SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 59
Gynecologic Oncology Unit
Domenica Lorusso
Milan - Italy
ESA NEL PAZIENTE
ONCOLOGICO
ANEMO 14
Strategie di Risparmio di Sangue
San Donato Milanese 07/03/2014
Prevalence of anaemia in cancer
 Anaemia is the most common haematological
disorder in patients with cancer
– approximately 20%–60% of patients with
cancer will have anaemia at presentation
 Treatment for cancer can induce or exacerbate
anaemia: the extent of this varies according to the
type of tumour and treatment
Studio ECAS:
prevalenza dell’anemia pre-terapia
Adattata da Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-306
61,7%
29,3%
1,3%
8,7%
0,0% 20,0% 40,0% 60,0% 80,0%
> 12 gr/dL
10-11.9 gr/dL
8-9,9 gr/dL
< 8 gr/dL
39.3% (5.850/ 14.912)
Hb ≤ 11.9 g/dL
Cancer-related anaemia in Europe:
Cytotoxic chemotherapy
51% of patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy
had serum Hb 12 g/dL
49%
(n = 1,330)
19%
(n = 529)
32%
(n = 881)
Serum Hb
<10 g/dL
10–12 g/dL
>12 g/dL
Prevalenza dell’anemia stratificata per età e
sesso
Ble A et al., Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2222-7
Cancer-related anaemia in Europe:
Type of Tumor
 Anaemia tended to be mild-to-moderate
(10–12 g/dL) in solid tumours
 Anaemia tended to be more severe in
haematological malignancies (<10 g/dL)
 There were some between-country differences in
Hb levels in different malignancies
The incidence of anaemia in cancer
varies according to the type of
malignancy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Incidenceofmoderateanaemia
(percentageofpatients)
Skillings J, et al. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A(suppl 5):S5. Abstract.
n >30 in each group
Malignancy type
Colorectal cancer
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Lung cancer
NHL
Impatto della chemioterapia
Barrett-Lee 2000 (adattata da Ludwig H. 2007)
Studio ECAS: impatto della
chemioterapia
L’incidenza di anemia aumenta con il numero di
cicli di CT
19,5%
34,3%
42,0%
46,7% 46,7%
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
35,0%
40,0%
45,0%
50,0%
Ciclo 1 Ciclo 2 Ciclo 3 Ciclo 4 Ciclo 5
Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-306
Groopman J. et al. J Natl Cancer Inst.1999;91:1616-34
Anemia (% pazienti)
Neoplasia Farmaco/combinazione
Grado
1 / 2
Grado
3 / 4
NSCLC
avanzato
Paclitaxel 23–100 5
Docetaxel 73–85 2–10
Paclitaxel/carboplatino 10–59 5–34
Paclitaxel/cisplatino 45–60 5–23
Ca Ovaio
avanzato
Carboplatino 66 0–26
Cisplatino 8 2
Paclitaxel/cisplatino 58 8
Cisplatino/ciclofosfamide 32–97 2–29
Farmaci chemioterapici e anemia
Cause dell’anemia nel pz neoplastico
FARMACI BIOLOGICI
Incidenza globale 22.2 %
Anemia G1-G2 31.4 %
Anemia G3-G4 6.3 %
Barni S. The Oncologist: in press
Causes of anaemia in patients with cancer:
Other treatment-related factors
 Radiotherapy
– has direct effects on bone marrow suppression
– can impair appetite and so reduce vital nutrient
uptake
– has been shown to induce or exacerbate anaemia
in 54% of patients with solid tumours1
 Anaemia may also result from blood loss due to
surgery
1Harrison L, et al. Semin Oncol. 2001;2(suppl 8):54-59.
