English Grammar Notes provides concise summaries of key grammar topics in 3 sentences or less: 1) It discusses the different types of articles - definite and indefinite - and their usage. 2) It examines coordinating and subordinating conjunctions and how they join clauses and sentences. 3) It also covers other grammar topics like infinitives, present participles, gerunds, modal auxiliaries, and prepositions - explaining their forms and functions in short definitions.

1. English Grammar Notes
By Prof. Hemant Datar
Scanned and Compiled by Ankush Pathak
For any answers in the book “Credits-
Akash Rahane”
Congratulation, the great work of Datar sir now in ebook form.
This is an open source project
Please distribute this knowledge

2. lOthEng.Medium prof. Mhasawaoe's Shr[iash C[asses Page No. 2
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3. l0thEng.Medium
tive adiectrr:"
& lndefiniteArticles'
two types of articles, Definite
lndefinite Articles :- a or an
n) hdeltEilg-&ileleioarl person orthing' so it leaves
IEreri'rrve qvvv"'
reference aboutthe
used rr*rhbn there is no
when ls
n a it is usually
the Person or Place indefinite' . .
nouns'
ii) jiir'rrua before singular countable
iiil it suggests singular sense' is determined by (vowelsc
rund) sound of the word
before'
iv) The use ot ' J'n article
which it is Ptaced'
vt
v)lfthewordbeginswithaconsonantsoundarticle.a,isusedandbeforeaword
is used'
vowel sound'an'
o"Enning witii
person or prae or when there is
,The, is used when we refer to a particular
B) Detinite artipre :
contexi makes it clear)
-
reference to the pU;; ;;;t"
""tri"iitn"
noun refers to class
ii ,t is used when a singular
',,, which are unique
books, narnes and thinss
- ,. ,i;t;*:li[nnil"",]ifil#'";
iii) ln suPerlative degree'
ExamPles:
a consonanr
a vowe'u, but the sound is or
ll:rflffiil:fiIffi?"'i,'[ilith
above
3) 3 EuroPean - same
as
the whole class of animals'
5)
v'rII9f,r= useful animal - representing
cow is a'
came - refers to anY beggar'
6) One evening a beggar
1
book is'already known'
available - reference to the
y;u;;ia "*
7) The book
For Practice
1) Sanskrit is """"""' diffrcult language'
2)The guide knows """"""'way'
most populated country'
3) lndia is one of """"""'
4) Do You see blue skY'
5) lron is .......'.'..." usefulmetal'.
8l Peacock is """''"""' beautifulbird'
gilf you meethim, give him message'

4. 10th Eng. Medium prof. Mhasawade's Shrilrash Classes page No, 4
merely joins together sentehces and sometimes words.
conjuctions.
A) Co'ordinating coniuction : When the conjuction joins together two statements of clauses
A)
of equal rank it is called as co-ordinating conjunction. So co-ordinating conjunction joins to-
gether clauses of equal rank.
The co-ordinating conjunctions are ;
.
i) When one statement is merelv ioined to another, "and" is used.
staternent
ii) When opposition or contrast between two statement is expressed, conjunctions like
' 'but', 'still'only are used.
iii) When a choice between two alternatives is expressed. 'or', 'nor', 'else' is used.
B) Sub'ordinatirig coniuction : A sub-ordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which
, it depends for its frll *=Ml9ltr!-ordinrting gonjr*tions are ;
l"After,beCause,if,@
"After, because, if, that, though, although, till,
I before, unless, as, when, where, while.
while. I
Conjuctionsarefurtherclassifiedaccordingtotheirmeaning
1) Referring to Time - before, till, since, after.
2) Referring cause or reason - because, since, as.
3) Referring to purpose - so that, Iest.
A)Referring to result - so .......... that.
5) Condition - if, unless.
6) Concession - though, although, yet.
7) Comparison - then.
1) I waited at the bust stop till myiriends came.
2)Rahul and Suresh are good'friends.
3) lwanted to study but lwas too tired.
4) I shallpunish you, if you continue bad practices.
5)We can travelby bus ortrain.
6) I started early still I reached late.
7) He will come if you lnvite him.
9) Man proposes buf God disposes.
10) She worked day and night so that she can achieve the target.
11) Time and tide wait for no man.
12) My grandmother died before I was born.
13) Thouqh he was bed-ridden, he did not lose the hope.
14)The earth is largerthan moon.

5. ( 10th Eng. Medium Prof. Mhasawade,s Shriyash Classes Page Nr
I
I
a
i-- I
I
I
1
I
I
t
t-
i
I
l)lnfinitive.lnfinitiveisthebaseformofavern.tti@n",,ffi..to+mi
i) it is used as subject of the verb, objec
t6t'tneverb.
ii) it is used to qualify rb to express a purpose.
iii) to qualify an adjective
Examples:
1) I have come to see you.
2) Everybodywishes to enjoy life.
3) lt is difficutt to tead a happy life.
4) He was quick to understand the point.
5)This is not the time to play. ..
6) The programme was about to begin.
7) He refused to obey the orders.
8)To err is human.
9)The girlwere anxious to learn new skills.
10) You must reach the place to attend
the party,
Examples for Fractice :
1) Every cricket team has a captain. He directs the other prayers.
2) I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
3) The body reqqires nutrients for the
maintenance of it.
4) He works hard for earninq lir"tihooO.-
"
5) Music has effect. lt can so the us.
6) tcan afford ......(buy) a richlarment.
7) lt is ...:......... (believe) the origin of
some customs.
8) lndia played poorly. We were sure ,...... (lose)
the match.

