Racism Is An Institutionalized System Of The United States...

Racism Is An Institutionalized System Of The United States...
Racism in the United States: How it has been Outlined by Panopticism We live in a world where Panopticism rules and meritocracy is a myth.
Racism has always been present, and it travelled across the sea with the settlers of the New World. Herman Melville is quoted by Ronald Takaki as
saying, "You cannot spill a drop of American blood, without spilling the blood of the whole world. We are not a narrow tribe," (Takaki, 5). However,
White men have a history of labelling people. They label the norms, people like themselves, White, as "us," and they label the abnorms, the people
different from "us," the people of color, as "them." Racism is an institutionalized system that has evolved throughout the centuries under one model:
Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon. We are able to track these advancements as they go from various forms of punishment into the treatment of certain
groups as inferior, or abnormal, and others as superior, or normal. Racism has its roots in many systems that have taken shape and evolved over
hundreds of years of history. In the 17th century, a town took drastic measures to diminish the risk of spreading the Bubonic plague. Among their
efforts to exterminate the lethal effects of such a horrible disease, the town set up a strict system for its residence. Officials shut down the town and all
of its outlying districts. They then divided it into separate quarters with governing officials overseeing the unfolding events there. These officials would
report to the
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The Problem Of High School
High School is one of the most prominent time in one's life. During this time, one is taught to be financially literate, how to use grammar and
punctuations wisely, be mathematically inclined and aware of different sciences. Notice how I excluded history, but there is a reason for this. History
is often manipulated and told by those who are comfortable telling fabricated stories made up by the white man. This causes for students, especially
African Americans have a false interpretation of their history and come to college relatively unprepared. ADW and its concepts go into the root of
history without giving out false conceptions, however, it is very unfortunate that it is not taught until one's young adult years because that is when
distorted information is already drilled into their brain. ADW concepts being taught in high school such as issues of identity; the intersection of race,
gender, and social class; displacement, and conditions of servitude could only lead to the enrichment of the inquiring minds of this generation, allow
them to see relatable circumstances, and help diminish their ignorance of African history.
Throughout the years, we often deal with different measures of judgment and marginalizing. When a person has the mentality that they are in fact more
supreme than the other regardless of what it is, it is something that is taught at home. The person who's the victim of inferiority, has the power to teach
the oppressor, but use only factual statements and

The Complexity Of Identity By Beverly Daniel Tatum
Why do so many people consider gender and sex to be the same? Society has forced people to believe that there are two forms of identity, which are
male or female. A person's upbringing can have drastic affect on his or her perception about gender and identity. As stated in the "Complexity of
Identity" by Beverly Daniel Tatum, a person has multiple identities ranging from gender to ethnicity. For example, I am brought in very orthodox
Hindu family. My family is very conservative, which is why they tried to make me into a traditional "Indian girl". When I was two and half years
old, I came to America and it was very different from India, especially for my parents. It was a huge cultural shock for them because they never
experienced women being so open–minded. Even though my parents knew that females in America are more outspoken, they still tried to impose
feminine values on me. For instance, before I would go to school, my mom would comb my thick, black hair and tie it into two ponytails. Not only
did she always tie my hair but she also made me wear dresses, even though I resisted multiple times. Over time I got into the habit of my mom
dressing me up for school; however, I now realize that was not someone whom I wanted to be. I did not want to wear dresses, I did not want always
want to tie my hair and I did not always wanted to be constantly reminded that I had to act like a girl. I was always under the impression that I should
always act like a girl to be considered a

White Privilege : The Invisible Knapsack, And Beverly...
Racism seems to be a common, yet overlooked topic in the world that seems to not be diminishing, rather growing and very diverse. Many powerful
voices have spoken out to try to change the impertinent mindset of racists and lessen the racist acts of society. Some of the spokespersons speaking on
this topic are writers Peggy McIntosh, author of "White Privilege:
The Invisible Knapsack," and Beverly Daniel Tatum, author of "Why Are All the Black Kids
Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" I found these essays to have more in common than great influential female authors Both women had a point to prove
about racial identity as they both associated the male gender as being more advantaged. One author was not so direct, but her hidden meaning, rather
than explicitly stated, ran smoothly and supported her argument. The other author seemed to have pushed it forcefully that it underemphasized the
argument she was trying to make.
McIntosh, an American feminist and anti–racism activist, tried to reach the masses with an essay on white privilege. Her focus was supposed to be
around the advantages she felt people gain being a white citizen, but also spoke openly of how male entitlement was an equally important factor. This
was clearly stated when she said "I have often noticed men's unwillingness to grant that they are over privileged, even though they may grant that
woman are disadvantaged." (Pg. 533–1) This being one of the first things she said carried me to believe that