Signs and symptoms of anaemia
Central nervous system
 Debilitating fatigue
 Dizziness, vertigo
 Depression
 Impaired cognitive function
Immune system
 Impaired T-cell and
macrophage function
Cardiorespiratory system
 Exertional dyspnoea
 Tachycardia, palpitations
 Cardiac enlargement,
hypertrophy
 Increased pulse pressure,
systolic ejection murmur
 Risk of life-threatening cardiac
failure
Gastro-intestinal system
 Anorexia
 Nausea
Genital tract
 Menstrual problems
 Loss of libido
Vascular system
 Low skin temperature
 Pallor of skin, mucous
membranes and conjunctivae
Adapted from Ludwig H. Semin Oncol. 1998;25(suppl 7):2-6.
Studio ECAS: anemia e PS
Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-306
Anaemia adversely affects
quality of life (QOL)
 Fatigue is the most commonly reported clinical
manifestation of anaemia in patients with cancer
– 78% of patients with cancer suffer fatigue1
 Fatigue is not relieved by sleep or rest
 At Hb levels <12 g/dL, fatigue increases significantly
  Hb and  fatigue   QOL2
1Vogelzang N, et al. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):4-12.
2Cella D. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):13-19.
Perception of cancer-related fatigue:
The prevalence of fatigue
Every day
On most days
At least once a week
Only a few
days each month
Hardly ever
Don’t know
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
32
21
14
11
20
2
Patients (%)
Vogelzang N, et al. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):4-12.
Patients were asked how often in the past month they had felt fatigue/
did they feel fatigue while undergoing treatment
Crawford J, et al. Cancer. 2002;15:888-895.
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
7
Hb (g/dL)
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Study 1 (n = 2030)
Study 2 (n = 2352)
LASAScore(mm)
Study 1: r = 0.25
Study 2: r = 0.29
P < .01
Correlation Between Hb Level and
Quality of Life
Anaemia is an adverse prognostic
factor in patients with cancer
 Increasing evidence suggests that anaemia adversely
affects survival in patients with cancer
 Anaemia and thrombocytopenia at diagnosis strongly
predicted for poor outcome in patients with chronic
lymphocytic leukaemia1
 Anaemia at diagnosis was an independent adverse
prognostic factor in patients with Hodgkin’s disease2
or NHL3
1Binet J, et al. Cancer. 1981;48:198-206.
2Hasenclever D, et al. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1506-1514.
3Moullet I, et al. Ann Oncol. 1998;9:1109-1115.
Anaemia as an independent prognostic
factor: Literature review
 A literature review of 60 clinical studies assessed
the effects of anaemia on survival in patients with
a variety of solid tumours and haematological
malignancies1
 Anaemia increased the relative risk of death by
between 19% and 75%, depending on the
malignancy
1Caro J, et al. Cancer. 2001;91:2214-2221.
Anaemia is associated with reduced survival in
patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Moullet I, et al. Ann Oncol. 1998;9:1109-1115.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Patientsurvival(%)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Years
P <0.0001
No anaemia
Anaemia
Anemia e sopravvivenza
I pazienti affetti da NSCLC che hanno mantenuto
livelli di Hb > a 12 gr/dL hanno avuto una maggiore
sopravvivenza
Waters JS et al., J Clin Oncol 2002;15: 601-3
Tumour hypoxia potentiates tumour
progression (cont’d)
 Hypoxia may stimulate tumour growth by induction of
– urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)
• leads to degradation of the tumour extracellular
matrix and subsequent metastatis1
– vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion
• promotes angiogenesis  tumour growth and
metastasis2
1Molls M. Proc 1st International Conference on Erythropoietin in Radiation
Oncology, Freiburg, Germany, June 1999.
2Dunst J, et al. Strahlenther Onkol. 1999;175:93-96.
Tumour hypoxia potentiates tumour
progression
 The impact of anaemia on the survival of patients with
cancer may be due to low tumour levels of oxygen
 Experimental data show that tumour hypoxia leads to
–  tumour invasiveness
–  metastatic potential
–  resistance to cancer therapy1
 Hypoxia may also promote the selection of aggressive
tumour phenotypes with reduced apoptotic potential
1Höckel M, et al. Cancer Res. 1999;59:4525-4528.