6. l0thEng.Medium prof. Mhasawade's shriyash classes page No. 6
E) Present Participte - present participle is a form of verb which ends in -'ing'
form and
mostly used to qualify a noun. ltgenerallydescribesthe noun. i. e. it is used as adjective
orverbal adjective or adjective phrase.
1)We met a girlcarrvinq a basket of flowers.
2)A rollinq stone gathers no moss.
3) Hearino the commotion, lcame out.
4) We use washins machine to wash clothes.
5) I saw a boy get down from a runninq bus.
@ Gerund - Gerund is a form of verb which ends in 'ing' but has the force of noun or a verb.
Gerund may be used as
1) Subject of the verb - playing cards is not allowed here.
2) object of a transitive verb - children like making mud casfles.
3) Object of a preposition - I am tired of waiting.
- He was punished fortelling a lie.
4) Complement of a verb - Seeing is believing.
- Smoking not allowed.
1) Modalauxiliaries are also called as helping verbs.
2) Modal auxiliaries indicate mood.
3) They are always used with anotherverb and they change the
meaning,
4)Auxiliary verbs are classified into two groups :
i) Primary ii) Modat
Intransitive
Forms of Forrns of Forms of can must
To Be To Do To Have could oughtto
am do have will used to
is does has would dared to
are did had shall need to
was should
were may
might

7. lO,h Er& M"dtr- rrof. Mhasawaoe's ShriyaSh CIaSSeS Pug" W
n Modal Auxiliarv
AuxiliarY
;il
I Function
lndication / Function
Indication
-l
I I
1
1) Can possibility I
Could I can - indicates ability, capacity or possibility
rl I Can /l Could I
I I Could permission
I couto - indicates ability, permission I I
L', I will
2) will I' *,*te certaintv, request, warning
To indicate certainty,
I
warning I I
I ,i I May
MAY I
permission, less certainty
3) I u."o to express possibility,
Used
I
permission' certainty
I
Shoutd I To express desirability,
Should advice orsuggestion
I
I ol I I
4) I
advice orsuggestion
I
to I ro express habitual action in the pastwhich is preenfly I
preently
I u, I
5) Woutd / Used to
Would To I
"rpr"ss
I I I discontinued,ProbabilitY I
discontinued, ProbabilitY
1
6) oughtto I to"*pr"ssmoraldutyorresponsibitity I
lu)l Oughtto To express moral duty or responsibility
I ro inoi.,te obligation or compulsion
I
7
l''"1
Must
I n I Must t To
indicate compulsion
:
I I
t**of:yitl:;:fi:r:mera
for a day - here it indicates possibirity.
, 2)You can go now - here it expresses permission'
I gi Dr.Sinna-mav be on tour - here it expresses possibility or uncertainty or less certainty'
I +l.May I have your attension please ? - here it indicates permission orrequest.
I S) We will need the money on 10th - indicator certainty'
request-
I O) Wj.1!you help me in this serious matter- here itexpresses
I li Wif f ,ou leave me alone for godsalce ? - expresser threat orwaming
I Ai V* rf.rould follow the traffic rules - expresses desirabili$ or suggestion'
I ;1to, ,rrl i,nprove your presentation - it expresses necessity or obligation'
I f O) We ousht to help elderly people - here it indicates moral responsibility.
f f l Wft* f *as a boy of six, I used to live in avillage-expresses
habitual past.
I
I f 2) Prices ouqht lo come down - expresses probability'
I n preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show the relation be-
I t*""n ihe person orthing talked aboutwith another person orthing.
I Exampte: joins noun to another noun'
| 1) There is a flower in the qarden - the preposition '!n'
I - Z) They are fond of coffee - here the preposition'o'[ joins noun to adjective.
'at' joins noun to verb..
I 3) Rahulwaited at the bus-stop - here the preposition
Prepositions are classified into following classes.
A) Simple PrePositions :
ffi;foflropn,ln of, on, out, through, till, to, up, with
/ adjective adverb.
B) Compound prepositions :.Formed by prefixing a preposition to a noun
about, above, across, albng, around, before, behind,
below, besider between, inside, within, without
cl nnras" er"positions : Group of words used with a force of a single preposition.

8. 10th Eng. Medium prof. Mhasawade,s Shriyash CIasseS Page No. 8
Relations Expressed by Prepositions
Relation Preposition which indicate
1) Place about, across, among, at, besides, in, into, under, through
2)Time after, before, at, by, during, until, since, till
3) Manner by, with
4) Cause, reason for, from, with, of purpose
5) Measure, rate, value at, of, by
6)Contrast for, with, after
7)Agency, instrument at, by, through, with
Prepositional Phrases
1) according to 2) in accordancewith 3) in place of
,
4) agreeable to 5) in reference to 6) along with
7) in comparison to 8) on behalf of 9) in spite of
10) by means of 11) in compliance with 12)owing to
13) with a view of 1 ) by virtue of 1 5) on account of
16) for the sake of 17) with reference to 1B) in order tp
1 9) in consgquence of 20) in case of 21)in the course of
22) along with 23) beca-use of 24)infront of
25) in the event of 26)from the bottom of 27) accompanywith
28) in hbsence of 29) in lieu of
Words Followed by Prepositions
Certain Nouns, Adjectives and participles are always followed by particular preposition
1)famous for 2) fond of 3) teeming with
4)divided into 5) endowed with 6) appropriate to
7) beneficialto 8) worthy to / of g) accountable to
10) entitled to 11) indifferent to 12) ambition for
13) desire for: 14) guarantee for 15) opportunity for
16) acquaintance with 17) doubt of of
18) faiture
19)want of 20) access to 21) attachment to
22)attention to 23) encouragement to- 24) objection to
25) opposition to 26) escape from 27) acceptable to
28) applicable to 29)contraryto 30) devoted to
31) loyal to 32) prone to 33)restriCted to
34) prior to 35) suitabled in . 36)involved in
37) inversed in 38) busywith 39) endowed with
40) infected with

9. CXasses Page No. 9
ailached to a statement or assertive sentences.
furcefulorassert more meaning. Generally it is used
reptthe sentence.
ffiEgSenbnces
ssrtence is afiirmative or negative.
seffienes have negative question tags and a[ negative sentences have
"..*. tag.
ffil .Hntags are attached by using helping verbs. So find out, (Urere any helping verb in
' In{iren sentence. The helping verbs are :
- am, is are, was, were do, does, did, have, has, had, @n, couH, will, would, shall,
should, may, might
4) lf ttrere is helping verb in the given sentence the same trelpng verb is used to add a ques-
tion tag, depending on affirmative/ negativestatement
5) tf these is no helping verb :
a) For present Tense sentence take the help of helping verb 'do' or 'does' for question
tag.
t
b) For past tense sentences, use 'did' for questioi g.
6) Exception :
a) All the helping.verbs have negative form, formed by adding 'not i.e. can -
can,t, was -
wasn't but am - has no negative form. So in affirmafue sentences, if there is helping verb
'am' it is changed to'aren't'and not as,amn'tt.
b)Thenegativeformofwill-iswillnotbutitiswrittenaSwon,t.
7) For lmperative Sentences (orders)
i)Affirmative orders have 'will you,as a question tag.
ii) For imperatives beginning with Let's - the question tag is atways.'shaltwe,.
8) The subject word of a sentence is put after the hetping verb. Do not forget to put question
a
mark.
Examples:
1) Stay there, will you ?
2) Theywalked allthe way home, didn,t they ?
3) Let's help them, shallwe ?
4)The children weren't happy, were they ?
5) lam hungry, aren't l?
6) He is an intelligent student, isn,t he ?
7) She doesn't look tired, does she ?
8) Mrs. Pradhan enjoys music, doesn't she ?
9)You never miss your mark, do you ?
10) Shobha won the hearts of spectators, didn,t she ?