Essay on The Passive Racism of Whites
The Passive Racism of Whites
In Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria, Professor Beverly Daniel Tatum defines racism as "prejudice plus power." This means
that a person can only be racist if they benefit from a racist system. Therefore, the only people that would systematically benefit from racism are Whites.
Tatum calls this "White privilege.". Everyone can be prejudice, but only the dominant race can be racist. Although this is hard to hear, being a White
college student I have always prided myself on a subsistence that is free from bigotry, I realize that Tatum is right.
Not only is racism restricted to Whites, but it is an integral part of the lives of most Whites. Tatum argues that "many Whites are... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I have such a strong desire to say the "right" thing and justify myself as someone who does not agree with most of our country's institutions.
Tatum argues that "it is difficult to talk about what is essentially a flawed and problematic social construct without using language that is in itself
problematic.". The "language that is...problematic" comes in the form of euphemisms. The more words used to describe a certain social construct, the
more likely there is an underlying problem that needs to be solved. The underlying problem is the tension between past actions, present guilt, and future
expectations. White privilege is a truth, but along with being on the VIP list of most institutions in this country, Whites are also burdened with guilt.
There needs to be some way that the problem of racism can be addressed without pointing fingers.
I think a way to circumvent the guilt is to speak of grander renovations, such as legislative or educational reforms. Perhaps then, the finger, which must
be pointed in order for change to occur, will land on a larger problem with society, our institutions. Even though Tatum is blunt about Whites being the
proprietors of racism, she does not exclude us from the fight for change, banishing us to sulk in our nostalgic guilt. In fact, we, the people with an "in"
to our country's many institutions, have a very large responsibility to become active in the fight against racism.
Tatum argues that the reason that Whites

The Culturally Inclusive Educator : Preparing For A...
Reflections on the reading The Culturally Inclusive Educator: Preparing for a Multicultural World by Dena Samuelson Developing an inclusive
behavior necessitates the exclusion of oneself in the process. Acknowledging that others exist as they are without my own knowledge or
interpretations of who they are appears to be the foundation of cultural inclusiveness. We should not be subject to the trappings of our own existence
as to rely upon our own knowledge, biases, and limitations in recognizing others. The process is a moving out of oneself – the ability to view
perspectives in the eye of another. We should not define or impose definitions on others for we may be limited to provide the knowledge to
comprehend what we cannot see, have not seen, and may have failed to understand. Accepting that other people see things differently, go through life
differently, and develop meanings about these things differently begins a multicultural perspective. Personally, this is an aha! experience to see that
others' being and becoming are not dependent on how they are perceived by others, by me. People are as they are themselves are capable of defining
their existence. People should be recognized as able to choose their own meanings and purpose. They should not be as they are because I exist. As a
future educator, I feel it is important not just to practice this behavior in my dealings with students and the society at large. The consciousness for
embracing the differences of humanity,

Stereotype A Thought By Beverly Daniel Tatum
Stereotype a Thought Today, many believe that stereotypes have been eradicated throughout our modern world, this is far from the truth. Beverly
Daniel Tatum, an author of several books including "Why Are Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria" asks, "How did academic
achievement become defined as exclusively white behavior?" Tatum has an interesting point, however stereotyping is not just about race it can be
about gender bias, or body issues too. Ann DuCille, author of "From Multicultural Barbie and the Merchandising of Difference" says; "Barbie 's
body is a consumer object itself a vehicle for display of clothing and spectacular trappings of a wealthy teenage fantasy life". Ducille gives a good
example of body politics, and the importance of not only focusing on race. Thus, is a good example of how stereotypes are learned by how one is
treated in school or at home. Education about racial identity, gender equality, and body shaming, to an extent, will help eliminate some forms of
stereotyping and create a more understanding and equal society. Therefore schools are not the problem, stereotypes, however racist, sexist, or just
plain mean, are learned at home and in schools from peers, parents and teachers alike. In a way, stereotypes will never truly be eliminated from our
world because from the day we are born we notice differences. One may argue that it is just a distinction between people, which constitutes
stereotyping. Just

The And Race Expert Dr. Beverly Daniel Tatum
About the Authors Author, scholar, and race expert Dr. Beverly Daniel Tatum is the former president of the Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia
and Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Tatum received her B.A. in psychology at Wesleyan University, and her M.A. in
religious studies at Hartford Seminary. She also received her doctoral degree in clinical psychology at the University of Michigan. Dr. Tatum
began her career serving as an Associate Professor and Assistant Professor at Westfield State College and a Lecturer of Black Studies at the
University of California at Santa Barbara. She later went on to serve in various roles at Mount Holyoke College. Tatum served as the chair of the
psychology and education department and dean of the college. She was later appointed as the Vice President of Student Affairs and then as the
President of the college. In August 2002, she was appointed as the ninth president of Spelman College, were she served until 2015. Tatum set goals for
the college, accomplished them, and made campus improvements during her term as president. Some of her improvements include, but are not limited
to, the renovation of four historic buildings and expansion of the campus, completion of a green residence hall and the renovation of Rockefeller Hall.
While serving as president at Spelman, the college launched a Wellness Revolution. Tatum was the first president in the State of Georgia and the first
president of a historically black college to