Anemia e sopravvivenza
Il decremento della Hb durante il trattamento
CT/RT per NSCLC stadio III si correla in modo
significativo alla sopravvivenza
MacRae R. et al; Radiother Oncol. 2002;64(1):37-40
Increasing serum Hb levels may improve
survival in patients with cancer receiving
CHT
 In a placebo-controlled trial of 375 anaemic patients receiving non-
platinum–based chemotherapy for a variety of malignancies,
administration of recombinant EPO (rHuEPO) led to a:
– significant increase in Hb levels (P <0.001)
– significant decrease in transfusion requirements (P = 0.0057)
– significant improvement in QOL (P <0.01)
– trend towards an increase in survival (12-month estimated rates:
60% vs 49% for placebo)*
Littlewood T, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2001;11:2865-2874.
*NB: This study was not powered for
survival as an endpoint
Perception of cancer-related fatigue: Different perceptions of the
importance of treating fatigue
0 20 40 60 80 100
Oncologists
Patients
Response (%)
Fatigue
Pain
Both equally
Oncologists and patients were asked if it is/was more important for
pain or fatigue to be reduced or relieved by treatment or are/were
both equally important
41
5
34
94
6
1
Vogelzang N, et al. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):4-12.
Perception of cancer-related fatigue:
Different perceptions of the main cause of fatigue
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Caregivers
Oncologists
Patients
Response (%)
Illness
Treatment
Both
13
54
14
54
41
64
13
3
14
Vogelzang N, et al. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):4-12.
ECAS – Trattamento dell’anemia
Pazienti in chemioterapia - Hb nadir < 11 g/dl (n = 4.622)1
1. Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-2306
* Inclusi pazienti che ricevevano solo ESP, ESP + trasfusione, ESP + trasfusione + ferro;
** Inclusi pazienti che ricevevano solo trasfusione e trasfusione + ferro
Studio ECAS: trattamento
Il 61.1% dei pazienti
NON riceve nessun
trattamento per
l’anemia !!!
Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-306
UK audit of RBC transfusions and anaemia
in patients with cancer (cont’d)
 Approximately one-third of patients required a RBC
transfusion
 The following factors were significantly associated
with a higher incidence of RBC transfusion
– pretreatment Hb <11 g/dL vs no anaemia
– lung/ovarian vs breast/testicular tumours
– metastatic vs non-metastatic disease
(for breast testicular and ovarian cancers)
Barrett-Lee P, et al. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:93-97.
UK audit of RBC transfusions and
anaemia in patients with cancer
(cont’d)
Barrett-Lee P, et al. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:93-97.
Proportion of patients requiring RBC transfusion (n)
Tumour Any transfusion >1 transfusion
All 33% (902) 16% (443)
Lung 43% (335) 22% (170)
Ovary 41% (347) 21% (179)
Testes 24% (51) 14% (29)
Breast 19% (169) 7% (65)
RBC transfusions
 Until recently RBC transfusion was the therapy of choice for
symptomatic anaemia
 RBC transfusion is still appropriate for patients requiring
– rapid correction of Hb, eg, chronic symptomatic anaemia
– an increase in blood volume, eg, severe haemorrhage
However
 The effects of RBC transfusion are short-lived
 RBC transfusion does not address the underlying process of anaemia
Risks associated with RBC transfusion
 Serious adverse events
– transmission of infection
• viral, eg, hepatitis A, B, C; CMV, EBV
• bacterial