10. l0thEng.Medium prof. Mhasawade,s ShrigaSh CtraSSeS Page No. 10
Examples for Practice :
1) She never neglected the poor.. oL fh"2
2) I am not impressed, AM J ( "U
3) He performs his duties ditigenily_ ls"1nf
k7
4) The Prince was an unhappy man..
/ u)e) n,f h, i2
(
5) Wewilltake regular.exercise. woril w cl
6) Pay the money., c, i U( p1o
u?
7) Let's go for a tr:ip. , &^ o.U p / t_
8)Machine helps us in roo"rn ti#.,' nt f,b*( /
d*
9)Turn the faucet. . uj,U V q"'L t .1
10) Mothercouldn't believe it. .
LoLJd kvl
Staternents or assertives are transformed into interrogatives without changing
the mean-
ing of the given sentence. While transforming to interrogativ6, use following.t"p..
1) see i,vhether the given sentence is affirmative or negative.
2)All affirmative sentences have negative interrogation (i.e question) and
negative sentences
have affirmative interrogation.
3) Questions are formed using the given helping verb in the sentence.
4) lf there is no helping verb, then 'do, does or did' is used depending
on the tense of a sentence
and subject of it.
Examples:
1) Therewas no need for such a rash action
, Was there a need for such a rash action ?
2) People have learnt to wear faces.
Haven't the people learnt to wear faces ?
3)Art is equalty important.
Isn't art equally important ?
4) We discussed the preparations for the party.
Didn't we discuss the preparations for the party ?
5) He was always indifferent to his subjects.
Wasn't he indifferentto his subjects ?
While transforming Assertive sentences to Exclamatorywe need
to lookfortwo points.
i) if there is noun after the adjective
ii) if there is only adjective without a noun.
1) When there is a noun after the adjective such sentences are changed
to exclamatory by using
'whaJ'in the beginning. Also one can easilytransformAssertive
tJfxctamatow, ov looking for
words like'very' or'a very, in a given sentence.

12. l0thEng.Medium prof. Mhasawaoe,s ShriyaSh CIaSSeS Page No. 12
The above examples make it clear that all affirmative question have negative
assertives
all negative questions have affirmative assertions. This is required to klep the meaning
11d
same.
1) Was he not a viltain to do such deed ?
2) How can you be so rude to me ?
3) ls that the way one should earn money ?
4)Are we here to simply waste time ?
5) Why don't you understand my feetings t
1) While transforming such sentences, care needs td be taken that the transformation
is done
without changing the meaning of a given sentence.
2) There are no fixed rules fortransformation.
3)Generally "Antonyms"are used to transform.The differentways of transformation
are ;
A) By using negative word and opposite word.
B) By using fail to i failed to / fails to in place of donlt / didn't / doesn't respectively.
C) By'using' 'unable to' inplace of ,can not, or ,could not,.
D) By using 'nothing but' or except in place of ,only,.
E) By using words like hardly, none but, no other, nobody.
Following Table will give you an idea of different pairs of Affirmative i Negative
constructions.
Negative Affirmative
1) no hardly any i without / less / litfle
2) nobody hardly anybody / everybody
3) never always, ever
4) can not am / is I are + unable to
5) colld not was /were +.unable to
6) do not / does not fail to / fails to
7) didnot failed to
8) nothing but, no one, except only
9) no more dead
10)didn't speak kept mun, was silent
1'l) not ordinary, extraordinary experienced
12) not sure unsure, doubtful
13)never, notforget always remember
14) do not includelinvolve exclude, omit
15) not easy difficult
16) firsttime never before
17) not careful careless
18) not allow ban, disallow

14. ffi;shrilrastt ct"ttgt Page No. 14
l0thEng.Medium
passive voice as subiect'
of a sentence is used in
The above exampt" shows that obiect
Dr. Desaitreats allthe Patients
are treated -bv Dr. Desai
_L--
AlL"rd"$: form of to be VPP
obiect j
Passive Voice,is ;
So the structure used for
+ of +
form Verb in + by + Subiect
Object
Tobe Past
am ParticiPle
is
are
ExamPles
1) PeoPle PaY differenttaxes'
zi She enioYs swimming'
3) llearn German language'
.
- ilirre priest performs allth.e situals'
poor the needy'
5i My father helps the
B) SimPle PastTense
ffi; Verb in + bY + subiect
To be Past
was /were ParticiPle
won a greatvictory
verb oblect
From of To be
lndia lost match
An imPortant match
WAS
-:-- -J--
lost _grs
From of To be VPP
object
Hedrew rnany sketches.
drawn by him
ManY sketches
were
From of To be VPP
object
ExamPles:
.1)Hewrote a courteous letter'
' 2) Mothergave me mY Pocketmoney'
' 3) He received the Parcel'
4) Teacher taught grammar'
5) She made a remarkable Progress'

15. E:=i@e=-
I0th Eng. Medium
2) Continuous Tense. Page No. tS
Structure
Form sgls gs-;J;;il verbinp""G
Padicipte
* They
sub thevictory
verb
obJeqt
* Thevictory
is
object being celebrated
From of.to be bythem.
VPP
1) Governmqnt is undertaking
a gaintproject.
2) police we
?1
uv r,i"n o-[ fi["j'::J::fl
*
4) lVtr. Benjamin
*r. .onOr.ting
5) Managerwas ""u"r.f.
scolding tfre ct"erf.
3) PerfectTense.
Structure
have + been
has Verbinpast
participle
. ry}ffi
had
We have coilected
sub the necessary papers.
verb
t Thenecessarypapers -
object
object have been
ro* oit'oirr" t'[?To bvus
1) She has seen
the film.
The film has been
seen by her.
2) He has conducted
the e-i-p-eril"ntr.
"
The gxoariinanra ,
have been conducted
^^.'.^
4) Hetping verb
is ffif"t- bv him.
:ffi:'ffi Tilff, HT lHffi ,#,1.#,:f . *," voice
fi
Structure :"ff rh e y a re
+, Verlinpast + 6

