Greece And The EU Crisis

Greece And The European Union
1 Abstract: Purpose of the Research "Tipping point" may be defined as the critical point in a
situation, process or system beyond which a significant and often unstoppable effect or change takes
place. In this analysis, "tipping point" refers to the dilemma Greece faces. What are some of the
questions the Greek crisis in the Eurozone may raise? How did the Greek sovereign debt crisis
begin? How will the Greek crisis evolve? How will the crisis influence the future of European
Union member states as well as the Continent as a whole? How should citizens in European
countries understand the crisis? My research aims to: 1) understand Greece's situation in the
Eurozone through an analysis of history and economy; 2) explain the ... Show more content on
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1.3 The Present Debt Crisis – The Past 5 Years (Greece in the Eurozone)
Greece has suffered through a vicious circle of recession over the past five years. The Greek
economy experienced a series of successive setbacks during this period. Since 2010, the Greek
economy contracted more than 20%. The investment level decreased by 86 % as compared to 2008
(IMF, 2013b). The continuous drop in GDP, which in 2011 surpassed the historical maximum for the
entire postwar period, led to a rapid decline in domestic demand. Unemployment more than doubled
within the first three years of austerity reaching 25.4% in August 2012. More than half the
population between 15–24 years of age or 57%, is unemployed (Eurostat, 2012), homelessness
increased by 25% from 2009 to 2011 as suicide rates hit record levels, increasing 25% from 2009–
2010 and an additional 40% from 2010–2011 (Reynolds, 2015). In early 2014, unemployment
exceeded 28%; youth unemployment rose to 63%, which led young, educated people to emigrate in
large numbers (Visvizi, 2014). Greece's uncertain future remains a troubling predicament on the
periphery of the European Union.
II. Background
2.1 The Formation of the European Community/Union: Integration's Twentieth Century Narrative –
'No More War'
As an advisor to Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II, Jean Monnet, the former League
of Nations official, first conceived of the
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The League Of Nations
Although the League of Nations(LN) created in 1919 failed to prevent a second World War, nations
–states have succeeded to create functional organizations which are more or less successful in
setting a secure environment for humanity. Those organizations can be international, regional, and
sub–regional. The United nations, (UN), the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of
West African States(ECOWAS) are some of them. They all embody the will to ensure and promote
peace and security in their different areas of competency. Practically, within their organizational
system, specific instruments or mechanisms such as the United Nations security council, the African
Peace and Security Council (PSC), and the Economic Community of West African States Standby
Forces (ESF) are dedicated to implement collective security. The United Nations is by excellence
one of the most prominent organization which is playing an important role in implementing
collective around the world. UN charter signed on June 26,1945 clearly states in Chapter 1, Article 1
that the purposes and principles of the organization are: to take effective collective measures for the
prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other
breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles
of justice and international law, adjustment or

Sources Of Law And European Convention On Human Rights Essay
Starting with the fact that sources of law in Wales and England are similar, there are 4 sources of
law, which are: Statute Law, Common Law, European Law and European Convention on Human
Rights. First of all, Statute law is a written law passed by a legislature on the state of federal level.
An example of it would be «Theft Act 1968». It is the first and primary source of law and it is
created by proposing a Bill in Parliament. After three readings of the bill in House of Commons and
House of Lords and afterwards in Royal Assent is received and approved, then it becomes a satute
which must be enforced by courts. Secondly, there is a Common Law. Common Law is created by
judiciary and it is also known as «case law». However, the Common Law could be amended or
overridden by Statute Law, EU LAW and/or Human Rights Law. Third is European union law. It
was created as a result of European Communities Act 1972. There are four principal institutions,
which are: The council of the EU, European Commission, European Parliament and European Court
of Justice. They make the decisions concerning laws. Finally, there is European Convention on
Human Rights. It came into effect in October 2000. It takes care about main provisions of the
European convention of Human Rights into the UK law.
Those sources of law divide in internal and external, Common and Statute are internal while
European Union law and European convention on Human Rights are external laws. Internal laws
refers to laws that

Development and Further Enlargement of European Union
ACCESSION CRITERIA: HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND FURTHER ENLARGEMENT
OF THE EU: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TURKEY
Building of the European Union (EU) is a political project intended to eradicate returning wars and
to fortify autonomous values, prosperity, and constancy on the European continent 1. The plan of
European Union come out and developed in the course of history, and Turkey has been an element
of this common history and tradition. The Ottoman Empire, modern–day Turkey's governmental
ancestor, had its most expanded provinces in the Balkans started in 14th century. For almost five
centuries, the Ottoman Empire was a significant player in the region and a component of the
Concert of Europe1. Also to its profound historic line, Turkey's relationships with Europe have been
revived with current geopolitical growths. Turkey plays a moderating function in the European
border as a not religious and autonomous country. A lot of people argue that abiding change in
Turkey on its way to EU succession may fortify Turkey's stabilizing function with relationships to
its neighbors and in the EU, and therefore add to safety in Europe2. Moreover, Turkey is a regional
power and that adds to regional safety in the Middle East, and consequently, in the US. Turkey's
succession might as well lessen the cultural segregations in Europe, particularly those pertaining to
immigration and the assimilation of Muslims into European societies. The subsequent curriculum
will give a wide setting

Transnational And Global Perspectives
The de–facto home of the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), Belgium offers an unparalleled opportunity to immerse myself in Europe's rich history,
understand its contemporary struggles, and explore its multicultural identity. I propose study
towards the Masters of European Studies: Transnational and Global Perspectives (MAES) at KU
Leuven. By studying broader European diplomacy with the Middle East and Eurasia while also
researching Belgian Islamic multiculturalism, I will explore two primary questions. First, how can
European conflicts be effectively addressed through cooperation beyond the EU? Second, how has
terrorism, radicalization, and Islamophobia within Europe impacted Belgian Islamic identity? ...
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I am currently writing a thesis at the University of Pennsylvania considering European media's
conception and representation of terrorist attacks in Europe and the Middle East. Under Dr. Barbie
Zelizer, I am performing a quantitative and qualitative analysis of Western European coverage of
both the 2015 Paris Attack and Beirut Bombing to consider how Islamic terrorism is represented in
the press. At Leuven, I will continue researching European representations of Muslim communities.
I will investigate how modern narratives of Islamophobia, terrorism, and radicalization in Belgium,
and Europe as a whole, have impacted Belgian Islamic identity. To do this, I will perform a
sociological interview study, speaking with Muslim community leaders, Muslim–focused NGO
staff, and Middle Eastern diplomats. I have secured a letter of affiliation from the Director of the
MAES program, Dr. Patrick Pasture, who has agreed to supervise my thesis as it fits into an
interdisciplinary research project he is pursuing. KU Leuven offers close proximity to Brussels'
supranational organizations that will allow me to deeply engage with European political
perspectives and a valuable international student–body. Leuven coordinates guest lectures with
diplomats and NGO leaders, allowing me to more practically understand broader European conflicts
as they happen. Additionally, the

