitfield, 1984, 1989, for: Krawczinska, 2007, pp. 6-7,
Forward, 1992, Bradshaw, 1994;
Loughead, Spurlock, Yuan-yu ting, 1998, for: Margasiński,
2010, p. 117; Millon, 2005;
Mellody, 2008, Ryś, 2008b). Regardless of the approach, many
authors emphasize the
importance of harmful effects of family of origin (Bradshaw,
1994; Sobolewska, Mellibruda,
1997, Ryś, 2008b; Margasiński, 2010). Both Jerzy Mellibruda
(1999) and Howard Halpern
(2009) draw attention to the specificity of the addictive agent,
which is the second person.
John Bradshaw (1994) sees the origins of the phenomenon of
internalized shame, and Howard

60
Halpern (2009) in hunger attachment. Maria Ryś (2008b)
emphasizes the abnormality of the
interpersonal relationship, in which the second person becomes
the criterion of self-esteem.
Marta Miklasiewicz (2007) draws attention to the relationship
of self-awareness with the
basic hope and styles of coping with stress in co-addicted
women. Many researchers
emphasizes the many negative feelings and emotional states that
accompany those
codependent (Cierpiałkowska, 1998; Majchrzyk-Mikula, 2006;
Woronowicz, 2009).
Broader understanding of interpersonal dependence evolves
along with the
development of the new addictions, including relationships with
partners such as dependent
on sex, drugs, gambling, food, internet, shopping (Beattie,
1994; Hemflet, Minirith, Meier,
2004) and may include professional relationship (Mellibruda,
1999; Krwczinska, 2007). The
researchers stress that staying in a codependent relationship
often means experiencing
violence (Walker, 1979, for Rothenberg, 2003, p. 777;
Rothenberg, 2003, Ben-Ari, Winstok,
Eisikovits, 2003; Mellibruda, 1999; Skłodowski, 2003, Ryś,
2008a). Rich and valuable
illustration of the phenomenon of addiction to another person,

apart from the scientific
literature, can also be found in popular scientific literature or in
fiction litarature (Hłasko,
2001; Grochola, 2003, 2008; Wesołowska, Wasilewska-Sleeper,
2004; Scibor-Marchocka,
2007, Miller, Cichocka, 2008, Pawlikowska, 2008).
Therefore, it is important to conduct research on the functioning
of codependent
people, so those who live in a specific destructive relationships;
research that will contribute
to a greater understanding of the characteristics of this group.
Conducting this analysis seems
to be further justified by the fact of the evolution of the
phenomenon, which covers, apart
from alcoholism, many other types of addictions, as well as the
evolution of the diversity of
the group, which includes wives of alcoholics, parents, siblings,
extended family and others
staying in a close emotional (even professional) relationship
with the codepentent person.
Theoretical introduction to the survey1
The notion of marriage and marital quality
Marriage is 1. “a legally recognised and regulated lasting union
between a man and a
woman, entered into for the purpose of starting a family”; in
addition, in the Polish language
the same term małżeństwo also refers to 2. “a husband and wife,
a married couple, spouses”
(as translated from Słownik Współczesnego Języka Polskiego,
1996, p. 495 – Dictionary of

Contemporary Polish).
Matrimony is the unity of two different individualities, two
unique personalities who
decide to spend the rest of their lives together (Ziemska, 1975,
p. 55). Psychology describes
relations between husband and wife as well as between the
spouses and their children and
more distant relatives. It emphasises mutual needs,
expectations, desires, emotions,
temperaments, ways of communicating, parenting models
applied to the children (Tokarczyk,
1999, p. 81).
Marriage is a dynamic community which offers a person an
opportunity to realise their
expectations, satisfy their needs as well as liberating from
selfishness and enriching their
personality by opening themselves to another person’s needs
(Ryś, 1999, p. 5).
According to Słownik Języka Polskiego (1988) – “Dictionary of
the Polish
Language”, quality is a property, a value or a set of attributes
which combine to make an item
“the” item and not another (ibid., Vol. 1, p. 820). According to
Słownik Współczesnego
1 The paper discusses the survey conducted as part of the
author’s master’s thesis written at the Institute of
Psychology of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in
Warsaw (UKSW), under the supervision of UKSW
Prof. Dr hab. Maria Ryś.