Definition Of Racism
Title When it comes to racism we all have our own opinion on what this term may mean. However, when it comes to race, there are privileges not
many of us have the opportunity to take advantage of because on our ethnicities. The word racism can have different meanings depending on what your
own viewpoint is. Racism has been common for plenty of decades and in fact, is very popular today. In fact, well known speakers such as Beverly
Daniel Tatum and Peggy McIntosh provide their own viewpoints on the common topics ofrace and racism. First, Beverly D. Tatum's viewpoint on
racism is that she does not see it as an act of hate, but rather she sees it as a system of privileges based on one's own race (Sweeney, 33). Tatum
makes it clear throughout this excerpt that race determines the privileges you are guaranteed to receive and the fact that those privileged
individuals do not notice the power they have compared to others. She connects the idea of white privilege with her definition of racism, and
clearly states that racism could also be connected with people of color; however, people of color are not racist because they do not benefit from
racism (Sweeney, 37). Tatum gives many examples of White privilege to support her idea that racism is a system of advantage based on race. For
instance, Tatum talks about one of her students who was a White male that was in her psychology of racism course and that he did not know how
advantaged he was until the end of this class. This White

Analysis Of Beverly Tatum 's ' Why Are All The Black Kids...
Racism is actually a topic that seems to be tabooed world–wide. In the first chapter of Beverly Tatum's "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together
in the Cafeteria" she discusses racism and all of its components. In this chapter she discusses white privilege, active and passive racism, prejudice and
much more. Beverly explains how racism is "a system of institutional policies and cultural messages that is advantageous to white people and
disadvantageous to people of color". This would explain how white people continue to be at a higher advantage and benefit from racism. This would
be called white privilege. In this chapter, Beverly Tatum also discusses the differences between racial identity and ethnic groups.
Even in 2015, there are still clear signs of not only racism but white privilege as well. African Americans are killed every single day yet people still
believe this isn't a racial issue. If a white person were to be killed by a black police officer in "self–defence" there would be total pandemonium.
There's many cases where a white police officer/person was able to get off on murder when the victim was black. Tamir Rice, Sandra Bland, Mike
Brown, and Sam Dubose are prime examples of police brutality. There was even a hashtag that was started to raise awareness on these issues. The
hashtag "#BLACKLIVESMATTER" is definitely more informative than news stations today. News stations are always able to twist the story to benefit
the white person more. They'll call mass

Beverly Daniel Tatum Ph.D. Is An Expert On Race Relations
Beverly Daniel Tatum PH.D. is an expert on race relations and the development of racial identity. Tatum guides her readers through racial identity and
major ideas and concepts regarding race. Throughout the book readers will better understand the racial dynamic of their everyday lives, along with
suggestive actions toward a more equitable world for all. The following paragraph gives a summary of the book, breaking it down into the IV parts
containing ten chapters. Part I A Definition of Terms: Chapter one 'DefiningRacism' defines common and important terms when discussing race and
racism, such as, oppression, prejudice, minorities, privilege, and many others. Along with this, Tatum introduces the familiar feelings and thoughts many
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She articulates this idea that we want to have an identity and feel safe around those of the 'same'. Lastly, Tatum makes a point that racial identity can
persist into Adulthood, it is not only in schools but also in the corporate world. Part III Understanding Whiteness in a White Context: This section
discusses the development of white identity and how many white people neglect to really think about their identity. Thinking about race may make
many people uncomfortable but having those difficult conversations and acknowledging privilege and oppression is the action that needs to be taken.
Tatum suggests affirmative action. Part IV: Beyond Black and White: Disuses important issues of other racial minorities including, Latino, American
Indian, and Asian Pacific American. Tatum also discusses identity development in multiracial families, this can be a complex identity development
with many factors coming into play, however, parental encouragement of biracial identity has been seen as highly beneficial. Part V Breaking the
Silence: This final section offers suggestion on embracing a cross–racial dialogue. We can no longer can be silent and must work toward social change
and a more equitable world for all. Reading Beverly Daniel Tatum's book 'Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?' has greatly
intersected with the course material I have learned about this semester. Within the introductory section (Part