17. Positiveform Comparative form Superlative fornn
Positive Comparative Superlative
good better best
large larger largest
happy happier happiest
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

18. l0&Eng.Medium
Prof. Mhasawade,s
Str.iyrit G
YvvrsED wrrr ,rerp us
tn using the same
sentence in different.
[_-y-'-' sentences This ;#;;"lrr"r-
types of
+ est/mostrorm.i
in the
:'ffiT[:"tJf,?f:illil?:::,Ifi::,,,ll,iv;deoree e one object
l$iffiH:T",fi'""fi?*:r;',,,,,e desree in one o*he + est / most rorm . i e one
:]$i""Jl
(person r pr"."inins)
3:ffi?H:Tr"" are compared with
each other.
Wordsworth was the greatest
poef.
ErarnpleType B
,
Footballis otne of the
most popular games
in Europe.
Erampre Type c
pune is cooler
_
trterchange of degree
than Mumbai.
of comparison.
TypeA-The+est/most
TYPe B - One of the +
est/ most
TypeC-Twoobjects
,*,rhrrglof degree ata gtance.
the + ss1/ most
one ofthe + est /
veryfew...... ' er/_more +
most than
are/were....
most-other......
so........ as,
er/ more + than
S-fudy
the above tabte carefully
ExamplesType A
Rahul Bajaj is the
most successfut man.
hsilive No other man is as
Comparative - successful as Rahul
Bajaj.
Rahul Bajaj is more
successfulthan any
Erampbs Type B other man.
Computer is one of
the gr:eatest inventions.
Fositive Very few inventions
Gomparativd - ,r. .o nr"rir. ."rputer.
Computer is greaterthan
Eramples Type C most o,i"r ru"ntions.
hsitive is not as expensive
&mparative - lilver as Gold.
Gold is more expensive
than Sitver

19. l0thEng.Medium prof. Mhasawade's Shriyash Classes Page No. 19
Examples for Practice :
This is
1) The actual words spoken by the speaker are written in double inver
2) When the same words are reported by someone, then it is indirect spr
nges for
3) When the words are reported certain changes take place. There are
differenttype of sentences. Generally the sentences that are changed
speech are:
A)Statements(Assertives)B)Questions(ln
C)Commands&Request(orders)D)Exclamation
4) We will study each type separately.
5) The changes that take place commonly are :
i) lnverted commas are removed'
ii) Pronouns are changed as per person.
iii) Question mark & exclamation mark are removed
iv) Following words change as given below.
Direct lndirect
Yeasterday the previous day
today thatday
now then
tomorrow the nextday
this that
these those
-here there
here there
tonight that night
ago before

20. lfthEng.Medium prof; Mhasawade,s ShriyaSh CIaSSeS page No. 20
A) Changes in Sfatemenfs
'1) when the iReporting Verb' is say / says it remains without change,
2) When the reporting verb is'said to' orthere is reference to two persons then the reporting
verb.changes to "told".
3) Conjunction 'that' is used before the indirect statemerit.
4) Personal pronouns as perperson and gender.
5) "hrng"
Verb in the sentences is changed to past tense.
6) ln case the given sentence is in past tense, it is changed to past perfect tense. (had +
verb in past participle)
Examples with Exptanation
t) Rakesh said,'ldon't understand this."
t Rakesh said that he didn't understand that.
2l Teachersays, "The earth goes round the sun.,,
* Teacher says that the earth goes round the sun.
3) Mother said to Mohan, "l have told you to cornplete your homework today."
{' Mother told Mohan that she had told him tb complete his homework that day.
4 He said,
.l
did it."
* He said that he had done it.
5) Father said, "l shall sign the report cafd tomorrow, shraddha."
.!. Father told shraddha that he would sign the report card the next day.
B) Changes in Questions
1) Before we discuss the changes, we should note that there are two types of questions
namely; i) wh euestions ii) verbar euestions (yes / no)
2) Verbalquestions begin with helping verbs.
3) Wh questions begin with 'Wh'words like what, when, where, why including how.
Ghanges in 'Wh Quesfions,
1) Reporting verb said / said to is changed to asked.
2) 'Wh'question is used without change.
3) The question in the direct speech is changed into statement in indirect speech,
4) So, in indirect speech the subject is written first, followed by verb, to make it statemenl.
5) Personal pronouns change as per.person and gender,
6) Verb is changed to past tense.
Examples with Explanation
1) He said to her, "What do you want ?,,
* He asked her what she wanted
2) "Where do you live ?", said the stranger.
* The stranger asked / enquired where I lived.
3) Manager said to us, "Where are you going ?,,
{. Manager asked where we were going.

22. 10th Eng. Medium prof. Mhasawade's
Shriyash Ctasses Page.No. 22
D) Changes ,n Exclamatory Senfences
1) Reporting verb said is changed to,,exclaimed,,.
Exclamatory sentence'in direct speech is
?l
3)
changed into assertive sentence.
so, conjunction that is used before the indirect
sentence
4) certain words.are used to bring out the emotions
/ feelings of the exclamation like.
angrily, joyfully, sadly, shouted, lovinglywith
fear.
5) Personal pronouns and verbs change as
necessary.
There are certain expressions exclamations
which need to be studied separately.
Direct Speech lndirect Speech
1) Bravo I
applauded saying
2) "Ha, Ha', he cried he laughed aloud
3) your majesty
addressing the king respectfully
Examptes f6r practice
1) He said, "My God ! lam ruined,,.
2) "Tell me what is this book about",
chetan said to Kapir.
3) "l can't do so", Rajesh said.
4l He said, "When do you wish to visit ?,,
5) "How facinating the land iJ !,, Joseph
said.
1) sentences which begin with if or unless are
conditional sentences.
?) Conditional sentences has two parts main
clause and conditional clause.
3) has alwavs simple future tense and the
conditionatctause
I[:[i'iH'g:t" has simpre
Example
A' lf you mix the sorution properry, you
wi, qet good resurts.
4, sentence having if crause can be written
using ,,Unress,,.
5) Remember "Unless" is used with negative
sense so certain changes need to be done
while using unless.
'study
the forowing exampres for better crarity
on the topic.
1) lf you work hard, you willsucced.
* Unless you work hard you won,t succed.
2l lf the patient is not operated immediatery,
he wiil die.
* Unress the patient is operated immeoiatery,
r.," *irroi".
3) To keep it safe with you, you wiil have
to rook after it. (if)
+ lf you want to keep if safe with you, you
wiil have to rook after it.
4l To dismiss this aspect as hero-worship
is Churlish.
t lf will be churrish if you dismiss this aspect
as hero-worship.