61
Języka Polskiego (1996) – Dictionary of Contemporary Polish,
quality is a set of
characteristics determining the assessment of a given product
(ibid., p. 337).
In other words, high or low marital quality implies marital well-
being, a happy,
satisfactory marriage or marital success. Internal factors
constituting marriage include: mutual
love, spouses’ personalities, communication and problem-
solving skills, mental maturity of
partners as well as the choice of the right husband or wife. As
regards external factors, those
comprise: the financial standing and living standards (Braun-
Gałkowska, 1992, p. 20) as well
as wives’ employment status, the size of the household and
community embeddedness (Ryś,
1999, p. 102).
Marital quality is measured in dimensions such as: adjustment,
satisfaction, economic
well-being, happiness as well as marital integration and
communication (Lewis, Spanier,
1979, as cited in: Rostowski, 1987, p. 25). High marital quality
influences the stability of
marriage (Spanier, Lewis, 1980, as cited in: Ryś, 1994, p. 20).
According to Graham B. Spanier (1980), there are four key

determinants of marital
success: 1) consensus of the spouses on matrimony; 2) joint
participation in family life;
3) marital satisfaction and the need to stay in the relationship;
4. emotional expression of the
spouses (as cited in: Cieślak, 1989, pp. 1042–1049).
Other factors vital for satisfactory relationships are also: trust,
mutual respect,
involvement in the marriage, showing love, support in
occupational matters, similar lifestyles,
equal marital rights, absence of destructive jealousy, friends’
approval of marriage partner as
well as the spouses’ readiness to listen and effective
communication (Sabatelli, Pearce, 1980,
as cited in: Nęcki, 1990, from p. 253).
Jan Rostowski (1987) distinguishes three integral macro-
components building and
cementing marriage. Those are empathy, intimacy and
involvement (ibid., p. 75–95). Bogdan
Wojciszke (2005, p. 12) adds passion as an essential element of
a successful relationship. The
above factors constitute marriage, deepen the relationship
between spouses, strengthen their
self-disclosure, mutual communication and personal growth.
Marital quality is significantly affected by a given person’s
self-esteem. If a person is
convinced of their worthlessness and basically not being worth
loving, they will be prone to
interpret the partner’s unclear behaviour as a sign of
lovelessness (Brockner, 1983; as cited in:
Wojciszke, 2005, p. 117).
According to surveys identical for both sexes, attachment

patterns developed in early
childhood may continue also in later stages in life and have an
effect on marital quality2
(Hazan, Shaver, 1987; as cited in: Holmes, 2007, p. 129).
To recapitulate, the formation of a successful relationship with
a partner in adult life
originates in the process of developing attachment patterns in a
child in early periods of life.
Interpersonal dependency
The phenomenon – where the whole family life concentrates on
the needs and
behaviour of one addicted person, and the lives of individual
family members are affected by
compulsory and periodical use by that person of a substance or
engaging in a destructive
2 The following attachment styles are distinguished: The secure
style (56% of those surveyed) characterises
persons who find it easy to get close to others and have no
difficulty forming close, intimate relations with the
partner. They are not excessively worried about being
abandoned. The anxious-ambivalent style (19% of those
surveyed) characterises persons who expect others to be closer
to them than they in fact are. They often worry
about being abandoned. They do not fully believe in their
partners’ honest intentions. They wish to completely
merge with the loved person. The avoidant style (25% of those
surveyed) concerns persons who frequently feel
uncomfortable being close to others. They become nervous then.
They find it difficult to entirely trust others.
Their partners often want them to be more intimate and

disclosed (Bowlby, 1969; as cited in: Holmes, 2007, p.
129; cf. also Mikulincer, Nachson, 1991; Feeney, Noller, 1990;
as cited in: Wojciszke, 2005, p. 90).
62
process – is referred to as codependency or, in other words,
interpersonal dependency, and
concerns dysfunctional dependency on another person (cf.
Sztander, 2006a, p. 7; Zaworska-
Nikoniuk, 2000, p. 382).
The dependency on another person means placing one’s self-
esteem in another
individual’s opinions and behaviour. A codependent person
desires another person’s approval,
at the expense of their own needs. Their thoughts, feelings,
judgements, decisions made and
the system of beliefs are focused on another person’s moods and
behaviour (Zubrzycka-
Nowak, 2008).
Control is central to the lives of codependent persons. In an
interpersonal relationship
merging with another person results in the limitation or loss of
one’s identity through
involvement in another person’s identity and issues (Hemflet,
Minirth, Meier, 2004, p. 12).

Interpersonal dependency understood as a condition includes
symptoms such as:
“denial; protectiveness, pity/concern about the drinker;
embarrassment; avoiding drinking
occasions; shift in relationships; guilt; obsession, continual
worry; fear; lying; false hope,
disappointment; euphoria; confusion; sex problems; anger;
lethargy; hopelessness, self-pity,
remorse and despair” (Woititz, 1986, p. 30).
In an addictive relationship there is responsibility conversion,
which means that the
addicted person holds the partner responsible for their
emotional states, at the same time
assuming full responsibility for the partner’s thoughts, feelings
and reactions (Wobiz, 2001, p.
20).
Interpersonal dependency understood as a form of adjustment to
a chronically
destructive dyad is a conscious continuation of a relationship
with an addict (Mellibruda,
1999, p. 128). It is determined by a very stressful situation,
childhood experiences and overall
changes in psychological patterns of an individual (Sobolewska,
Mellibruda, 1997, p. 24).
Interpersonal dependency presented as a personality disorder
approach is treated as a
set of characteristics developed in a dysfunctional family. A
codependent person has a
personality predisposed to initiate relationships which are
emotionally detrimental to them.
The notion of a dysfunctional family concerns families with any
form of neglect of emotional,
intellectual and spiritual needs (Forward, 1992, pp. 28–137).