The Multinational Corporations ( Mncs )
Table of Contents
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List of Figures
List of Tables
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION:
PURPOSE OF THIS THESIS
1. Introduction
The theories and study on the multinational corporations (MNCs) internationalisation has been
prominent in the international business (IB) studies for many decades. Though earlier studies were
dominated by firms' from the advanced economy in Europe, USA, and Japan. Therefore, is not
surprising that theories of MNCs internationalisation or foreign direct investment (FDI) would
reflect on the behaviour and perspectives of advanced economies firms. Such theories, for example,
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While the study of the internationalisation process of Sub–Saharan Africa (SSA) firms in terms of
their evolution and internationalisation have received less attention. Particularly, research on the
internationalisation of Nigerian firms are still under explored (Bolaji & Chris, 2014; Boojihawon &
Acholonu, 2013; Ibeh, 2003; Ibeh, Wilson, & Chizema, 2012) Even though, many SSA firms have
emerged as high profile multinationals increasingly engaged in foreign expansion especially across
the region. Such firms for examples include MTN, First Bank of Nigeria, Eco bank of Senegal,
Dangote, ShopRite, Equity Group holdings, GlobalCom, SABMiller of South Africa, InterSwitch
and Computer Warehouse Group to mention a few. These multinationals have emerged from
different sectors of the economy, for example taking advantage of their home country favourable
economic policies and domestic growth to internationalise (Initiative for Global Development and
Dalberg Global Development, 2011; William, 2013).
In contrast to the attention given to the study of developed economy, Asia, and Latin America firms,
SSA firms have received less attention from international

The Priorities And Objectives Of COMESA
Priorities and Objectives of COMESA The Treaty establishing COMESA binds together free
independent sovereign States which have agreed to co–operate in exploiting their natural and human
resources for the common good of all their people. In attaining that goal, COMESA recognises that
peace, security and stability are basic factors in providing investment, development, trade and
regional economic integration. Experience has shown that civil strives; political instabilities and
cross–border disputes in the region have seriously affected the ability of the countries to develop
their individual economies as well as their capacity to participate and take full advantage of the
regional integration arrangement under COMESA. It has now been fully accepted ... Show more
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The aims and objectives of COMESA have been designed so as to remove the structural and
institutional weaknesses in the member States by pooling their resources together in order to sustain
their development efforts either individually or collectively. These are as follows: to attain
sustainable growth and development of the member States by promoting a more balanced and
harmonious development of its production and marketing structures; to promote joint development
in all fields of economic activity and the joint adoption of macro –economic policies and
programmes; to raise the standard of living of its peoples, and to foster closer relations among its
member

The European Court Of Justice
Since its inception, the European Union has undergone substantial integration in the fields of
politics, economics, and culture. Through the ratification of treaties, the European Commission, the
European Council, and the European Parliament have entertained a certain degree of influence and
power over legislation and the affairs of the European Union. Not much is said about the European
Court of Justice; however, over the years, the European Court of Justice has gained significant
policy influence over the European Union. Scholars have debated whether the European Court of
Justice is an institution that has furthered the goals of European integration or whether it is an
institution that has mainly been reactive to legislative policy. ... Show more content on
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The Treaty established a Court of Justice to act as an arbitrator of problems arising from the
European Coal and Steel Community. Prior to the Court's upbringing, national governments were
debating whether a permanent Court of Justice should be written into the treaty so as to balance the
power of the High Authority (Tamm 16–17). Countries such as Germany wanted a Court that was
accessible to private entities, while France saw Germany's desires for the Court as going "a step too
far" (Tamm 17). The Treaty of Paris (1951) established a Court more in line with French demands
but with some limited access to private entities. Id.
The role of the Court was once again debated during discussions on Treaty of Rome (1957). With
little difference from the already established Court of Justice, the Treaty of Rome (1951) left in
place the principle that the Court should act as an arbitrator between the institutions of the European
Union, but also that the court should have "the right to annul legal acts if they act outside their
powers" (Tamm 19). Indeed, in Stork & Co v. High Authority of the European Coal and Steel
Community, Case 1/58, [1959] ECR 17, the Court stated that "under Article 31, the Court is only
required to ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaty, and of rules laid down for
implementation thereof, the law is observed." The Single European Act (1986) established a Court
of First Instance (General Court) to assist with the workload of

The United Kingdom 's Economy After The European Union
Early this year the United Kingdom held a referendum to decide whether to leave or stay apart of the
European Union. This event is called the "Brexit" (Britain exiting the European Union), but even
though the acronym only includes Britain it means the entirety of the United Kingdom. In the
referendum, most of England and Whales voted to leave while Northern Ireland and Scotland voted
to stay. Ultimately the United Kingdom's vote was won in favor of leaving the EU with a 51.9%
vote to stay and a 48.1% vote to leave (BBC News). Now the question is what does this mean for
the UK and how will this impact its economy in the future? It may be too early to tell how this will
play out, but for us to identify what is happening now we must thoroughly and truly understand the
reasons for this Brexit in the first place.
By looking at the United Kingdom's economy after the referendum, it seems that nothing has
drastically changed. According to the Financial Times the Britain's GDP economic growth is slow
compared to previous years; In the second quarter of 2012 their growth was at 1.1% which was the
highest they've had since 2005 where it was a 1.3% growth. The Britain's economic growth now is
.5%; but why is that? How could they have gone from a 1.3% growth to .5% in four years? Well, the
3rd quarter of 2012 the Britain's when through a shattering recession where economic growth
plummeted to a –.8% growth. Since then the Britain's has been fighting to keep their GDP growth
rate high

Role of Human Capital in Economic Development
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
a) BACKGROUND
Kenya is one of the less Developed countries that are endowed with relatively good levels of
resources and labor. However, there are still a lot to be done to tap those resources into viable
productivity and industrialization levels. One way of achieving this is by maximizing the use of both
physical and human capital. In or case we shall consider human capital. Human capital, according to
Adam Smith refers to the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants or members of the
society. The acquisition of such talents by the maintenance of the acquirer, during his education,
study or apprenticeship, always costs a real expense, which is a capital fixed and realized, as it were
in his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper therefore seeks to determine if, indeed, human capital has been the factor that has caused
a rise in economic growth and development in east Africa. c) RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 What is the role of human capital in economic development in east African countries?
 Is healthy human capital and other non economic inputs are part of the determinants of economic
growth in east African countries?
d) OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To find out the role of human capital in economic development in east African countries.
 To determine whether healthy human capital and other non economic inputs are part of the
determinants of economic growth in east African countries.
e) SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is seeking to establish the relationship between human capital and economic growth and
development in east Africa. By so doing, we will be able to know with certainty whether human
capital is actually one of the reasons for economic growth in east Africa, in which case the findings
will be used to establish the right proportion of human capital needed to mix with other economic
inputs so as to facilitate sustainable economic development in the region. It also gives an indication
of the possible way to rate human capital against other