23. ul_nn"doesn,tpayhistelephonebill,theywillcutofthe.connection.
*Unlesshepayshistelephonebill,theywillcutofftheconnection.
we c-"-' control Pollution'
;annot
6) Unlessthere are good roads'
we cannot csntrol pollution'
* lf there are no good roads'
1)Sentenceshavingt*offidinatorsarecalledcompoundsentence.
tvpe of construction is used
2) ln certain sentences special ::i::: ::::::::,::i:lo.'fllil;
or having same subject but
different
:lffilil"r*
"' 'r"iut ,.;IiJn-J",r.,"uins two different subjects
5i";oin"o by 'not only " " " but also"
both the sentences first'
4) For joining with'not only but also'take words common to
before
by placing not only and but also
5) Then two aciion verbs or complements are ioined
them.
ExamPles:
away'
1) He stole a gold necklace' He managed to run
1
' i
j
also managed to run away'
{. He not onlistole a gold necklace but produces rubber'
2l Kerala produces rubber' Tamil Nadu produces rubber'
; Not only Kerala but alsoTamil Nadu
, 3) , she *' *urded by the police. she.wal t:*,i*:.Ytheschool'
vrsv
't ur rv was rewarded not onlY bY the police bul also bythe school'
* She a solution'
4) Our scientist took ttiis as a challange' They found also folnd t
* our scientists not onlytook this as a challenge lut lo'"*_1 - begins
in sentence'2'above the sentence
as
when two different subiects arethere
with not only'
)ther communities celebrate Diwalifestivat.
Diwalifestival'
5) Hindus celebrate r.irrrari fi:crirrat
I li"*;;** or, rr.o ot rg*Tunitiu. r.bbrate Diwarifestivar.
"r
clear and effective'
1) Punctuation makes the writing
use of some punctuation
reration of your thoughts to one
another can be crearry shown by
2) The
marks.
are used commonly'
3)'Following punctuation marks initials
and orders. Arso it is used after
A) The Fuil stop -This is used atthe end of statements
and abbreviations'
e.g. 1) He is bored todaY'
2) Please come ln'
3) R.R. Patil/ S'P' Balsubramaniam'
4) U.S.A. /w'H.O'
B)TheQuesticinMark?Thisisusedattheendof(uestions,wordsindicatingq'i]].11],^^
orsentence expresslng
is used after aword' phrase
c) The ExclamatiOn Point (Mark) !-This
a strong feeling.
il

24. ,.
..g. Jrr :, narran
l .
I ^. _ Comma - the ftower is !
How beautifut e
O)fne This is used
I
t^"^:?p?irr" iong co-ordinating clause of a
I compound
I Senlence.
- between words, phrases, clauses
| - to set off phrases, clauses,
in a series.
| words that introduce a
I sentence.
,,]
I e; tnrerted Commas [,, - They are used
- to separate direct speech from
| the rest of the sentence.
- to mark out tiiles of stories, poems.
I - to enclose quoted words within
| a sentence.
Dfne Apostrophe - [ ,] This is used
I' -to form the possessives of a noun.
|
, - to-s-how omission of letters
e.g. boy,s parents
e.g. didn,t [did not]
^. ^
G) Capitat l-etters - These are used to
-beginvvytt I
- proper nouns _ Nair, Haris etc.
rrv
- the pronoun ,,l,,and interjection ,,O,,
.
- the tiiles
- specific names., awards, days of the week,
first letter of
the word in a direct quotation
1)As soon as or No sooner.... than
rr**ililcrauses.
2) There are two action words in
a sentence ,no ir',"v q. v either dependant
!y I ,v, rn. srrl rst urrpcl luafll or related
othgr. o to each
3)As soon as is a conjunction pharse
and No sooner.... than is also a conjuction
pharse.
4) There is no change in the meaning
but the construction for No sooner
changes.
Study the following examples :
1)As Soon as the sun sets, birds return
to their nests.
No sooner does the sun set than
the birds return to their nests.
2) As Soon as reach the ground,
we see many activities.
No sooner do we reach the ground
than we see many acticities.
3)As Soon as the batsman was given
out people stood up.
NoSoonerwas the batsman given outthan
people rtooO up.
4)As Soon as he reached home, he was
called again.
No Sooner did he reachhome than
he was called again.

25. 10th Eng. Medium prof. Mhasawade's
Shrbrash CIassE Page No. 25
1)sentence is a group of words which
makes
2) ln the anarysis of a sentence it "oroilir".
is divided into two parts ii .e. Subject
and predicate
are the word / words which denote the person
or thingabout which something
" :j,?:* is
b) Subject may be one word or
severalwords.
c) subject is arways a noun or group
a of words that does the work
of a noun.
d) tn a sentence a sroup or words
more important lr'1lg cailed as ,subject
r, ;;o*, il;, qrvvcrys ulle word which is
rvrv #;:;"
re
that is word,.
e)'subject word is qualified by adjective
or adjective equivatent which ts
Yurydreilr wnrcn is,Enlargement /
Attribute,
Studythe following examples
;
1) Rahan's father is a specialist
Attribute Subjectword
2) The students of Shriyash
ctass are realy brilliant
JJ
Subject word Attribute
a) Predicate consists of one
word or several words, but the essential
word. word is ,verb, i.e. saying
equivarent quarinTing predcate
that is cailed Extension
'ffi:ff",e1ff1i::,,:;."0j""''" /
Adiective phrase :
Adjective phrase is a group of words
that does the work of an adjective
describes a person /placeithing' - i.e. the word
Examptes:
''! '
1) She wore a silk dress.
't:";
.:. She wore a dress made of silk.
2) I like a smiling face.
* I like a face with a simle on it.
* Rogerwas a boywithoutfear.