Analysis Of Beverly Daniel Tatum's Article 'Defining Racism'
Beverly Daniel Tatum article "Defining Racism" she states that racism is still alive today theres no one way to ever truly escape completely.
"When we claim to be free of prejudice, perhaps what we are really saying is that we are not hate mongers. But no one is completely innocent."
(Tatum6)We all say or think we are completely free of being stereotypical but how can we not when its all around us in the media or just the way we
grew up and weren't able to change where we went to school or where we lived. "Each of us needs to look at our own behavior. Am I perpetuating and
reinforcing the negative messages..,or am I seeking to challenge them?"(Tatum 6) Everyone can have there own definition of racism depending on what
you where taught or what

The General Business 365 : Lead Course
During the first week of the General Business 365: LEAD course, I remember being asked to turn to page 12 and to answer the prompt "I am..." in
60 seconds. I stared at the question for a couple seconds, hesitated, and then wrote down the words that were coming to my mind. It reminded me of
the first day of my English Composition 100 class senior year when my English teacher walked to the front of the class and wrote on the board,
'Who Am I?' and said, "Respond to this prompt." There were five students in the class, and we sat there in our desks with blank faces, not knowing
what to write. One student raised her hand and asked, "What do you mean by 'who am I?'" Our teacher responded, "It is up to your interpretation." In
both situations, I... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People of color usually mentioned their racial or ethnic groups that they belonged to, people for example who were Jewish would mention that they
were Jewish, and people who identified as bisexual, gay, or lesbian would mention their sexual orientation. Tatum then went on to say how most white
people would not mention they were white, Protestants did not mention their religious affiliation, and heterosexuals did not mention their sexual
orientation. As I read this in the article, I started to notice all my previous unconscious observations of this concept and put both those observations and
the article together. What Tatum was saying made sense to me; people who had distinct identities usually would mention and notice them. It was a way
for them to differentiate themselves from other people. I started to realize that identifying myself as an Asian American was a way to make myself
different from the rest of the crowd.
One observation I have noticed throughout my life is that some people can get uncomfortable when talking about identity. Even in our General Business
365: LEAD course, some students would accidentally stray away from identity and start talking about their strengths and weaknesses and personalities
instead. On that day when we were talking about identity, I remember personally getting a little tense. The more I thought about it, the more I realized
that identity can be a sensitive topic for many people. For me, it got uncomfortable because as a

College Athletes Should Not Be Paid
The word "college" is defined by Dictionay.com (2014) as "an indepdant institution of higher learning". This definition is focused around education and
the higher learning that individuals receive when they attend a college institution. It is not centered around, nor does it mention athletics. College
athletes should not be paid a salary for their participation in college sports, the purpose of college is education and not athletics.
A Student 's Relationship To School And Athletics
College athletes arguably possess a similar and often equivalent skill set to that of a professional athlete and may even train just as hard as a
professional athlete. However, a college students relationship to athletics is no different than a high school student who participates in their schools
athletics program. These young athletes participate in their chosen sport without any expectation of monetary compensation in return. In fact, many
athletes at non–professional levels pay hundreds or even thousands of dollars annually to participate in their chosen extracurricular sporting activities
(Alderman, 2013). This is their choice and they are not financially compensated for it. These athletes play for the joy of the sport, life lessons and in
some cases, the hopes of one day becoming a professional athlete.
According to the research of Devin G Pope and Jaren C Pope (2009) some would suggest that; because schools receive a variety of indirect benefits
generated by athletic programs, such as

Analysis Of 'Defining Racism: Can We Talk?'
Although the text, Women: Images and Realities a Multicultural Anthology, has done a wonderful job of showcasing the diversity of women's
experiences, I find Beverly Daniel Tatum's work "Defining Racism: "Can We Talk?"" to be the most striking. In the essay, Tatum describes how she
(and many other feminists) define racism and who can and cannot be racist. Tatum argues that there are important distinctions between prejudice and
racism, wherein racism is defined as a 'system of advantage based on race" or more precisely "prejudice plus power" (388). Through multiple examples
Tatum illustrates that if one accepts and uses her definition of racism then only White people (the group of people who 'dominate' society) are racist
because "people of

Why Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together Essay
Race and racism continue to exist in our world, and with the assistance of white privilege it becomes increasingly difficult to find a solution. Beverly
Daniel Tatum's book, "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" provides an understanding of why race and racism continue to
operate in our world. Tatum effectively answers the question she poses as the title of her book; moreover, I agree with her perception ofAffirmative
Action and the word racist, but I do not agree with the definition of racism in her book.
I believe Tatum answers the question "Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?" not only through her description of William Cross's
Black racial identity model, but through James Marcia's four identity statuses and Rosabeth Moss Kanter's A Tale of O. Tatum follows up the question
through Marcia's four stages that an individual undergoes to discover their identity: diffuse, foreclosed, moratorium, and achieved (Tatum 53). Marcia's
identity statuses can be seen in more detail through Cross's Model. Cross's Model begins with a person developing self–awareness of the world's
perception about themselves. Consequently, the individual comes in contact with the preencounter stage. Hence, their instinct is to assimilate by
rejecting who they are and accepting what the majority sees as acceptable. At least one event may cause the person to enter the encounter stage, in
which they become aware of racism and how it impacts their life.