Codependency is a defectively developed life attitude which
impairs personal
development of an individual, the ability to make rational
choices and exercise control over
one’s life (Mellody, 2008).
Codependency as a personality disorder is not only and not so
much a result of living
in close contact with an addict, but a certain type of an
immature personality, a certain
inclination towards the wrong ways of reacting to problematic
life situations and towards
disordered behaviours of others (Dziewiecki, 2000, p. 109).
Codependency stems from a distorted family system, a pattern
of rigid personality
traits embedded in internalised shame. Shame results from
neglect. It concerns persons living
in dysfunctional systems. It is the outcome of absence of own
identity. It represents
disappearance of one’s own internal reality and dependency on
external reality. It indicates a
crisis of “self”. It appears in a situation where a person places
their identity outside them, e.g.
in another person. With a very low self-esteem, a codependent
person goes beyond their limits
in their actions for others. They excessively seek other people’s
love and approval. They
sometimes tend to suffer a career burn-out (Bradshaw, 1994, p.
207).
In the case of emotional relationships, the addictive factor,
which is placed in addicted
persons rather than substances, assumes the form of
uncontrollable need to initiate and

maintain a relationship with a particular person. There are four
distinguishing features of
dependency: 1) compulsiveness (compulsion to stay in the
relationship, regardless of the
suffering involved); 2) fear (of breaking the relationship); 3)
abstinence symptoms (breaking
of the relationship may be followed by pain, e.g. in the chest,
stomach and abdominal area,
63
tears, sleep disorders as well as the proneness to irritation,
depression, the feeling of
purposelessness, the conviction that it is necessary to go back to
the substance, i.e. that person
as the only remedy); 4) the feeling of liberation and triumph
appearing after the initial period
of suffering (Halpern, 2009, p. 16).
To recapitulate, the occurrence of dependency on another
person is determined by
staying in an emotionally strong and destructive relationship.
The development of
interpersonal dependency is embedded in a dysfunctional
family, functioning as a system of
pathological interactions. A system where one addicted
individual forms the core and
determines the directions for the whole family. The feeling,
thinking and acting by all family

members depends on that individual’s behaviours and moods.
Based on the literature gathered and the author’s own
experience in working with
families as a sociotherapist, a diagram was developed (Fig. 1) to
illustrate the phenomenon of
interpersonal dependency. Read from the centre of the circle to
its external circles,
interpersonal dependency derives from personality disorders
resulting from upbringing in a
dysfunctional family or represents a reaction to permanent
stress of living with an addicted
partner or a specific condition where the addictive substance is
another person. Codependency
is usually rooted in improperly developed family relationships
in the family of origin. Three
central determinants form the core of interpersonal dependency.
They influence the quality
and type of feelings, thoughts and behaviour of the codependent
person. Feelings, thoughts
and behaviour represent the middle and interrelated circles. The
feelings of codependent
persons tend to be frozen, which means that they are not
identified, named or expressed. Such
frozen feelings protect against internal suffering, but at the
same time completely block
contact with one’s own emotions, including positive
experiences. Constraining anger on a
regular basis then thwarts effective defence. Low self-esteem,
the feeling of having no
influence on the environment, a depressed mood and emotional
lability are all components of
disturbed emotionality.
Simultaneously, cognitive disorders are reflected in pejorative
thinking and

perception. Such disorders include: a negative image of oneself,
of the world, time and
environment as well as an ambivalent attitude to the partner and
denial of facts in favour of an
illusory status quo. Behaviours mostly represent a dichotomy in
reactions towards the partner
and others which are inadequate to the situation. Blackmail,
arguments and threats show
intensified helplessness with regard to the partner’s addition.
The continuation of a toxic
relationship, despite one’s one suffering, represents dramatic
support for the partner’s
addition and false hope for recovery without treatment. An
attitude characterised by the lack
of assertiveness, servility with occasional outbursts of
aggression, self-destruction, passivity,
repeating inefficient patterns as well as enduring one’s role as a
victim and tolerance of
pathology (e.g. tolerance of violence) is generally presented in
relations with the loved person
and the environment. The inadequacy of reactions towards the
partner also includes increased
control over their behaviour, an illusion of control over the
whole situation as well as
excessive sympathy and pity for them.