26. l0thEng.Medium prot. Mr,r.r*"0"'q Shriyasht Classes page No. 26
Adverb Phrase:
Adverb phrase is a group of words modifying 'verb'is called asAdverb phrase.
Examples
1) He answered rudely.
* He answered in a rude manner.
2) She does herwork carelessly.
* She does herwork without care.
n) Simple Sentenq:
A sentgltce which hg only one subject and only one predicate is simple sentence.
1) The te6cher / punis/red the class for disobedience
2) t$tit"o l'-11g tiox I with sreat effort, W
3) Havini tiniin'eO his exercise / he put away his note book.
Combining into a Simple Sentence
1) This can bedone by letting only one of the sentence rernain as a complete sentence with its
own subject and predicate.
2) All the other sentence must be converted into phrases.
3) These ph'rases willthen be attached to the main sentence.
4) The final sentence formed is called a Simple Sentence.
Ways to Convert
A) Converting a sentence into phrase with a present participle.(verb + .ing,form)
e.g. He ran fast. He felldown.
B) Converting thesentenqe dr reducing it to an infinitive (to + main verb form)
e.g. He must work hard and wake up for the lost time.
He mustwork hard to make up forthe losttime.
c) converting a sentence into a phrase with a past participle.
e'g. The books are sold in that shop. The books are second - hand.
The books sold in that shop are second hand.
D) Converting a sentence into a prepositional phrase but with a participle. preposition
I
+ verb + ing form : after / while / before I on lby + ingl
e.g.
1) Shefinishedherwork.Shewentout.
* Afterfinishing herworksheweptout.
2) They heard of the victory. They cheered up.
* On hearing of thevictorytheycheered.
3) He worked hard. He secured first class.
+ He secured first class byworking hard.

27. lfthEng.Medium prof. Mhasawaoe's Shriyash Classes Page No. 27
E)Converting asentencetoa prepositional phrase Ipreposition + Noun] ,. ' l
e.g. Wesawthetiger. ltwason thetree.
We saw the tiger on the tree.
Bl Compound sentence-: ,
A sentence which has two or more principal or main clauses.
Examples
1l He tried hard but he failed to achieve
2lThe ship sank yet the crews were saved.
3lTheywere poor and often they suffered great hardship.
Combining into a Simpte Sentence
1) This can be done by letting two or more sentence remain as a complete sentence with the
own subject and predicate.
2) lf there are more than two sentences, you may convert one of the sentences into a phrase.
3) The two complete sentences are joined by a'Co - ordinator'
The co - ordinators'used are ' and, but, yet orfor'
Not only .... but also / as well as / either..... or/ Neither... nor/ othenruise / are the otht
special type of constructions.
Examples
1) Not only did his fathergive hm money but his mothertoo.
2) He is rich yet he is not contended.
3) The piper advanced and the children followed.
4) Eitheryou must help me or I mustfind a way out myself.
5) Everybody else went to see him but I did not
6) He neither returned the goods nor paid the bill.
7) He must have helped his friend for he is social by nature.
Cl Complex Sentence
-a-
:
A sentence which consist.of one main clause and one or.more subordinate clauses,
I:
Examples
people should die of starvation.
!!is terrible that
1)
2) We did not go as the weather was too stromy.
3) Wherever you go I shall follow you.
4) He can afford to be generous beeause he is rich.
5) We went for a walk on arrival of my friend.
6) His father stilltrusted him, though he had deceived him.
Gombining into a Simple Sentence.
This can be done by treating one of the sentences as a subordinating clause and joining ittol
other sentences with a help of subordinator.

28. , - .'
l0thEng.Medium
0thEng.Medium prof. Mhasawade's
Prof. Shriyash Classes
ShfiyaSh CIaSSeS
=::: No' I
Page No. 30
ixample:
Example:
1) This happened when I was a child of eiqht.
l) Thi;
. Analysis
Analysis
This happened - Main clause
Ihis
the verb
when I was a child of eight - Subordinate adverb clause of time modifying
happened in the main clause
2) You can invest the money wherever you want
3) He bhaved in such a mannerthat his reputation suffered.
4) lwill not send the report, unless you payfor it'
5) Everything happened exactly the way we wa nted it'
6)Hespokeinsuchalowvoicethatnoonecouldhearhim.
OPPosites
l L-bl"
1 able x unable l l 31 benefit
x unable benefit x loss
x
l,2 above above X below ll3232 better
x below better x worse
x
bitter 'x sweet
x sweet
3 absence x presence I I 33 bitter
lg absence
4 abundant x 'scarce I I y' blend
scarce x separat
I
l+ abundant u' blend seParate
'I
5 accept'
lu accept reject
x reject ll353s bold
I
t
bold x timid'l
timid,hy
lu acceptance x rejection I 136 boon
6 accePtance 36 boon x curse
lt7 add add
I
x subtract I I 37 borrowi
borrow x lend
t adequate x inadequate, I I 38 bottom
I 8 adequate X inadequate, 38 bottom x surface
surface
It9 advantage x bisadvantage l* 39 bright
advantage hisadvantagel bright x dull
rO after
I 10 after x before I I 40 broad
before 40 broad x : narrow
11 against x for
I 11 against for I I 41 busY
41 'busY x idle:
idle i
,, agree
I I 12 agree x disagree I I 42 capable x incapal
disagree 42 capable " incaPable
13 always
ll 13 always x never I I 43 capture x release
never 4s caPture releast
,* ancient x modern I I 44 careful
ll 14 ancient modern 44 careful x careler
careless
ll ;; il;;
15 answer x question I I 45 certain x uncertain
x question 45 certain uncert
16 appear x disappear I I 46 cheap
I I ro appear disappear 46 eheap x dear' costly
dear, c
I I ,, approach x retreat I I 47 civilized x uncivil
17 apProach retreat 47 civilized uncivilized
ll ,t appropriate inaPProPriate ou clean
18 appropriate x inappropriate | | 48 clean x dirty
dirtY
ll 19 arrivat x ' departure I I 49 clear
19 arrival deParture 49 clear x - unclet
unclear
ll , ask
20 ask x replv lluo50 clever
reply clever x stuPid
stupid
ll 21 attachment x detachment I I 51 close
,', attachment detachment 51 close x open
ll12 attract x rePel
2. attract repet ll sz comfort x discomfort
52 comfort discot
2g avairable x unavaitabb I I ua common x uncol
ll ,. available unavailable 53 common uncommon
ll 24 ayvare x unaware I I s4 compare x contri
, avvare unaware 54 compare contrast
* backward x foruard
ll 25 backward fonruard lls555 comptement x slur
complement
ll 26 bare
* bare covered t I 56 conceal x show
x covered conceal show
ll , barren x fertite I I s7 confident
27 barren fertile 57 confident x nervc nervous
I Lr 28 beautifut x ugty
beautiful ugly t I s8 connect x discc
58 connect disconnect
ll 29 besin . x end
begin end
llse59 connect x discc
connect disconneet
II "30 behave x misbehave I I 60 conscious x uneonscious
so behave misbehave conscious unco
I