The Age Of Nationalism And Integration Has Shaped The...
Europe has seen a great number of varying ideologies from 1815–2015. The age of "isms" greatly
shaped the country of Europe and also led to the rise of beliefs that were controversial and led to the
world wars. Although both nationalism and integration have played a monumental part in the
development of Europe, in the future nationalistic views will overrun the few who believe that the
best future lies in integration. Nationalism evolved from the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte which
showed countries such as Germany and Italy how good it felt to be united and was the major
ideology behind the 1848 revolutions. It is an intense identification with one's ethnic or cultural
heritage. The two types of nationalism include cultural and political ... Show more content on
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There were three obstacles in the way of Italian unification: Austria, France, and the Roman
Catholic Church. Austria ruled all of Northern Italy and thus did not want to give it up. This mindset
was similar to the mindset of the French who also ruled land and were also very involved in Italian
politics. Because Italian unification would greatly limit their ability to govern in Italy the French
also opposed Italian Unification. The last and final obstacle was the Roman Catholic Church which
opposed Italian unification because the Pope would have to give up his land, the Papal States.
Eventually people started to take action and start nationalistic movements against the Austrians,
French, and the Roman Catholic Church. In 1832 Joseph Mazzini, also known as the Father of
Nationalism, created a group called "Young Italy" through which he spread his nationalistic views to
the Italian Youth. In the end Camillo Benso di Cavour, the prime minister of the Kingdom of
Sardinia, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, another revolutionary made a pan and slowly united Italy to form
one country. The same nationalistic movement also occurred in Germany which left Germany united
as well. In response to all of the violent nationalistic movements the idea of integration was born.
Integration is the combination of two or more things to form a whole. In this case integration is the
bringing together of all of the European countries as one. The nationalistic causes of the world wars
had devastated

The Importance Of The English Language
CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.0. Introduction All over the world, language is a very
important tool of communication. It is used in everyday life because of the need for communication
options or expressing feelings. Successful communication must involve a speaker and a listener
(interlocutor) who both understand the language being used. To make sure that a language is known,
it implies proficiency in the four language skills: speaking, listening, writing and reading. According
to Gary Rybold (2006:16–17), we can improve several critical thinking skills by studying debate:
"Debate will help you to become a better writter. Once you complete your research, you must be
able to write speeches or briefs, short organized arguments that helps you to understand and explain
your viewpoint." He continues by saying: "Debate will help you to become better listeners. When
members of the other team are speaking, you must listen to what they say so that you can respond.
In many debates, you will have a partner. You will have to listen to him or her carefully in order to
advance your side. You will become a critical listener which means that you will think what is being
said." When taking in consideration the importance of the English Language nowadays in the world,
none can refuse that it has become the dominant language of the present historical era, that is, an
international language with regards to the large number of people who use it as a tool of
communication. To support this,

Financial Ratio of Airline Industry Average
INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANCY ARUSHA IN COLLABORATION WITH COVENTRY
UNIVERSITY (UK) ASSIGNMENT 2: KENYAAIRWAYS CASE STUDY MODULE NAME:
ORGANIZATION BEHOVIOUR AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MODULE
CODE: LECTURERS: DUE DATE: ARUM62EKM DR ANTHONY OLOMOLAIYE & MS
HELLEN MESHACK 8th JANUARY 2011 1 Coursework cover sheet – be sure to keep a copy of
all work submitted Submit via the coursework at Room No. 20 Administration Building Section A –
To be completed by the student – PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY Family Name(s) ANTON Module
Code ARUM62EKM First name(s) JAMES IAA Student Registration Number MBA–PLM/0028/
T.2010 Lecturer DR ANTHONY OLOMOLAIYE & MS HELLEN MESHACK Module Code and
Title ARUM62EKM: Organization Behaviour and HRM Assignment No. ... Show more content on
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In 1986, the Government makes the first move towards privatization. The document for the first
time, spells out the Government's intention to divest from corporations which could be run better by
the private sector.

Essay On European Community Law
The European Union is the unifying power of 28 member states, and consists of many branches of
government that fall under intergovernmentalist or supranationalist functions. One branch that
seems to go below the radar is the European Court of Justice, which in reality, has greatly affected
the development of European Community law, and contributed greatly to European integration. As
we have seen throughout history, the member states have been ebbing back and forth between
integration and sovereignty, and the states hardly want to give up their national rights, but the
European Court of Justice (ECJ) has proven to be vital to the process European integration.
Different sets of case laws set up the precedents of direct effect, supremacy, and ... Show more
Vertical effect ensures there is a European standard, because the EC law will directly affect all
individuals of all member states. This provides a standard across borders, allowing the free
movement of people, capital, goods, services to actually be a reality. Horizontal effects means that
individuals have the right to apply the laws in relation to one another. Since these laws affect every
individual, and all individuals must abide by these laws, all individuals are equal. What greater form
of integration is there, than all individuals affected equally under European Community laws? For
direct effect to work in integrating the people of Europe, the people and the states must respect and
abide by these laws, which is where supremacy comes into play.
Without supremacy, there is no direct effect, so when the ECJ coined the principle of supremacy it
changed the landscape of European integration forever. In the case Costa v. ENEL, Costa, a
shareholder of an electricity company, refused to pay his electricity bill when the electricity sector
went national. Costa claimed that nationalization violated the Community law, but the ECJ
responded by stating nationalization is legal, and that European Community law rules over national
law. Berski states that "nothing should jeopardize the community nature of the European law or
undermind the legal foundation of the EU." To work together as a European Union, the member
states must be

Negative Effects Of Globalization And Its Effects On West...
West Africa produces some of the highest value diamonds in the world. West Africa is comprised of
many countries like Ghana, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and more. All of these countries have fallen
victim of globalization. Globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations
develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. Globalization affects
every party, some positively and unfortunately for West Africa isn't holding the good end of the
stick. I believe globalization impacts Western Africa in a negative way there isn't any noted benefits
to West Africa exporting the most valuable thing on the land which is diamonds. The diamond
industry impacts the people of West Africa by creating a whirlwind of corruption on a political level.
In sierra Leone diamonds were a valuable part of the land and they were once legitimately sold up
until Sierra Leone became independent in 1961. The following years of their independence
corruption flooded the land. According to an online research paper it says "with that independence
came corrupt leaders, manipulation of the people , rebel groups, rivalries and civil disputes". The
correlation implies that the diamond industry has created an environment that leaves people at risk
of violence, and unfair treatment by their government. The longer the diamond industry is in effect,
the longer West African people will suffer from the world market demanding diamonds. Because of
globalization it doesn't look