64
Figura. 1. Diagram illustrating interpersonal dependency
Own study by: Maria Chmielewska
Methodology of own survey
Subject of study and hypotheses posited
The master’s thesis was aimed at examining the relationship
between marital quality
and interpersonal dependency. With a view to exploring whether
the two categories are
related, the following main hypothesis was put forward:
H: Marital quality and the degree of interpersonal dependency
are in inverse
proportion, i.e. the higher marital quality, the lower the degree
of interpersonal dependency.
Detailed hypotheses were also proposed as follows:
H1: Marital quality and self-esteem are in direct proportion.
Thus, the more proper
self-esteem, the higher marital quality.

65
H2: Belief in being loved and marital quality are in direct
proportion. The more a
person believes in being loved, the higher marital quality.
H3: Exercising control over the spouse and marital quality are
in inverse proportion.
The more a person controls the spouse, the lower the quality of
their marriage.
Furthermore, this paper also puts research questions concerning
the differences
between men and women as well as the relationships between
variables such as: the spouses’
age; educational attainment level; place of residence; financial
and economic situation;
duration of their marriage, number of children and the degree of
interpersonal dependency
and marital quality.
Description of those surveyed
A total of 236 adults, i.e. 118 married couples, participated in a
research programme
supervised by UKSW Prof. Dr hab. Maria Ryś and conducted by
students and PhD students at
the Institute of Psychology of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński
University in Warsaw. Among
the respondents in question, for the purposes of this paper, 72
persons meeting initial
assumptions were selected at random, thus making 36
marriages: 36W and 36M.

The age of those surveyed ranged between 38 and 80 years, with
the mean age of M =
49.1 years (standard deviation SD = 6.6 years) The duration of
marriage among those
surveyed ranged from 8 to 38 years, with the mean duration of
M = 23.6 years (standard
deviation SD = 5.6 years)
University-educated persons constituted the largest group of
respondents, i.e. 42%,
with 4% declaring not having completed university education.
They were followed by persons
with secondary and vocational education (29% and nearly one-
fifth respectively). The
respondents with primary education represented 4%. Those who
refused to indicate their
educational attainment levels accounted for 6% of the
respondents.
The survey covered married couples with a varying number of
children. The most
numerous groups were those with three and two children (39%
and 31% respectively).
Families with one child constituted 22%. A mere 4% declared
having four children.
The majority of the respondents lived in cities (55%). A further
25% were those from
small towns. Rural residents accounted for 14%, whereas 6% of
the surveyed families lived in
bigger towns.
In terms of economic conditions, the largest group of married
couples described their
economic and financial situation as good (44%). Those were

followed by persons who
assessed the economic conditions of their families to be average
(accounting for 25%). 24%
of the families indicated their economic and financial standing
as very good. The least
numerous group (7%) represented those who were negative
about their living conditions.
Description of the research methodology
Interpersonal Dependency Scale
The Interpersonal Dependency Scale (Skala Uzależnienia
Interpersonalnego – SUIT)
by Maria Ryś (2008b) serves to study those who married an
addict or whose spouse
developed an addition to a substance during marriage. It enables
to survey persons from
dysfunctional families as well as those who in relations with
others are primarily oriented
towards satisfying the needs of their loved adults and assume
responsibility for them (ibid.,
pp. 4–5).
The method was constructed on the basis of 42 statements
corresponding to 5
particular scales, i.e. 1) Low self-esteem; 2) Lack of respect for
one’s own rights; 3) Lack of

66
belief in being loved; 4) Assuming responsibility for the
spouse’s feelings and actions; 5)
Control over others (ibid., p. 10).
Particular scales were also analysed. The Cronbach alpha
coefficients were computed:
1 – 0.704; 2 – 0.696; 3 – 0.746; 4 – 0.759; 5 – 0.701 (ibid., p.
5).
Modified Marital Quality Scale
The tool in question consists of two basic parts. One refers to
assessments of real
marital quality by the surveyed married couples. The other
reflects their ideal images of
marriage. The Pearson’s r coefficient of the Scale is 0.78 (Ryś,
2005, p. 4).
The Scale contains 40 statements repeated in both parts. The
statements are
constructed on the basis of multidimensional analysis of marital
quality (ibid., pp. 3–4).
Raw data from each statement in the first part of the Scale are
deducted from raw
points obtained in the corresponding statements in the second
part of the survey. The resulting
difference determines the level of satisfaction with marital

quality as perceived by spouses
(with six satisfaction levels distinguished): the narrowest
difference (scores of 0 to 20 points)
indicates a very high level of satisfaction, whereas the greatest
difference (over 80 points)
implies the lack of marital satisfaction (ibid., p. 9).
Survey of Married Couples
The Survey of Married Couples was developed at the Institute
of Psychology of the
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw by a team of
students and PhD students
supervised by UKSW Prof. Dr hab. Maria Ryś. The survey was
designed for the purposes of a
research project on spouses’ and their children’s attitudes to
important issues of modern life.
The questions asked in the survey concern the families of
respondents as well as their
families of origin. The survey is anonymous. The information
gathered includes sex, age,
level of educational attainment, place of residence, number of
children and type of
occupation. The tool in question allows to describe relations
between the spouses, identify
possible family issues, determine attitudes to the children as
well as subjectively perceived
marital satisfaction.
Analysis of survey findings