Defining Racism
Tierenee R. Roberson
SOCI 4421.01
"Defining Racism"
February 22, 2011
Professor Harris
Response Paper: Defining Racism
In this article by Beverly Daniel Tatum, she uses her various life experiences to show the issues that come along with attempting to define racism in
America. There are several external issues that come not only from defining racism, but with separating racism from prejudice. In dispelling
preconceived notions that these two words are interchangeable, Tatum makes several distinctions in the meaning and application of the two words in
everyday life. Before going further into the separating factors of the two words, Tatum discusses how unintentional our prejudices can be. Throughout
her article, Tatum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to her, prejudice is an inescapable product of the racist soceity in America. She goes on to further explain the evolution of internalized
oppression, which is when members of stereotyped groups internalizes and perpetuates the stereotyped categories of his or her group. In addressing the
issue of intenalized oppression, Tatum gives some responsibility for the state of racism to the very people who suffer from it.
In the article, Tatum uses the definition of racism that is given by David Wellman in his book Portraits of White Racism, which says that racism is
"a system of advantage based on race" (Tatum, 1997). This definition is something that I found to be very interesting. In many cases, racism is not
defined to include the advatages that come from its existance. Instead racism is seen as a singular act, and never as a wholistic system that subtly
disadvantages a specific group of people. When discussing how to end racism, no one ever gives solutions to erradicate the subleminal and covert
racism that permeates every system from education to healthcare, because that would shoot down the ideal that in America is an equal and fair place
for achieving one's dreams.

In the last section of her article, Tatum address whether or not racism is exclusive to Whites or whether it is applicable to all people regardless of
race. In this section, she is very specific is stating that the

Reflection Paper On I Am Invincible
I like to assume I am invincible, that nothing terrible will ever happen to me. It wasn't until my life started to fall to pieces that I realized I had to
try just as hard as everyone else in this world. Having too much pride, or what some refer to as tragic flaw, will almost definitely lead to one's
downfall. Personally, my problem was that my understanding of the law was simplistic. All the rules that responsible citizens follow day in and day
out somehow didn't apply to me. I could pick fights, I could stay out past curfew, I could vandalize others' property, and it would never come back to
hurt me. In fact, I was not only hurting myself but all those around me. My father, my girlfriend, and everyone who was only trying to help me had
suffered through me being the manipulative addict I was.
A sincere saying is that, "People who use others as stepping stones , eventually lose their balance". I have not only stepped, however stomped on a
multitude of people in my life. For instance, I have stolen from my own family's wallets in order to get my fix. In this past year I have had to
reteach myself how to live. I needed consequences to change. It wasn't until I started to realize I wasn't invincible that I started to realize the way I
was approaching every situation in my life was no longer going to work. After I spent time in jail, and having time to ponder the decisions I had made
to put me there; I realized my life, as I was living it, was not doing anything for me. It was getting me nowhere in life, costing absurd amounts of
money, destroying relationships, and making me unhappy. The onlything I have been looking for my whole life is happiness, chasing it with
substances for a temporary fix. In reality, I was making myself more miserable. Beverly Daniel Tatumstates in her article, "The Complexity of Identity:
Who Am I,":
Triggered by the biological changes associated with puberty, the maturation of cognitive abilities, and changing societal expectations, this process of
simultaneous reflection and observation, the self–creation of one's identity, is commonly experienced in the United States and other Western societies
during the period of adolescence. (par. 6)
My identity came about by all the experiences

Why Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together In The...
Quote: "We need to understand that in racially mixed settings, racial grouping is a development process in response to an environmental stressor,
racism."
Summary: Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria by Beverly Daniel Tatum, is about the African American youth. Specifically,
about their struggles, and experiences. Tatum at first introduces this essay by pointing out that if you ever walk into a mixed–race cafeteria you'll always
see that group of black kids sitting together. She brings this point back up many times throughout the text and explains it. Tatum explains that puberty
plays a big role in this she says that "As children enter adolescence they begin to explore questions of identity" for instance who they are as a black
person. The process of identifying your self could be tough you got to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But say if he had black characteristics would random people ask if he's a basketball player or even grip their bags tighter when he walks by. Tatum
points out how the white kids at high schools were too familiar with the black man in hand cuffs so they were distant from the black kids unless
they were athletes. She points out how back students even fill attacked by their teachers. For example, she states how a substitute teacher
recommended a community college to a black student and 4 year colleges to other students in the class. Another example is how a black student was
told asked by the teacher to come to the school dance and when she declined the teacher responded by saying "Oh come on I know you people love
to dance". The young black girl felt very offended and told her friend because she needed comforting but her friend who was white told her don't be
sensitive, you know he didn't mean it he's a nice guy. Then Tatum points out how the eighth–grade girls White friend didn't understand it.