The Differences Between Uk Parliament And European Parliament
Introduction
The consciousness of democracy and decentralization grow in people's mind and formed various
kind of country during the history of human. The UK evolves about thousands years and become a
constitutional monarchy country with nowadays appearance. The Europe suffered first and second
war and others conflicts between European countries, to prevent further war occur in Europe
European Union were built. In the last about sixty years the EU shows it's potential and has the
second largest parliament in the world with multiple member countries. The essay mainly focus on
discuss the differences between UK parliament and European Parliament, statistics, government act,
declaration and treaties will be given in order to support the opinions. Firstly, the origin and
developments of the two parliaments will be given. Secondly, the essay will compare the two
parliaments from aspects of structure, composition, function and role. Thirdly, a clear definition of
power and ability between UK parliament and EU parliament will be illustrated. Then, the ability of
parliament hold executive to account will be discussed. Ultimately, there will be conclusion to brief
review the gist of this essay.
Origin and Developments
The evolution of UK parliament across about a thousand years, and can date back to Saxon era. At
that time, there was a council or witan give advices to Saxon Kings comprised with nobles. In 13th
century, Government became a "franchise operation" that the King

Pros And Cons Of Nafta
The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was marked into presence on January first,
1994. It is participation between Mexico, The United States, and Canada that evacuates duties
between the three. It likewise addresses work and ecological worries that advance the improvement
of the states included. The association does not have any genuine chain of importance but rather is
essentially a consent to take out duties. Every one of the three states advantage from this assention,
despite the fact that Mexico advantages the most since it is a less created nation and has minimal
cash to pay duties. The hindrance of this assention is that it restricts the facilitated commerce inside
a state. NAFTA challenges neighborhood differences since it wipes out monetary boundaries, which
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It appeared differently in relation to dangerous patriotisms of the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds
of years that started in a superb patriotism and finished in wars.[8] He followed the starting idea of
supranationality back to the nineteenth century, for example, the Postal Union, and the term
supranational is utilized around the season of the First World War. Popular government, which he
characterized as 'in the administration of the general population and acting in concurrence with it,'
was a crucial part of a supranational group. Be that as it may, governments just started to hold direct
races to the European Parliament in 1979, and after that not as per the arrangements. A solitary
discretionary statute was determined in the settlement for Europe's first group of coal and steel in
1951. Common society (to a great extent non–political) was to have its own chosen chamber in the
Consultative Committees particular to every Community as fairly concurred, however the procedure
was solidified (similar to Europe's parliamentary races) by Charles de Gaulle and different
legislators who restricted the Community

The Coming Anarchy
In 1994, Robert Kaplan published his essay entitled, "The Coming Anarchy." In his essay, Mr.
Kaplan theorized that the region of Western Africa is becoming the "symbol of worldwide
demographic, environmental, and societal stress". He identified numerous political, social,
economic, and environmental issues affecting Western Africa, which in his opinion, would lead to
the demise of that African region within the next 50 years. Mr. Kaplan further theorized that nations
worldwide would eventually contract the same problems occurring in Western Africa and collapse
into anarchy. Mr. Kaplan's prediction of worldwide anarchy is inaccurate, since his argument relies
on broad generalizations and insufficient credible examples and sources of ... Show more content on
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In his 1994 essay, Kaplan describes the country of Liberia as one that is war–torn, led by
inexperienced rebel leaders, and has over 1 million displaced civilians. Today, Liberia has had a
decade of peace, held presidential and general elections, improved its social services and
infrastructure, and protected human rights. As recently as 2013, the United States and Liberia
entered into an agreement to cooperate and improve Liberia's agriculture and energy sectors. Liberia
now ranks among the fastest–growing economies in sub–Saharan Africa, even though the nation is
still navigating through long standing issues typical of a developing Western African nation. The
ability of Liberia to rebound from its political, economic, and social issues of the past exposes a
serious flaw in Kaplan's theory, and further demonstrates the ability of the international community
to self–correct.
As a region, Western Africa has recently experienced positive economic growth. The Western
African economy grew at a rate of 6.9 percent during 2012, an increase over the 5.9 percent in 2011.
The achieved economic growth in the sub–region was more than double the global rate, according to
a report delivered at the just–ended 42nd Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Summit in the Ivory Coast. In 2012, Sierra Leone, once considered a microcosm of the upcoming
anarchy by Mr.

The Between European Union And The European Court Of Justice
This essay will focus on the institutions in European Union. In the first, second and third section ,It
provides details about the roles and compositions of the Council of Ministers , the European
Commission , the European Court of Justice (ECJ).In the fourth section, it will illustrate the impacts
on the national law of EU member states by the decisions from European Court of Justice.
Council of ministers is composed of ministers from member states' government. In fact , there are
up to ten configurations with 28 nations which is one minsters from one state . The configuration of
every meetings depends on the topic they are focusing. If the ministers' portfolio is responsible for
that topic , he/she must attend the meeting. For example , If it is about fixing subsidies to
government , it defined as an agricultural council , then , national agricultural ministers will attend .
If the council meeting on economic and financial affairs , the financial ministers of every country
must attend and so on. The meeting must be held at least 1 –6 times a year. For the allocation of
votes, It will depend on the population of each member states, for example , German holds more
votes than Ireland.
Council of ministers is the main decision making body in the European Union together with
Parliament. According to the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the
European Union, 2010, It stated that ' The Council shall, jointly with the European

How Can Public Diplomacy Complement “Hard Power” Tactics...
Hard power is a term used to describe power that is acquired from the use of military and/or
economic force to influence the behaviour or interests of other political entities. As the name might
imply, this type of political power is often aggressive, and is most effective when imposed by one
political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power. What it boils down to is: Do
what we want. If you don 't, we will inflict undesirable damage on your person, citizenry, economy,
security forces, crops, well water, et cetera. Hard power is mostly placed in the International
Relations field of Realism, where military power is seen as the expression of a state's strength in the
international community. While the existence of hard ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This ambitious aid plan was called the Marshall Plan after the secretary of state at the time. General
Marshall proposed the plan with two intentions: to assist in the rebuilding of Europe and to win the
"hearts and minds" of the citizens most vulnerable to the reach of communism. The act of
benevolence was accepted by the United States' European allies after a phase of negotiations, but
was discarded by the Soviets and other members of the Eastern Bloc. The Marshall Plan represented
a significant early application of U.S. soft power and the vital non–military aspect of US policies of
containment. Containment is an excellent example of a successful balance of hard and soft power.
The policies they implemented in this process served to strengthen relations with "at–risk" countries
in Europe while at the same time sending a strong message to the Soviet Union that the United
States would react strongly to any further Soviet expansion. In fact, containment was so successful,
that many experts consider it the leading cause of the Soviet collapse. Another prime example of this
PD was the cultural exchanges which saw tens of thousands of Soviet students go to America to
study. These exchanges enabled many Soviet citizens, especially in the upper and middle reaches of
society, to see the United States with their own eyes. The students would then go back to the USSR
and some even occupied roles of influence and played important roles in the peaceful