In the first part of statistical analysis, based on Student’s t-test
of significance, men
and women were compared in terms of: 1) marital satisfaction;
real assessment of marital
quality; ideal image of marriage (Marital Quality Scale), and: 2)
low self-esteem; lack of
respect for one’s own rights; lack of belief in being loved;
assuming responsibility for the
partner; control over others (Interpersonal Dependency Scale).
In the second part the correlation between the scales of main
tools and demographic
and socio-economic variables was analysed.
Finally, the correlation between the variables on the
Interpersonal Dependency Scale
and those on the Marital Quality Scale was examined. To this
end, Pearson’s r coefficient was
applied (Table 1).
In order to verify the main hypothesis put forward in this paper
as well as the detailed
hypotheses and certain research questions on the correlation
between demographic and socio-
economic variables such as: spouses’ age, duration of their
marriage and number of children,
and interpersonal dependency and marital quality, Pearson’s r
coefficient was used to
calculate correlations between the variables in both of the
surveyed groups together. The

67
choice of the coefficient in question is based on the assumption
that the variables are
measured on an interval scale, their dependence is linear and
that the distributions are normal.
With the aim of finding answers to certain research questions
concerning the
correlation between socio-economic variables such as: spouses’
educational attainment levels,
place of residence and assessments of economic conditions and
interpersonal dependency and
marital quality, Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients were
computed. That non-parametric
coefficient was chosen on account of the variables analysed,
measured on ordinal and nominal
scales.
Comparison of the groups of men and women
As regards assessments of marriage by sex, descriptive statistics
showed no significant
differences between men and women in terms of marital
satisfaction, assessment of real
marital quality and the ideal image of marriage.
According to Student’s t-test of the level of interpersonal
dependency by sex, there
were no statistically significant differences between men and

women on particular
interpersonal dependency scales.
Demographic and socio-economic variables
Analyses of Pearson’s r correlation coefficients indicated no
statistically significant
dependence between the age of those surveyed and the marital
quality and interpersonal
dependency scales.
Analyses of Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients showed no
dependence between the level of educational attainment, the
place of residence and
assessments of economic conditions of the surveyed persons and
the variables of both Scales.
At the same time, analyses of Pearson’s r correlation
coefficients indicated a
statistically significant dependence between the duration of
marriage and assuming
responsibility for the spouse’s feelings and actions. It means
that the longer the persons are
married, the more inclined they are to assume responsibility for
their spouses’ feelings and
actions.
Analyses of Pearson’s r correlation coefficients showed a
correlation between the number of children and the real
assessment of marital quality (directly
proportional relationship) and the ideal image of marriage
(inversely proportional

relationship). It means that the higher the number of children,
the better the assessments of
marital quality, but at the same time an increased number of
children results in a deteriorated
ideal image of marriage.
Analyses of Pearson’s r correlation coefficients indicated
relationships between the level of marital satisfaction and the
assessment of real marital
quality and the lack of belief in being loved. It means that the
higher the level of marital
satisfaction, the more favourable the assessments of marital
quality and the greater the belief
in being loved. In addition, correlation analyses also showed a
relationship between the assessment of marital quality and the
lack of belief in being loved. It
means that the better the respondents’ assessments of marital
quality, the greater was their
belief in being loved.
68
Interrelations

Table 1. Pearson’s r coefficients of correlation between the
Marital Quality Scale variables
and the Interpersonal Dependency Scale variables
Variable Marital satisfaction
Assessment
of real
marital
quality
Ideal
image
of
marria
ge
Low
self-
esteem
Lack of
respect
for
one’s
own
rights
Lack of
belief in

being
loved
Assuming
responsibilit
y for the
spouse’s
feelings and
actions
Control
over
others
Marital satisfaction - 0.70* 0.02 0.03 0.07 -0.31* 0.07 0.09
Assessment of real
marital quality 0.70* - 0.11 -0.03 0.00 -0.37* 0.12 0.11
Ideal image of
marriage 0.02 0.11 - -0.10 -0.16 -0.21 -0.10 -0.24*
Low self-esteem 0.03 -0.03 -0.10 - 0.72* 0.54* 0.73* 0.64*
Lack of respect for
one’s own rights 0.07 0.00 -0.16 0.72* - 0.50* 0.42* 0.45*
Lack of belief in
being loved -0.31* -0.37* -0.21 0.54* 0.50* - 0.38* 0.42*
Assuming
responsibility for the
spouse’s feelings and