Identity In Beverly Daniel Tatum's Who Am I?
For my first reflection I decided to use Identity as my focal point. While reading Readings for Diversity and social justice I found the topic of identity
to be one of the most captivating. In the excerpt "Who am I?" by Beverly Daniel Tatum his idea and interpretation of the word reflected a lot upon my
own. Tatum introducesidentity by explaining its complexity and defining its characteristics: family dynamics, historical factors, social and political
context. Essentially, laying the foundation that identity is what makes us all individuals and unique. As a young child I never understood my own
identity. I was influenced by society's conceptions on who I should be based on only my physical identity rather than who I knew I truly was. I ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have never had a problem impressing to people who I am and my background. In Tatum's excerpt he illustrates the difference between dominating and
subordinate ethnicities and their identity hardships. Like the students he mentions in his paper, as a subordinate ethnicity, I have no problem stating my
racial framework. I have no mortification in being a Hispanic. He also mentions that most white American students rarely mention being just "white".
It is like there is this eccentric shame in considering yourself white from a historic point of view. White, as the dominant group holds a certain
standard and power, they constitute the social norms. Another great exampleTatum claimed was the perception of gender dominance, women mention
themselves to be women while males usually did not. This was recorded in many aspects of society: religion, gender, race, sexual orientation. I
believe in a way it corresponds with oppression and guilt. Most modern dominant groups have developed this remorse to being privileged. Tatum
however, states that the advantaged social group is usually not mentioned because we take these identities for granted. As a society we mainly focus on
the identities that society would physically notice as "different", those who would reflect back on

Analysis Of Gowri Parameswaran 's Article, Enhancing...
Gowri Parameswaran's article, Enhancing Diversity Education, is an informative academic journal that highlights the role diversity will play in
schools and why teachers will need to implement new ways to involve students in the classroom. Parameswaran is a professor at the State University
of New York at New Paltz. She is also a chair of educational studies, who focuses on researching the impact of gender, socioeconomic status, culture on
children and adults in North America and India. Parameswaran is currently researching the limited government services for families in poverty. Her
article Enhancing Diversity Education was published by Caddo Gap Press on March 2007.
Parameswaran explores issues that are currently affecting children when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All together, Parameswaran's article is well–researched as she refers to a variety of sources as she transitions from one topic to the next. She cites
information from many different sources to support her overall stance but sometimes uses too many quotations. Although there is not a rule about how
many sources one should use in their academic writing, one can argue that Parameswaran's article is mostly composed of source information, rather
than composing her stance with her own voice. Because the use of sources is overpowering, her writing becomes overwhelming for readers because
they are not getting the author's point of view on the issue. Parameswaran states that as students learn about issues of discrimination, they begin to
reexamine their values. At times, the reexamination leads students who belong to dominant groups to feel guilty and accuse people who belong to
underrepresented groups of "reverse racism" (qtd. in Parameswaran 5). An example of a source Parameswaran overuses is information from Dr. Beverly
Daniel Tatum, a psychologist and author who focuses on race in education, and expands on reverse racism. Tautm's book discusses how students learn
about Whites who were and/or are racists. Parameswaran reiterates Tatum's ideas by stating that most students can name people who hold racist values,
but cannot recall any White individuals who fought against racial prejudice. According to Tatum, this is one reason that White

Beverly Daniel Tatum Identity Analysis
Beverly Daniel Tatums, is an African–American woman. She talks about self–identity and dominant and subordinate people and the groups in society.
She goes in to depth about how people identify themselves. She asked for her students to complete the sentence "I am ____" many responses had to do
with race and ethnic group. She supports this by connecting it to how it's related to the dominate and subordinate people/groups of society. She says
"That element of the identity is still taking for granted by them that it goes without comment. It is taken for granted buy them because it's taking for
granted by the dominant culture."
At the beginning of the dominant and subordinate section in her article she says "Dominant groups by definition, set the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An example of a way im dominate is in the sense that when it comes to something like being in a group for a project or something else similar
certain things I could be better at than someone else. So I would be the dominant and they would be the subordinate. Tatum inserts a quote from a
psychologist Susan Fiske, she writes "... People gather information about those with power." So the people that see that I have a good quality would
try to listen a take note on it. Another way I'm subordinate is that when it comes to me and my mother she is the dominant and I'm the subordinate.
This because she is the authoritative figure over me. Another example could be the role of a teacher and a student. Furthermore another example of
how I could be a dominate is when I'm babysitting or looking after someone, I would be the dominant and they would be the subordinate. When Tatum
says "Dominates set the parameters within the subordinates operate." In this situation I would set the rules of what the person has to do and they
would have to follow those rules and in order to follow the