The Pros And Cons Of Multiculturalism In Europe
In the contemporary world, across several countries in Europe, there is a common perception that
multiculturalism has failed in public and political discourse. Europe has not been immune to these
rising global anxieties and local debates. Many authors' attempted several competing definitions to
define the term "Multiculturalism" to characterize an ethnically diverse society and to explain the
methodology in terms of policy and philosophy to organize that society (Malik, 2005). Vertovec and
Wessendorf (2010) referred multiculturalism as, "a broad set of mutually reinforcing approaches or
methodologies concerning the incorporation and participation of immigrants and ethnic minorities
and their modes of cultural/religious difference" (Vertovec and Wessendorf, 2010, p.4). ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Few groups in the Muslim society wear veil or possess beard to be safe so that they can attend their
regular prayers and exist according to their traditional customs of their religion which is considered
as fundamentalist" by other non muslims. In Belgiun, Germany and Switzerland, veil is considered
as an indication of denial of

Supremacy of Eu Law
Supremacy/ Primacy of European Union Law
Introduction:
State sovereignty and supremacy of European Union law are traditionally seen as fundamentally
opposite in nature. The rights of states to deal with national issues internally, in compliance with
national law, versus the obligation on states to subordinate national law to Community law.
Where it is contained:
Historically the EEC treaty contained no provision dealing with the concept of supremacy of
Community law over the national law of member states. In fact, treaties were generally silent as to
the nature of the relationship between EU law and national law except for a general obligation
contained in article 4 (3) TEU which states:–
"'Pursuant to the principle of sincere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Act states that "From the 1st day of January, 1973, the treaties governing the European
Communities and the existing and future acts adopted by the institutions of those Communities shall
be binding on the State and shall be part of the domestic law thereof under the conditions laid down
in those treaties." therefore, formally binding all member states, including Ireland, to comply with
Community law.
The Irish position is best described in the case of Maher v Minister for Agriculture and Food (2001):
Keane CJ in the Supreme Court stated that
'The jurisprudence of the Courts of Justice of the European Communities has, of course, established
that the law of the communities, whether embodied in regulations or directives, must be given
primacy, where it is applicable, over the domestic law of the member States.' ...'
The result [of the various referenda] was a historic transfer of legislative, executive and judicial
sovereignty to the European Communities and, as a result of further referenda, the European Union.
In particular, the exclusive roles hitherto enjoyed by the Oireachtas in the legislative field and the
courts in the administration of justice were significantly abridged.
The developing jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice also made it clear that there existed
effectively an autonomous European legal order and that the member States were obliged to
acknowledge the primacy of Community law over national law in areas where it

European Union Foreign Policy In A Changing World Summary
The second edition of Karen E Smith's book European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World is
another installation of the series started in 2003. The second installation is an update and expansion
in which she offers a crisp and different outlook on the intricacies of the contemporaneous European
Union's foreign policy. Karen expounds on EU foreign policy by not only examining what the
European Union is but also what it does. The book has nine chapters that delve into different aspects
of the European Union policy but all focusing on the union's foreign policy objectives.
In the introduction chapter, Karen introduces the five pivotal foreign policy objectives that the
European Union strives to achieve. These are:
i.Advocacy for regional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The European Coal and Steel Community body was created post war second world war not only to
achieve peace but also to solve the economic difficulties that the countries were facing. To achieve
this, six countries agreed t the Treaty of Paris in effect forming an area of free trade. The book also
looks at the the European Economic Community, a body created in 1958 to build a common market
that had no tariffs or bottlenecks to the movement of goods and labor. This chapter looks at the
transformation of the European Union through a number of political reforms and is depicted through
the evolution of three distinct pillars:the European Communities, The Common Foreign and
Security Policy (CFSP) and the The Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Council. This evolution is
tracked to what Smith describes as 'the world's largest unified market and trading bloc that conducts
economic and trading relations with virtually every country'(Smith, 21).
The next chapter looks at the policy instruments that are available to the European Union. These
policy instruments are economic, diplomatic and military. In the evaluation of each of these policy
instruments Smith looks at certain policy tools are assessed. Some of the policy tools that are
evaluated under economic instruments are trade and cooperation agreements with third world
countries, development aid to those countries is evaluated, regional associations are also presented
coupled with their share in the 2007 European Union

The European Court Of Justice Delivered A Judgment On...
In September 2014, the European Court of Justice delivered a judgment on Groupement des Cartes–
Bancaires v. European Commission. This case was initially decided on by the commission, and then
appealed to the General Court of the European Union. When the General Court dismissed the
appeal, it appealed to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). After hearing the opinion given by
Advocate General N. Wahl (AG Wahl), the ECJ made a decision to quash the General Court's
decision. The case represented the first appeal the ECJ had overturned regarding the restriction of
competition 'by object' of the measures at issue. It will be shown that this case is the leading
authority on the dichotomy of 'by effect' and 'by object' restrictions of competition. I. Issues Before
the Court A. Facts of the Case Initially, Groupement des Cartes–Bancaires (GCB) notified the
European Commission of new rules being introduced for the Cartes–Bancaires system that included
three new pricing measures as stipulated by the relevant regulations. The first pricing measure is
known as the 'mechanism for regulating the acquiring function' (MERFA). MERFA is a regulatory
instrument that encouraged members that issuing bankcards disproportionate to its acquisitions of
new merchants to meet the correct balance of the two activities by introducing a fee. The second
measure was a membership fee that consisted of a fixed annual cost, a fee per new card issue, and a
supplementary fee for an issuer who tripled their

Van Gend En Loos: Creation of New Legal Order in European...
EU Law Essay
Question: In retrospect was the European court of justice correct when it stated that in Van Gend en
Loos (1963) a new legal order had been created? Discuss.
The judgement in Van Gend en Loos has undoubtedly had a huge impact upon the European Union
and the way that it functions. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) claimed that the judgement had
established a "new legal order" whether this is true is debatable but it is certainly a fundamental case
in EU case law. The phrase "new legal order" was first used in Van Gend en Loos, so it was hard to
know if that was what it was... Discuss what legal order means etc. The principle of direct effect (or
immediate applicability) enables individuals to immediately invoke a European ... Show more
That is that national courts must set aside any legislation from its courts that conflict with EU
legislation. Thus at the time of the Van Gend en Loos [18] judgment primacy of Community law did
not exist and any claims that a new legal order existed would be very weak
Although Community Law does override National Law this is only because National Governments
allow it to do so meaning that this is not really this creation of a new legal order. This is seen a
subjective kind of supremacy and therefore it does not really create a new legal order. Indeed certain
member states have contested that community law overrides national law. This is reflected in the
vast number of non–compliance cases, i.e. between 1978–99 Greece, on average, infringed upon
Community Law 35 times per year. Furthermore, the advancement of the EU legal system through
the case law of the ECJ promoting the effects and primacy of EU law does not, at least in the eyes of
the member states of the Union, illustrate a new legal order. They would contest that the recognised
principles of international law still apply to the laws of the EU, for instance the effects and primacy
of EU law only exists because national constitutions allow it to exist.
With hindsight we can see that at the time of the Van Gend en Loos case a new legal order had not
been created, but since then we have seen the emergence of one. Certainly the European Union and