29. E+ GIEAE x desfroy lOG grc*r x srnaller
65 criticise x praise 107 harnfrd x ' harmless
66 crowded x empty 108 'harmony x disharmony
67 cruel x kind 109 healthy x unhealthy
68 curse x bless 110 heavy light
69 damp x dry 111 hospitable i x inhospitable
70 dark x Iight 112 host guest
71 dawn x dusk 113 humility x pride
72 dead x alive 114 hygienic x unhygienic
73 death x birth 115 identified . x unidentified
74 decrease x rncrease 116 increase x. decrease
75 deep x shallow 11V indoor x outdoor
76 defence x offence 118. internal i external
defend x attack 119 interrupted x uninterrupted
78 deny x accept. 120 joy x soriow
79 descend x ascend 121 junior x senior
80 despair x hope 122. just x unjust
81 difficult x easy 123 kindness x cruelty
82 digestion x indigestion 124 knowledge x ignorance
83 direct x indirect 125 least x most
84 discourage x encourage 126 less x more
85 dissimilar - x similar 127 liberty x bondage
86 dream x nightmare 1?8 liberty x bondage
87 efficient x inefficient 129 life x death
88 elaborate x short, simple 130 like x unlike
89 enoourage x discourage 131 loss x gain
x exit 132 washed x unwashed
91 evil x good 133 willing x unwilling
92 fair x unfair 134 loud x soft
93 familiar x Unfamiliar 135 major x rhinor
94 famous x notorious 136 multiply x divide
95 fast x slow 137 near x far
96 fiction x fact 138 necessary x unnecessary
97 first x last 139 ordinary x extraordinary
98 former x latter 140 organized x disorganized
99 forward x backward 141 perfeci x imperfect
100 found x lost 142 permanent x
"r temporary
101 freedom x slavery 143 pleasure x displeasure
102 fr.esh x stale 144 popular x unpopular

30. _
l0th Eng. Medium prof. Mhasa*ro"
Example,
1)This happened when lwas
a child of eiqht.
Analysis
This happened - Main clause
eight - subordinate adverb
ctause or time nnodiryins
13.o.r"rili;,r:HirT::JJ the verb
can invest
il I:l bhaved the money wherever
3) He
you want
in such a mannert,.,rr
4) I will not send the reoorr
r,i,,"pril;, surrereo'
suffered.
,,",^". ,),,-^::I:,':""
{ 5:,;vtr;;ffi ;il:L*#lil; n:;i,IJtrjlted
6) He spoke in such a low t
roi"" *,rt-ni'on" .oriJr,"", ni*.
Opposites
t able
2
X ., unable
31 benefit x
above x below
32 better
loss
3 absence x presence
x worse
4 33 bitter x
abundant x scarce
U btend
sweei
accept reject
x separate
6 acceptance 35 bold x
x rejection
36 boon
timid, shy
7 add x subtract
x curse
8 adequate 37 borrow
g iradvantage
x inadgguate, 38 bottom
x lend
x disadvantage
3e bright
x surface
10. after x before
x dull
11 against 40 broad x
X for
41 busy
narrow
12 agree x disagree
x idtel ,
13 always 42 capable x
x never
43 capture
incapable
14 ancient .x rnodern
x release
15 answer 44 careful x
x question
45 certain
careless
16 appear x disappear
x uncertain
17 approach 46 cheap x
x retreat
47 civitized
dear, cosfly
18 appropriate x inappropriate
x uncivilized
19 arival 48 clean x
x departure
49 clear
dirty
20 ask , reply
x unclear
21 attachment 50 clever x
x detachment
51 close
stupid
22 attract x repel
x open
23 available 52 comfort x
x unavailable
53 common
discomfor{
24 aware x x uncommon
25 backward
unaware
54 compare x
x fonrard
55
contrast
26. bare x complement X slur
27 barren
covered
56 conceal x
x feffle 57
show
28 beautiful , confident x nervous
29 begin
ugly
58 connect x
x end
59
disconnect
30 behave x connect x disconnect
misbehave
60 conscious x unoonscious

32. 10th Eng. Me.dium Prof. Mhasawade,s Shriyash Classes Page No. 32
145 possible x impossible Frame ,Wh, euestion
146 powerful x powerless * Frame a Wh question to get the underlined
147 preserved x destoryed part as answer
148 problem x solution * While framing question take care that the
149 proper x improper underlined part is not repated.
150 protect x harm
151. punishment * Don't forget to put question mark.
x reward
152 push x pull
{. Structure for framing Wh question is
as
153 quickty under.
x slowly
154 rapidly x slowly
Structure - Wh word + helping verb +
sub. + psin
155 regular x irregular
verb + remaining paft + ?
156 related x unrelated Rute No.1 - lf the underlined part suggests
time use
157 resident ,when,
x non-resident
158 responsible x irresponsible
Example - Father arrived at 1- p.m.
159 right x wrong
When did father arrive ?
160 rise x fall
Rule No.2 - lf the underlined part suggests place
161 safe x unsafe
use,where,
162 sensitive Example - Vivek lives in pune.
x insensitive
163 severat x few
Where does Vivek live ?
164 sharp Rule No.3 - lf the underlined part
x blunt suggests thing /
165 soft name / profession use ,what,
x hard, loud
166 strong Example - They heard a lould crv. (narne)
x weak
167 success What did they hear ?
x failure
:168 sudden My father is a teacher. (profession
x gradual )
What is your father ?
169 sweet x sour
17A tame Rule No.4 - lf the underlined part suggests
x wild reason /
purpose use "vuhy,
171 truth x falsehood
172 under x over
Exampte -Dhira worked hard to earn a living.
173 unity x
Why did Dhira *ork h.Ff--
disunity Rule No.5 - lf the underlined part suggests
174 unsuccessful x successful place / thing use ,who,
person /
175 unwelcome x welcome Example - The prince scolded the p6ople.
176 usefill x useless Who scolded the people ?
177 victory -x defeat Rule No.6 - lf the underlined part suggests
indirect
178 voluntary x involuntary object use,whom,
'
179' winner x loser Example -
Mother sent Jvoti to bring medicines.
180 won x lost Whom did mothersend to bririg medicines?
Rule No.7 - lf the underlined part suggests ,doer
the action,use ,whose, --
of
Example - My sister is a doctor.
Whose sister is a doctor ?