The Letter From A Birmingham Jail
In both the "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luthor King Jr. and "Why are all the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria" by Beverly
Daniel Tatum, race relations are a main topic. While King writes about the effects and injustices of segregation, Beverly writes about the causes of
self–segregation. These two works have a few things in common that is discussed, such as the inferiority complex that may stem from the segregation,
racism and segregation cause mistrust and contempt, and racism is the cause for segregation. These three things are common between the two works,
while King writes about the injustice's taking place, and the urgency to take action in order to fix the problem. Beverly shows that while minor
compared to the past, racism still effects the way black kids act and grow.
DR. King touches on the possibility of black children growing up with an inferiority complex that stem from the mistreatment of blacks in his letter.
King explains that children growing up being told their not allowed to do fun things that children of another race is able to do, can cause the child to feel
a false sense of inferiority and bitterness towards the other race, like the example of the six–year old girl who couldn't go to the public amusement park
because it was white's only. Beverly writes something similar when she states "simply as a function of being socialized in a Eurocentric culture, some
black children may begin to value the role models, lifestyles and images

Assess The Cause Of Behavior In Beverly Daniel Tatum's Why?
Throughout our lifetime we often find ourselves surrounding ourselves with people that look like us, think like us and all–around act like us. This
behavior is common in humans because we tend to surround ourselves with people like us because we like the comfort that it brings. Our nature is to
reject or turn away from things that are not like what we are used to. In Beverly Daniel Tatum's "Why are all of the black kids sitting together in the
cafeteria?' She describes the psychological reasons why we as humans gravitate to the ones who are most similar to us. Tatum starts off explaining that
in elementary children do not see race they only see other children. Children view each other as playmates not concerning themselves with issues

Analysis of Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together...
Analysis of Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria by Beverly Daniel Tatum
'Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria'; by Beverly Daniel Tatum Ph.D. is a book of many subjects, theories, ideas, as well as
opinions that are discussed, challenged and criticized. Are we free from racism? Why, are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? These
questions I hope to answer for myself and for others.
One of Beverly Tatum's major topics of discussion is racial identity. Racial identity is the meaning each of us has constructed or is constructing about
what it means to be a white person or a person of color in a race–conscious society. (Tatum, pp Xvii) She talks about how many parents... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are all examples of groups who are seen as more dominant or of a more advantaged social group not mentioning so. They don't seem to think that
they belong to a more dominant or advantaged group than the others so why mention it.
She goes on about Affirmative action in the workplace and the views and opinions of all different kinds of people. Tatum believes in Affirmative
action because of the many encounters and experiences she had witness and encountered. She goes on to say, ' Affirmative action is needed to
lessen bias in the paid labor force because affirmative action is the only legal remedy in the United States for discrimination that does not require
the victims (or someone with a stake in their welfare) to notice their condition and come forward with a grievance on their own behalf.'; (Tatum pp
123) In my opinion Affirmative action is a touchy subject, just like abortion. There are places where it should belong and places it shouldn't. I
think it should be implemented in places of business where needed. For example if two candidates for a position are interviewed for a job and one
happens to be white and the other black, and the black candidate is obviously more qualified for the job but doesn't get the job then that is a place
where Affirmative action needs to b added to the system. It is sad that something like Affirmative action even had to be thought of but it is a reality
that racism still exists and probably will continue to

Beverly Daniel Tatum Describes Racism As A System Of...
Beverly Daniel Tatum describes racism as a system of advantage based on race (pg. 107). Jean Baker Miller believes that once a group is defined as
inferior, the people above them or the superiors tend to label them in various ways. In other words, blacks are considered less intelligent than whites.
The incarceration rates have grown tremendously since the last time someone can remember. The largest jailer in the world is the United States.
Philadelphia, however, has the nation's highest incarceration rates. Surprisingly, 60% of them are still awaiting trial but 72% of them are black.
Research has show's that mass incarceration rates goes hand in hand with segregated cities. In "The City: Prison's Grip on Black Families" article Dawn
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
White people have it easy. Because white people are the dominant group they are able to do so much more once they are out and having "went to
jail" or "committed a felon" is just a "mistake" but for a person of a different race, it defines their whole life and stays with them forever. Although all
whites benefit from racism, not all of us benefit equally (Tatum, pg.111). From this reasoning one can conclude that not all whites are racist and not
all black people or people of different race are prejudice. Yes, all white people can benefit from racism in one form or another but we don't all
benefit equally because white people get caught for their "mistakes" to and pay the price for it but in the end, even the ones who did go to jail for
committing some type of crime still have it easier for most black people in the 21st century. Active and passive racism is also relevant. Tatum
describes active racism as being equivalent to "walking fast on a conveyor belt" (Tatum, pg.110), which means the person engaged in active racism
has identified with the idea of white supremacy and is moving with it, basically its means that white people are okay with it so they still continue to
do it. Passive racism on the other hand is similar to standing still on the walkway. Which is stating that passive racists see that racism is occurring but
no effort is being made to stop it or try to change it and are being moved in