Eu Enlargement And Its Impact On The World Of The Cold War
While early EU history is marked by efforts to abridge political and economic gaps between formal
enemies, recent EU enlargement is a one of tensions between established and new member interests
and broader interests of the organization itself. In recent decades, the most prominent issue of EU
integration is the ongoing discussion in established member states on expansion prospects. The fall
of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War opened the possibility for immense political and
economic transformation for Eastern European states. The result of this transformation brought the
unprecedented possibility for many post–communist states to join the EU. This possibility, however,
is met with hostility on domestic level in some of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately, in theory, binding normative ideas and not individual member states influence EU
integration; however, in practice upholding essential norms, such as human rights, is plagued by
double–standards in established and new members, just like in other parts of the world. The double–
standards arise from shared practices that undermine human rights despite EU's formal commitment
to protect them. These limitations hamper Europeanization and proper norm diffusion, so in practice
specific broad organizational objectives of established member states, such as desire to maintain a
democratic sub–content, appear to drive the process of EU integration at this time. Conventional
Wisdom about Heresthetics Riker's view of Institutions as a source of heresthetics The heated
domestic debates in established member states on new member accession exposes gaps in social
consensus about new member accession in the EU. Broadly, social consensus in decision–making
implies that minority and majority opinions are taken into account. The alienation of a minority
group(s) in decision–making is often utilized by political rivals to spark a political backlash that can
hurt the reputation of a politician or jeopardize the future of the dominant party or government.
Since politicians are keenly aware of this possibility, they strategically establish options they prefer
among competing

Business Environment, Politics And Culture
After spending nine months in three continents: America, Asian and Europe, I had the opportunity to
learn about each continent business environment, politics and culture by immersing myself in three
different countries. I had acquired knowledge on economic, international negotiation, international
finance and international business concepts. I also strengthened my ability to adapt to new situations
and new cultures through interacting with different people around the world, which helped me earn
exceptional interpersonal skills. Nevertheless, my internship allowed me to submerge myself in the
African continent and also enable me to have a stronger perception about the economy of Africa and
its business environment. This experience was a bonus for my global knowledge.
After nine months of studying, I was finally going to obtain a real work experience in a non–profit
organization. I was filled with enthusiasm to finally integrate theoretical knowledge, learned in
class, in the real work environment. My first days of internship were full of stress, as I wanted to
make a good first impression on my supervisor. I met the team with whom I will be working during
the next four months and I was introduced to my responsibilities and duties. CCAfrica, being an
organization focusing on Africa, was the best place for an internship for me. I have a broad
knowledge about the continent and thought it will enhance my experience. During the four months,
most of my duties were centered on

Tourism in East Africa
East Africa comprises of five neighbouring member states: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi and
Rwanda. These countries are bound as a community through a political treaty that came into effect
on the 7th of July 2000 which ratified the establishment of the East African Community (Eac.int,
2014).
Tourism receipts in developing countries can amount to more than 20 percent of the total value of
exports which makes it a very significant pillar for these economies (Ondicho,2000,pp–49–70). Like
all developing countries, the East African Community (EAC) member nations are dependent on the
export of primary commodities whose prices are prone to uncertainty and erratic fluctuations. As a
result, tourism remains one of the few alternative industries available to these countries in
diversifying their sources of foreign exchange (Ondicho, 2000, pp–49–70).
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), tourism's contribution to Sub–
Saharan Africa's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2012 was USD 36.0 Billion (2.8% of GDP) and
was forecast to rise by 4.2% to USD 37.5 Billion in 2013 with growth expected to average 5.1% per
annum to USD 61.9 Billion by 2023(Turner, 2013, p.3) .
Tourism has the potential to propel economic development whilst addressing social ills such as
poverty and rampant unemployment given the failure of the traditional sectors such as agriculture to
bring about meaningful socio–economic transformation (United Nations Economic Commission for
Africa, 2011).

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Integration Of...
The discussion of a single currency for West African Countries has been going on for over a decade
now. The countries of West Africa are working towards achieving monetary and currency integration
by introducing a common currency called "Ecoi" throughout the West African Monetary Zone
(WAMZ) ("Common currency for West Africa", 2017). Therefore, I will be discussing the
disadvantages of the integration of currencies in West African Countries and explaining why the
integration of currencies in West Africa is a bad thing.
West Africa is the westernmost sub–region of Africa which consists of 18 countries with a
population of about 362 million as of 2016 ("West Africa", 2017). However, some West African
countries came together from different colonial experiences and administrations to form Economic
community of West African states known as ECOWAS today. ECOWAS was formed on the 29th of
May 1975 via the treaty of Lagos. It consists of 15 member countries who came together with the
aim of promoting economic and social integration in all fields of activities between these countries
with the hope of achieving progress and economic stability ("Basic information | Economic
Community of West African States(ECOWAS)", 2017).
One of the establishments under the ECOWAS integration was the Economic Community of West
African States Monitoring Cooperation Program (EMCP), which was adopted in 1987 in hopes of
limiting currency convertibility and introducing a common currency in the sub–region

Nationalism Vs Cosmopolitanism Essay
The world is becoming a smaller community through technological advances and international
travel opportunities that make communication and interaction with others around the world a
common occurrence. Some world leaders envision a global community that would lead to a one–
world–order to include government and commerce. Globalization has been on the rise but is not
shared and accepted by all. Nationalism continues to play a significant part in international
interactions. With its goal of European unification for economic and political voice, the European
Union (EU) can be used as a model for globalization. This paper will consider if using the EU as a
model is a valid argument.
Globalism, Nationalism, and Cosmopolitanism
According to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Rourke (2008) the most important way people have identified themselves politically
for five centuries is through nationalism (p. 102). Nations are formed when people who "share
demographic and cultural similarities [who identify themselves] as a group distinct from other
groups and want to control themselves politically" (p. 103) band together in a national political
identity which has "a soul, a spiritual quality" (Rourke, 2008, p. 103). Feelings of nationalism can
be very intense and difficult to put aside because of this. For the concept of globalization to continue
to spread and grow nationalistic feelings must be tempered with cosmopolitan ideals.
Nationalism versus Cosmopolitanism
In the article "Nationalism, Patriotism, and Cosmopolitanism in an Age of Globalization" author
Robert Audi (2009) identifies different levels of nationalism and cosmopolitanism and how they can
affect globalization. Audi categorizes nationalism and cosmopolitanism as being extreme, moderate,
and minimal.
Audi (2009) encapsulates extreme nationalists as those would say "my country right or wrong" (p.
367). This level of nationalism believes patriotism is a virtue and that when an action is required in
the national interest citizens have "an overriding obligation to act accordingly" (Audi, 2009, p. 367).
When a policy decision might only advance the extreme nationalist's nation only slightly, even
though it may cause extreme suffering in another part