actions
0.07 0.12 -0.10 0.73* 0.42* 0.38* - 0.59*
Control over others 0.09 0.11 -0.24* 0.64* 0.45* 0.42* 0.59* -
Results: * p < 0.05; otherwise p > 0.05
The tests also indicated a statistically significant correlation
between the ideal image
of marriage and control over others. It means that if those
surveyed had higher results on the
ideal image of marriage scale, they exercised lesser control over
others at the same time.
Furthermore, correlation analyses proved the existence of
positive correlations between
particular scales on the Interpersonal Dependency Scale, which
means that an increase in the
level of one variable (a particular scale) is accompanied by a
rise in the level of another
variable (a different scale).
Psychological analysis and interpretation of the obtained
results. Summary
The survey presented in this paper partly proved the main
hypothesis (H), therefore it
is possible to assume that there is an inversely proportional
relationship between marital
quality and the degree of interpersonal dependency. It means
that the higher marital quality,

the lower the degree of interpersonal dependency.
The substantiation of two auxiliary hypotheses, H2 and H3,
speaks for the
corroboration of the main hypothesis.
H2 – there is a directly proportional relationship between the
belief in being loved and
marital quality. The stronger a person’s belief in being loved,
the higher marital quality is;
H3 – there is an inversely proportional relationship between
exercising control over
the spouse and marital quality. The more a person controls their
spouse, the lower the marital
quality is
69
The survey in question demonstrated that belief in being loved
and marital quality are
in direct proportion. Which means that the stronger a person’s
belief in being loved, the
higher marital quality is (H2). Thus, there is a negative
correlation between marital
satisfaction from the Marital Quality Scale and the “Lack of
belief in being loved” sub-scale
on the Interpersonal Dependency Scale. It means that the more
those surveyed believed in

being loved, the greater their marital satisfaction was.
There is also a negative correlation between the assessment of
real marital quality
from the Marital Quality Scale and the “Lack of belief in being
loved” sub-scale on the
Interpersonal Dependency Scale. It means that the more the
respondents believed in being
loved, the more favourable their real assessments of marital
quality were. Thus, one may
assume that the survey in question showed statistically
significant correlations corroborating
the main hypothesis based on the detailed hypothesis H2 having
been verified.
It seems, therefore, that confidence in the sense of love from the
nearest person is an
essential element of the quality of the marriage. When the need
to be loved is satisfied by the
conviction of being needed or necessary in the life of a spouse,
love merges with pity and
sacrificing for the good of the relationship. In light of these
studies such a situation makes the
relationship far from satisfaction. This study in terms of sense
of being loved, and so in the
wider dimension of conjugal love are confirmed in a number of
both domestic and foreign
scientific analysis (see eg Brichler et al., 1975, Gottman, 1979;
Levinger, 1964, for:
Wojciszke, 2005, p. 149; Earth, 1975, Braun-Gakowska, 1985,
1992, 2008, Rostowski, 1986,
1987; Janicka Niebrzydowski, 1994; Trawińska, 1997, Ryś,
1999, 2008; Wojciszke, 2005,
Zarembowie, 2007; Plopa, 2008; Pulikowski, 2008).
Researchers agree that major importance
for the marital quality is in mutual love of the spouses. Jan

Rostowski (1986) points out that
love is an essential dimension of the selected compound and a
guarantee of authentic conjugal
happiness.
The survey in question also confirmed the auxiliary hypothesis
H3, demonstrating the
existence of an inversely proportional relationship between
exercising control over the spouse
and marital quality, which means that the more a person
controls their spouse, the lower the
marital quality is. It was proven by a negative correlation
between the ideal image of marriage
from the Marital Quality Scale and the “Control over others”
sub-scale from the Interpersonal
Dependency Scale. This relationship means that an increase in
the ideal image of marriage is
accompanied by diminished control over the spouse, thus it can
be assumed that high marital
quality is correlated with a low degree of control.
Increased control of a loved one is a compensation for sense of
insecurity in marriage
(Ryś, 2005, p. 10). An overly controlling person tries to know
about his or her partner as
much details as possible, including even those non-significant,
and in case of even a brief
separation, feels anxiety, tension and nervousness. Such a
person is somewhat obsessed with
his or her partner. This causes many misunderstandings and
quarrels in a relationship, and
thus reduces the quality of the marriage. In the light of this
study, it therefore appears that the
quality of a marriage is strengthened by the attitude of trusting
in the partner. What is more,
the attitude is free from excessive control.