Acknowledging My Privilege By Beverly Daniel Tatum 's...
Acknowledging my Privilege
I have always thought about myself as just a person. After taking this course, I think of myself as a white person. To me, being colorblind and
attempting to look at everyone as just a person, were ways I avoided being racist. This course, taught by Dr. Bianca Williams, has enabled me to
change my views on racism and race to a move correct outlook. I now understand that it is my duty to be able to acknowledge my race and other
identities and the privileges that come with being a white, middle class, heterosexual person. I used to think that interpersonal racism was the main
problem in the United States, but after this course realize that institutional racism is the problem. This course, coupled with readings from Devon
W. Carbado on his piece titled "Privilege", Beverly Daniel Tatum's article titled "Talking about Race, Learning about Racism", Brittney Cooper's
article on "The Politics of Black Women's Hair" and Audre Lorde's article called "The Uses of Anger: Women Responding to Racism", I have shifted
my views on race and racism to a more constructive and correct outlook. Being a woman was always the largest piece of my identity. I focused my
attention the oppression that comes with identifying as a woman. I resisted against the ideals of patriarchy and spent time in college starting a club that
promoted and supported women in business fields. However, I never stopped to think about the intersection of my identities and how my other identities

The Facts About The Achievement Gap Summary
How should society handle the perceived differences between races when it comes to education? The goal of both researchers is to narrow the
academic gap between white and black students. Both authors attribute the gap between the academic scores of black and white students from
opposite sides of racial identity. As Dr. Beverly Daniels Tatum, President of Spelman College and clinical psychologist has written an article entitled
"Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" Her approach is from the perspective of the student and how they perceive their role
and upper limits while maintaining their place in their peer group's expectations of their race. Dr. Diane Ravitch, a research professor of education at
New York University, has written an article entitled "The Facts about the Achievement Gap." Her approach is from the perspective of how schools and
society implicitly or explicitly cast students into achievement tracks based on their race. Both approach the same idea about racial identity, but they
have different solutions, such as peer groups, the school board, and who is right about the solution. First, Tatum suggests... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She also used the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) for closing the achievement gap. Paul Barton and Richard Coley of the Educational Testing Service
wrote an overview of the black–white achievement gap over the course if the twentieth century and concluded that the period in which that gap
narrowed most was the 1970s and 1980s (Ravitch 365). Over the past generation, there was a remarkable decline from the blacks and Hispanic students
who score the lowest on National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) testing. When the NAEP did not help with the gap between the blacks
and the Hispanic students, teachers turned to a different

Analysis Of 'Why Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together...
There are several important things that are discussed in the second chapter of "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" by
Beverly Daniel Tatum. The topic of identity is brought up and how members of a dominant group take it for advantage. The members of an
advantaged group, never have to mention their identity since it is considered to be the standard. However, when it comes to subordinate groups, we
always have to mention our identities as it is always pointed out. Beverly Tatum also discusses how the dominant group has the power to control things
to their liking so that they are at a better advantage. Things such as houses or jobs are sooner going to a dominant group than a subordinate group. The
members of the

Why Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together In The...
Success is Our Universal DNA
People have evolved over millennia from microscopic cells to complex organisms capable of complicated thoughts on a consistent basis. At first
glance, they all are diverse looking people. It's hard sometimes to look on the outside of someone and remember that their DNA is the same basic
makeup; just plus or minus some extra DNA sequencing. As Beverly Daniel Tatum so clearly writes in her essay "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting
Together in the Cafeteria?" But we as humans have lived through the Neanderthal Era, scrounging for food and finding shelter, to defeating deadly
diseases in the modern age. People can't just say that's it's their survival instincts, it's more than that. Success is in their DNA.
Racial divide is a constant in every society. But what people have proven is that they have the capability to push past these social constructs. Within her
essay, Tatum suggests that African American children and adolescents are already stigmatized. They "struggle" (375) with their identities sooner than
some of their other ethnic counterparts. Though they may be already struggling in the world, African American success stories are still prominent.
Martin Luther King Jr. can be an example. Though King was stigmatized because of his race, he is still renowned for his success ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Tatum professes within her essay that they have been stigmatized to believe that success is more prone to white society. But within the page prior they
also point out examples of Malcolm X and his academic success before his historic importance. Also negating the to point out more noteworthy African
American individuals. Not just one who's historic relevance is controversial at best. Names like George Crum or Norbert Milieu could be held as
examples. Yet within her entire essay she names just one African American success

Racism Is An Institutionalized System Of The United States...

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