International Organizations And International Trade...
When it comes to the political set up of the international organizations that positively and negatively
affects poorer nations can be classified in realist's point of view as powerful nations lobbying the
international organizations to pass their agenda that affects smaller countries in the interests of
promoting national hegemonic power. As a results, of this, regardless of the debts accumulated by
powerful international organization's veto power, they are still on top of the average poor nation
because of its political hegemonic power and influence over International Organizations. The
economic policies set by hegemonic powers to be passed down to the small nations by the
international organizations sometimes keep them on the hook of a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If Gambia failed to secure that assistance, it will further hurt its economy because the country was
running with deficit and the IMF described the then current economic state of the Gambia as
"external and fiscal sustainability are at a grave risk. Moreover, in the absence of urgent action, the
social progress made in recent years is also under threat." When it comes to the interaction of the
United Nations and the Gambia, many sustainable achievement were secured and was able to help
develop Gambia physically and environmentally. There were United Nations children's fund that
helped young children of the poorer nations to benefit from basic needs like education,
infrastructure, human rights improvements and bias and draconian media laws that targets private
media journalists. Gambia government lost many of its reputation as a result of not living up to
expectations of the international organizations in protecting the fundamental human rights of its
citizens irrespective of the individual's political affiliation. Draconian media Laws results in the
shooting death of Gambia prominent journalist Deyda Hydara, the owner of 'ThePointNewspaper'.
He was shot to dead and the Gambia government denied the allegation and they refused to
investigate it and also refused international organizations to coinvestigate the matter. The Gambia
president was

The Global Stage Of The European Union
The statement that a Belgian Minister once quoted indicated his thoughts of the global stage of the
European Union (EU) which included, "the European union was a little more than an economic
giant, political dwarf and military worm." With this being said, I can confidently say within my six–
week summer long semester into the history of the European Union, I agree with the Belgian
Minister's statement primarily due to their economic trading power, weak political power, but I think
their military is not no worm. According to the Europa.eu (1), The European Union is one of
strongest economic areas in the world. There is an estimated five hundred million people. Europe
also make up of seven point three percent of the world 's population, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The concept is carefully related to those of economic globalization which integrates national
economies into the international economy. Such incorporations have been achieved through capital
flow, trading of goods and services, and foreign direct investment. Since the primary link has been
the European Union, which has become a major alliance amongst the European nations. With the
EU's focusing on globalization their economic power has gone up. I feel that with the EU having a
single currency and free trade of goods and services is a major contribution to having a strong EU.
The world is becoming a tighter community through high–tech developments around the world.
With technology becoming so advanced international travel becoming more common. Making
communication and collaboration with other countries around the world easier and now a common
occurrence. Some world leaders envision a global community that would lead to a one–world–order
to include government and commerce. Globalization has been on the rise but is not shared and
accepted by all. Nationalism continues to play a significant part in international interactions. With
Europe's goal of
European alliance for economic purposes, the European Union can be used as a model for economic
globalization. The EU restructured their government to have political power by incorporating the
European parliament, supranational fiscal union, and the European Commission. The Parliament is
the only institution where

Nigeria 's Economic And Economic Development Essay
Nigeria has a population of around 180 million, making it the most populous country in Africa.
Nigeria is located in a region with tropical climate and that can grow variety of crops. With their
numerous resources and growing technology they have been able to have positive economic
advancement. Nigeria has had improvements in five of the ten economic freedoms. This includes
Freedom of corruption, labor freedom, and management of government spending ("Nigeria."
Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption.). Nevertheless these large
improvements in their economy has not brought human development, where most Nigerians live
under the poverty line. This paper will focus on why Nigeria has not been able to use their economic
prosperity in the sector of human development, this includes standard of living, health, safety, and
basic necessity one needs to live a stable life. We will compare it to the state of Ghana whose
economy has also flourished but has been success in human development.
Many argue that poverty is inevitable in many states of Africa because of their colonial history but
nevertheless we have states like Ghana who has been able to flourish despite its surrounding
problems and colonial history. In order to figure out why Nigeria has failed to have human
development, we will focus on the type of economy is has, diversity and religion tension, population
and government institutions, and finally human right violations that have occurred

Reflective Essay On Racism
I work for the day that there will no longer be a mandatory minimum for melanin and hate speech is
no longer freer than my and every person of color's body. Every day, we seem to get closer and
further from this day. Clocks no longer reliable to count the passing of time, but in divisive times,
the signs are mixed up, and my math cannot seem to count up the holes left by deportations or
people who did everything right, but it's on the ground, then in the ground they are left. I came to
Cornell identifying as a son, a brother, a student, a music player and a runner. However, something
about a predominantly white institution, or maybe just college generally, made me recognize who I
was, or rather what identities people perceive when they see me. Consequently, I am a Black, first
generation, low socioeconomic status, cis–heterosexual, Christian, documented son of refugees from
Eritrea attending an Ivy League institution on stolen land. Coming to the realization of all these
intersections of the identities that bring privileges or discrimination, I sought whatever avenues I
could find to ameliorate difficulties faced based on identity. But, another thing I realized early on
here is that I really ain't know anything. Consequently, I took classes in the Sociology and FGSS
departments and threw myself in the Black community hoping people would catch me. I fully
embraced my Blackness and the intersectionality of causes within activists groups as a part of
SWAG and BSU my freshman

The European Union As A Global Governing Body
The development of anything takes time, be it a child or a global governing body. There is an
erroneous assumption in the world that the concept of the European Union, the idea of having a
shared currency, and borderless pan–European continent is new. However, the pan–European
identity present in Modern Europe took time to establish, especially after the continent was
devastated by two World Wars. The idea of a pan–European identity as it is known today through the
European Union was established after the end of the Second World War, as the need for a united
Western Europe was needed to combat the increasing influence of the United States on the European
economy and the possible threat of war with the Soviet Union. The policies of the ... Show more
In 1949, the Council of Europe was formed in an attempt to create a European parliament that would
help aid European integration, as a means to prevent the threat of a war arising between traditional
enemies (i.e. France and Germany) and to create a combined front against a new threat in the form
of the Soviet Union . The Council of Europe was created as a forum where enemies could seek
diplomatic solutions and promote political and economic cooperation in Europe, rather than go to
war with each other . The creation of the Council of Europe is what inspired other European nations
to seek a comprehensive alignment treaty that incorporated deeper levels of cooperation amongst
European nations, this motivation led to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, as
a means to protect the safety of workers in Europe.
The first significant step towards this was the eventual establishment of the European Union in 1993
was the establishment of the ECSC, which was an organization established by France, West
Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg (the Six) . The establishment of the
ECSC was promoted by the developing idea of Europeanism amongst these six nations, who
became disillusioned with Britain's lack of involvement in the European community, as Britain was
a member of the European Economic Cooperation and the Council of Europe, but had no intention
of participating in a common market economic