33. T-
l0thEne.Medium Prof. Mhasawade's ShfiyaSh CIaSSeS Page No. 33
ExamPles for Practice
Use of Articles
1) He discussed the problem witn .J&".9.'... teacher'
2) Mr. Thomas is .....3....... European.
gi 7*.. rose is +Eg most lovelyflower.
4) ...f,1... hour agotl*.. weather was flve.
5i ...F.t{.. horse iq ...*...... useful animal.
* 6) ldo not like ..11f,... sugar in tea. r -c .
7) Mohan is .....*fl.... active member-of .|fu...,.. chariialle society.
gi itis ...,*...... unir"ttrrituth that .*ff*':. sun rises in .*':r::*" rast'
;;;;;;;; .:::.*.'.,.. B.A. only.,Qnly....*{.r...... M.A;can applyforpostof ..t6s.:.,.lecturer'
l 1 o) i. i*.. French defeated ...ti#'.'.' Germans'
1 1 ) I first met him . ..,.r*.. .. " yeat ago.t ,,
i
t
12) I shallstay at .:-##'..... hotel in .'{r*.' Delhi.
^
[,
I
I 13) Sanskrit is ....(1,.... difficutt language but French is,..?* easy language'
t+jWnat ....ft... poorfellow. He lost .fifrr eye and ....*..... arm in .,..:.ie.. road accident'
t S) ..=.'.1d.. Ceylon is .'*fl'.." islqnd.
16)This is .jt'e.... answerto ..#-...,...Problem' We have been discussing'
t Z; Striva;i was ...'r-,'*+.... founder ofr#*'... Maratha Empire'
18) Virendra was-awarded with .'.Ih*... Padma Bhushan'
rgiW" ut" in ..tfu.. middle of "'.'*.'.'.. serious epidemic'
zOi Sne is ...:*fi....... emotignal girl'
Zt) ,.,:i.',i.. more they get 'Th*. more theywant'
2l)Hewanted to go to ...=... America but his father refused.
23) Ramqn was .....G-n. exceptig2al thinker.
;;;.. ].fl*,. t inJ ot oeauty i; if..s. jov rorever. :
25) Our school won .ts,ft....first price for'clean school competition'.
Use of PrePositions
1) The boy ...Q[].... red T-shirt is a sportsman.
2)We had been ...".93..,....tour ".i?.[.'.. aweek'
3) My friend studied .....;1:'.i.'..,. th6 whole day.
4) I always prefertravelling . .97. ...." train'
5)lshatlmeetthedoctoor..'.'.i..'..'.'Monday 11'00am'
7)Thereweretreesall.....'.'.'.'....theriverbank.
Sl fhe ball passed the two fielders.
11)Thetrackwent thefield. (across)
12) The train arrived ........." platform No. 3 ........."" 7'20 pm' .
13) Shewas trembling .".'.'..'.'.' tear.
14 Rajesh stepped the old building'
15)There is no confusion ..'..'......." this agreement'
i
L

34. iltf,trng.M.aiurn prot Nlt,"""*.0"'s Shriy'aSh CIaSSeS Page No' 34
16) My Uncle is."-......'...'. L.L.B.
17)Thehousewasplunged....'...'...fireduetoshortcircuit.
18) Spinach is full minerals and vitamins'
19) Father moved the table great difficulty'
20) She PeePed .. the door'
21) lshallcome back..'...".;'... two hours'
23)TheY allleftone another'
25) lwas tired ....'.'.'..".... wandering """' ""'iob'
26) Mr.Pandit is a lecturer....;......".' Maths Department """"""" S;P'College'
27)'Shiva's temple is'..'...'....' the mountains'
28)Ca'nyoucompletethework.........'....'.twomonthstime?
(on, from,, by, which)
29)The boywas beaten .....,...... a stick....,........ his father.
(about, for, on, at)
lt,
I 30) Excuse me ............. encroching ..........yourvaluable time'
I gti t am obliged you .............. your kindness. (with, to, on, for)
r)
I leaving
g2) lsai,rrthe bus Bombay' (to, for, at)'
I indebted
.3si lvlv brother is friend
his a large sum' (for, over, to)
lr,
I a+i1'" battle resulted thevictory .......,.'.... the Marathas' (on,, in, for, of)
I
I
asi srre cut herfinger ..'.."'..... a knife' (by, with, on)
I
I
Use of Co-ordinatqr and Subordinator
I .tr
lwaited atthe bus-stop. Myfriends came there. (Use Co-ordinator) rtor)
I z) t urot<e open the box. There was nothing in it. (use co-ordinator) )
I nator)
g) H" do"rn't play footbatl. He doesn't play hockey. ((Use Co-ordinator)
I rdinator)
+i SfroOna tried to stand up. She was finding it difficult. (Use Co-ordinato$
prize. (Use Co-ordinator)
I Si He must work very hard, othenruise he will notwin the first
Co-ordinato$
I oi n" n.o finished his exercise. He put away his note-book. (Use Co-ordinatoQ
I z) He made the mistake. He admitted it (Use Subordinator)
I g) I wanteO to completethe work. I was too tried to continue. (Use Co-ordinator)
I gi H" oio not tose hope. He had lost everything. ((Use Subordinator) :or)
I f 0) I reached late' I started early. (Use Subordinator)
I rr) she deserved the award. she had worked day and night.
I 12) The judge punished him. He was found guilty. (Use Subordinator)
rtor)
I rator)
f Si t coutO not reach on time. The trains were late. (Use Subordinator)
,Oi Sf," will not only make profit but carve out her name. bordinator)
(Use Subordinator)
I
I
I
I
, Use of Intinitive / Gerund / Participle
. tt
I f l She isworkinq in a male dominated areas. (Use infinitive form) r)
| 2) Dvinq is better than beqsinq. (Use infinitive)
(ldentify the infinitive)
he
I Sl f **t"O to buy a dictionary so I went to a bookshop.
I q) He has succeeded to send a parcel. (use infinitive)
I si Jenifer wanted to send a parcel. (ldentify the infinitive verb)
I oi uty t"g,"r enjoy tisteninq to old hindi songs. (Use infinitive)
I il hope
I (pass) the llT exam' (Use Gerund form)