According to the results of the validation studies of both Scales
used in the present
work, studies have also shown the existence of a strong,
significant statistical correlation
between all subscales within Interpersonal Dependency Scale as
well as between satisfaction
with marriage and its realistic assessment in Marital Quality
Scale.
Contrary to expectations, the specific hypothesis H1 did not
confirm – there is a
directly proportional correlation between self-esteem and
marital quality, which means that
the more proper sense of self-esteem, the higher the quality of
marriage.
The psychological literature shows the close correlation
between positive self-esteem
and high marital quality (Brockner, 1983; for: Wojciszke, 2005;
Satir, 2000). No confirmation
70
of the assumed hypothesis may be due to too small number of
research groups. There may
also be too much uniformity in the research group. This
research, therefore, require a closer
analysis.

This study also gave answers to a number of research questions.
The literature repeatedly emphasizes gender differences (see
Wisłocka, 1985; Sujak,
1988; Zienkiewicz, 1988; Ryś, 1999; Eldredge, 2005;
Wojciszke, 2005; Zarembowie, 2007;
Pulikowski, 2008). Michalina Wisłocka (1985) points to
differences in the experience of
sexuality. Jan Rostowski (1986) demonstrates the volatility
dynamics of sexual relations
along with the length of marriage as far as the groups of wives
and husbands are concerned.
Like other authors, Maria Ryś (1999) draws attention to the
existence of many psychological
differences between men and women.
Having taken these data into consideration, would then be
expected significant
differences between spouses in their level of interpersonal
dependency and assessing the
marital quality. Comparative analysis of a group of men and
women carried out in this study
showed no statistically significant gender differences as for
examined variables. These results
can be explained by the small sample size and too much
uniformity of the research group.
The survey showed no differences between sexes in
interpersonal dependency or
marital quality. Neither did it demonstrate that women were
more inclined to control the
spouse than men. It is somewhat confirmed in survey findings
presented in the literature
(Walker, 1979, as cited in: Rothenberg, 2003, p. 777;
Rothenberg, 2003; Ben-Ari, Winstok,

Eisikovits, 2003; Mellibruda, 1999; Ryś, 2008a), with
corroborated hypotheses that strong
control exercised by men over their wives often takes the form
of domestic violence.
In these studies, there was no correlation between respect for
one’s rights and taking
over responsibility for the feelings and actions of the spouse
and the marital quality.
The correlation analysis of demographic and socio-economic
factors such as age of the
spouses, their level of education, place of residence and the
material conditions, the time
length of marriage and number of children as well as the level
of interpersonal dependency
showed statistically significant correlation between the length
of marriage and taking over
responsibility for the feelings and actions of spouse. This means
that the longer the
relationship, the more responsibility for the feelings of the
partner is taken. Probably it has to
do with mutual, various obligations, such as responsibility
towards children and extended
family, or financial obligations. One partner’s high
irresponsibility is burden to the family,
because the other spouse is trying to compensate for the losses
incurred. “Taking
responsibility for the partner's feelings and actions” is one of
the subscales of Interpersonal
Dependency Scale. If it correlates with the length of marriage,
it can mean that the length of
the relationship, to some extent, positively correlates with
interpersonal dependency,
deepening its level and the emotional involvement of the
spouses in a destructive relationship.

This result confirms the research of Jerzy Mellibruda and Hanna
Szczepańska (1996), who
demonstrated that a sense of inability to farewell with a partner
(which is a sign of
codependency) is paradoxically strengthened by the duration of
the relationship and the
subsequent destructive events caused by the partner’s addiction
and by repeated attempts to
leave the partner (Mellibruda, 1999, p. 81).
The correlation analysis of demographic and socio-economic
factors such as age of the
spouses, their level of education, place of residence and the
material conditions, the time
length of marriage and number of children and the marital
quality two statistically significant
correlation have been demonstrated.
First, it demonstrated a positive, statistically significant
correlation between the
number of children and a realistic assessment of the marital
quality. This means that the more
children, the higher the marital quality according to realistic
assessment of the spouses, in
71
other words, if the spouses have more children, they assess their
relationship more

realistically.
Secondly, it also showed a negative, statistically significant
correlation between the
number of children brought up and a ideal image of the
relationship. This means that a greater
number of children in marriage at the same time lowers the
image of the perfect couple.
In conclusion, this study has shown that there are differences
between the real
assessment of the marital quality and the ideal image of the
relationship in the perception of
the spouses in relation to the number of children raised.
Namely, the people have more
children, the more realistically assess the quality of their
relationship, but on the other hand,
the increase in the number of children causes a decrease in the
perfect image of the
relationship. Therefore, studies show that there is a correlation
between the number of
children and the marital quality.
There are studies that indicate that the level of satisfaction with
the marriage is to a
small extent dependent on coping with external tasks, such as
raising children or family
financial security. It is crucial to maintain internal cohesion
while in a relationship as well as
positive, mutually supportive actions and to avoid negative
behaviors and feelings, that is to
maintain a satisfactory level of intimacy (Brichler et al., 1975;
Gottman, 1979; Levinger,
1964; for: Wojciszke, 2005, p. 149). Correlation analysis
performed in this paper partially
confirms the above-mentioned studies, showing no correlation