After the Second World War, the emergence of high-level...
After the Second World War, the emergence of high–level warm peace in West Germany was
understood to be due to the induction of democratisation and social reform process by the liberal
United States (US) and the common Soviet Union threat. The problem of ethnic German expellees
from the East result to the destabilisation of democracy in West Germany which nearly caused the
collapse of the government. The US came to aid in mitigating the problem and assisting the state
into a successful German democracy. As discussed earlier, the realist factors of American hegemony
had produced cold peace in the Western Europe, but insufficiently produced high–level warm peace.
However, with the nature of liberal democracy in the region, the cold peace ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A report shown, after two decade of France democratisation, about fifty–two percent of French gave
a good opinion in regard to their perception towards West Germany and reduction of nine percent
gave bad opinion. The structure and stability of liberal democracy have developed transnational
interactions between the French and German people. Even though there was conflict arise between
the governments in 1960s the level of mutual trade and confidence never decreases. Besides that,
liberal democratic structures also generate confidence of German and French policymakers of their
mutual reliability.
Middle East
In Middle East, the situations were different from the European case when the three key liberal
mechanisms; regional institutions, economic interdependence and democracy, induced in the region.
The use of defensive and offensive liberalism failed to produce a stable warm peace on arms control,
economic cooperation, water, refugees and the enivronment. Defensive liberalism of multilateral
talks was conducted in the framework of Madrid Conference. The idea was to create regional
peacemaking through bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Arabs, the Gulf and North
African. However, the bilateral talks with Israel were boycott by some of the rejectionist camp
including Iran, Iraq, Libya and Sudan. The rejection limited the ability to reach region–wide
agreements yet the support from the great powers helped broaden the peace process and

Turkey's Accession to the European Union
Relations between Turkey and European integration institutions began with Turkey's application for
associate membership in the European Economic Community(EEC) in 1959. Turkey applied for full
membership in the EEC in 1987 but did not gain candidate status until 1999. Since 1999, relations
between Turkey and the European Union (EU) have gained momentum, and Turkey's EU accession
negotiations began in 2005. Since that time, discussions about the implications of Turkey's
prospective EU membership have become more serious and extensive in both Turkey and the
EU.the potential advantages and drawbacks of Turkey's EU membership for both Turkey and the
EU. It considers economic, social, political, and security factors. When the enlargement ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
EU membership has been regarded as one of the significant tools for achieving this goal in Turkey.
In this context, Turkey has given great importance to its relations with EU integration institutions.
The long history of relations starting with the signing of the Ankara Agreement on 12 September
1963 between Turkey and the European Economic Community (EEC) is an evident indication of
this importance. Turkey, one of the founding members of the United Nations and the Organisation
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and a member of NATO since 1952, showed
its willingness to continue to increase its role in the different areas of Western policy.With the
signing of the Ankara Agreement, trade began to be liberalized, followed by the completion of the
Customs Union by the end of 1995. since the signing of Ankara Agreement, there have been ups and
downs in the relations between Turkey and EU integration institutions. Turkey applied for full
membership in the EEC in 1987. In 1990, the European Council endorsed the Commission opinion
underlining Turkey's eligibility for membership, but deferred the assessment of this application until
the emergence of a more favourable environment. Additionally,despite the advanced relations and
economic integration between Turkey and the EU, Turkey was not characterized as a candidate
country at the Luxembourg Summit in 1997.These developments alienated Turkey and adversely
affected its EU

The Treaty Of The European Union
On Thursday, June 23rd, 2016, the United Kingdom invoked Article 50 of the Treaty of the
European Union and voted to whether or not to leave the European Union. This June 2016
referendum, which is most commonly known as "Brexit," had the largest voter turnout in the United
Kingdom since the 1992 General Election, roughly 33.5 million voters. The referendum resulted
fifty–two percent in favor of leaving the European Union. The separation process is difficult. By just
agreeing to the negotiations to separate from the European Union, there has been significant
political and economic impacts affecting the United Kingdom and the rest of the world. The day
following the vote that favored leaving the European Union, the Pound, Britain's currency, went
from $1.50 to $1.28, the lowest it's been in over three decades (Kottasova). In an effort to not deal
with the EU negotiations, David Cameron, the United Kingdom's Prime Minister, resigned from his
position on July 13th, effectively ending his six year holding on the position. Brexit is an example of
when nationalism and frustration mix together and motivates a society to make a decision possible
which was unforeseeable prior. It can be deduced that the three contributing factors to the success of
the Brexit vote are Economics, Nationalism, and Political Elitism. Understanding the history of the
relationships between the European Union, political parties in the United Kingdom, and the citizen
of the United Kingdom.
Brexit's History

Pros And Cons Of Sui Generis
1
The National University of "Kyiv Mohyla Academy"
EU political system
MA "German and European studies" Lecturer: Dr. André Härtel
Viktoriia Khomenko
Why is a EU political system "sui generis"?
Introduction
The XX century was very revolutionary. There were not only two World Wars but the establishment
of different organizations that have been contributing to the political, economic and social life of
different states. Such organizations like NATO and UN integrated countries. But the most successful
"project" is the creation of the European Union. But what is actually the European Union? Why its
political system is called "sui generis"?
What is "sui generis"?
According to Merriam–Webster dictionary, "sui generis" is an adjective that means constituting ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then the Council shapes its position by QMV (qualified majority voting). According to the report of
Martina Schonard 05/2017 "In the fields of social security and police and judicial cooperation in
criminal matters, the proposal can be submitted to the European
Council at the request of one Member State (Articles 48 and 82 TFEU), and this suspends the
ordinary legislative procedure until the European Council reassigns the matter to the Council (at the
latest after four months)". If the Parliament's issue is approved by the Council, the act is adopted. If
the Council doesn't agree on the Parliament's opinion, it gives the Parliament three month to make a
decision, which may approve the proposal as amended by the Council, or have no decision, reject
the Council's position, and adopt amendments to the Council's position by an absolute majority. In
the second reading, if the Council approves all of Parliament's amendments, the act is adopted. If it
is not, the
Conciliation Committee is gathered within six weeks. If the Conciliation Committee doesn't meet
any agreement, the procedure of the act's adoption is stopped.
5
Conclusion
To draw the conclusion, one can say that supranational elements are shown in the organization

Greece And The EU Crisis

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