between economic status of
marriages, place of their residence and the marital quality.
However, it has shown the
correlation between the number of children and the marital
quality. No correlation may be
explained by the fact that the research has been carried out
mainly in the city (the city of
Warsaw) and the most common assessment of the material
conditions in the "good" category.
Therefore, these correlations require a more complex and
accurate analysis based on a more
differential sample.
These studies are also consistent with the psychological
literature, in which a group of
studies shows no statistically significant correlation between
age or level of education of the
spouses and the quality of their marriage. It should be noted,
however, that the literature
points to the pluralism of the results of the study for the
homogamy of the spouses and the
quality of their relationship. There are studies that show direct
correlation between the multi-
dimensional similarity between spouses (eg, in terms of
education, age, social and physical
attractiveness of the spouses) and their perceived marital
satisfaction (cf, eg: Levinger, 1979;
Rostowski, 1987; Garrison, Anderson, Reed, 1968, for: Ryś,
1999, p. 103). Other studies have
put the emphasis on the connection between the marital quality
and the spouses’ activity for
its good, showing no statistically significant correlation
between the quality of the
relationship and intellectual differences of the spouses (eg,
education) (see eg Braun-
Gałkowska, 1985, Nias, 1979 , for: Wojciszke, 2005;

Laskowski, 1987; Berscheid, Walster,
1978; Romer, Bergson, 1979, Walster, Aronson, Abrahams,
Rottmann, 1971, for: Ryś, 1999,
p. 102; Plopa, 2008).
The issue of the quality of a relationship is a vast subject, and
the research contained
in this paper does not exhaust the range. Interpersonal
dependency is a present and serious
mental problem of many people involved in a destructive
relationship with a partner. It is
therefore worthwhile to continue and deepen the study of the
psychology of human
relationships, including marital quality. Valuable and
interesting could be the research on the
quality and the intimacy of a marriage and a sense of coherence
and interpersonal
dependency, as well as any research aimed to find a new and
effective therapeutic methods
used in working with interpersonally dependent people.
72
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ISSN 2071-789X
Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2. 2012
153
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Yulia Borshchevska
Centre of Sociological Research
Konovalca str. 10/49
Ternopil,46020
Ukraine
Tel.: +380 352 423758
Helena Štimac
Faculty of Economics Osijek
Gajev trg 7
Croatia
HR-31000 Osijek
Tel. +385/31/224-400
Fax. +385/31/211-604
E-mail [email protected]

Mirna Leko Šimić
Faculty of Economics Osijek
Gajev trg 7
Croatia
HR-31000 Osijek
Tel. +385/31/224-400
Fax. +385/31/211-604
E-mail [email protected]
Alina Irina Popescu
Department of International Business and Economics
Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest 010374,
Romania
6, Piata Romana, 1st district,
Tel.:+4.021.319.19.00;
Fax: +4.021.319.18.99
Email: [email protected]
Ivan Gryshchenko
Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design
Nemirovich-Danchenko Street, 2
Kyiv 01011, Ukraine
Tel.:+38044-280-05-12
Maria Chmielewska
Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński
University in Warsaw
ul. Dewajtis 5
01-815 Warszawa, Poland
Tel.: 22 561 88 00
P. Martin Dumas
Département des relations industrielles
Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval
1025, av. des Sciences-Humaines Pavillon J.-A. DeSève,

bureau 3260 Québec, Canada G1V A6
Tel : 418 656-3333
Şansel Özpinar
Adnan Menderes University
Adnan Menderes University Nazilli İİBF İsabeyli Kampüsü
Nazilli/AYDIN/TURKEY
TEL: +902563477011
FAX: +902563477016
E-Mail: [email protected]
Necdet Coşkun Aldemir
Süleyman Demirel University
Efeler Mahallesi 326. Sokak No:19 Kat:2
Şirinyer/İZMİR/TURKEY
E-Mail: [email protected]
Dolores Gallardo-Vazquez
Department of Finance and Accounting
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
University of Extremadura
Avda. Elvas, s/n 06006 Badajoz
Spain
Isabel Sanchez-Hernandez
Department of Business Management and Sociology
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
University of Extremadura
Avda. Elvas, s/n 06006 Badajoz
Spain
Gergely Nyilasy
University of Melbourne,
Victoria 3010
Australia,
Tel.: +(61 3) 8344 4000

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