– acute and delayed haemolytic reactions
– immunosuppression
– transfusion-related acute lung injury
 Mild adverse events
– fever, urticaria
CMV = cytomegalovirus, EBV = Epstein-Barr virus
L’obiettivo della terapia con EPO
INCREMENTARE
I LIVELLI DI Hb
RIDURRE LA
NECESSITA’ DI
TRASFUSIONI
MIGLIORARE LA
QUALITA’ di VITA
Erythropoietin for anemia in cancer patients
413 patients, Hb< 10.5 gr/dl
no CT vs CT w CDDP vs CT w/o CDDP
(epoetin  150 U/kg 3 times weekly for 12 weeks)
FDA APPROVAL
(1993)
• Treatment with ESA
– reduces transfusion requirement
– improves hematopoietic response
– provide clinically meaningful improvements in overall health
in patients receiving chemotherapy
Recombinant Human Erythropoietins and
Cancer Patients: Update Meta-Analysis of 57
Studies including 9353 Patients
Bohlius J. Et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006
Bohlius J. Lancet 2009; 373: 1532–42
• 53 studi
• 13.933 pazienti
53 studi clinici randomizzati
N=13.933
Mortalità in studio
HR = 1.17 [95% CI, 1.06-1.30] p=0.003
Overall Survival
HR = 1.06 [95% CI, 1.00-1.12] p=0.0046
Nei pazienti anemici il trattamento con ESA
aumenta in modo statisticamente
significativo la mortalità e diminuisce la
sopravvivenza
Bohlius, Lancet 2009
Tutti i pazienti trattati con ESA
(popolazione globale anche fuori indicazione)
Alcuni studi hanno rilevato una tendenza verso una maggiore
sopravvivenza nel gruppo che riceveva ESA rispetto al gruppo placebo
(obiettivo secondario).
Si è quindi sviluppato un filone di ricerca indirizzato alla valutazione di
un possibile beneficio del trattamento con ESA in termini di
sopravvivenza
Razionale:
• la condizione anemica può peggiorare la prognosi del paziente
oncologico (ipo-ossigenazione tissutale ridurrebbe l’efficacia CHT/RT)
 Farmaci che riescono a incrementare i livelli di Hb potrebbero avere
un effetto benefico anche sui i livelli di ossigenazione tessutale,
aumentando quindi la risposta alla CHT/RT.
Studi sperimentali fuori indicazione
Riunione AM – 14 marzo 2007
Target Hb elevato
PFS differenze n.s.
Studio Blohmer evidenzia trend positivo
Thomas 2008
GOG191
Epo Alfa
Fuori indicazione (solo RT, Hb basale e target elevato)
Beyond anemia
Non valuta attività di EpoR ma solo presenza
Usa un metodo non specifico (Ab anti epoR C20, riconoscono
altra proteina: HSP70)
I recettori sono espressi (mRNA) ma non trasportati in superficie
(epo marcata non si lega)
Henke
2003
Henke (EpoR)
2006
Epo Beta
(solo polmone)
Sospeso l’arruolamento, non il trattamento (CERA x12 weeks)
Non pubblicatoCERA
Pazienti molto avanzati
Pazienti non in trattamento o trattamento non curativo
Wright
2007
Epo Alfa
Fuori indicazione (Hb basale e target elevato, 1 anno tratt.)
Beyond anemia (aumento TVE fatali)
Stesso Time to Progression nei due bracci
Leyland Johnes
2003
Epo Alfa
Key PointsStudioMolecola
Reactive Key Points
Molecola Studio Key Points
Nesp PREPARE
Non pubblicato
Prevenzione dell’anemia
Risposta patologica uguale tra i gruppi: no effetto epo su cht
Studio di Mobusnon mostra differenze tra i due gruppi
Nesp DAHANCA
Abs, Eur J Cancer
Solo Rt
Non anemici
Nesp Smith 2008 No cht; no RT
500 Q4W
Nesp Hedenus2003 Target elevato
Gli studi negativi sono fuori indicazione
Si tratta di 8 studi condotti in ambito sperimentale e al di
fuori delle indicazioni per una o più delle seguenti ragioni:
• Pazienti non anemici (elevati livelli di Hb basale ed elevato
target)
 Pazienti non in chemioterapia
Inoltre:
 Non tutti hanno l’outcome come obiettivo primario
 Molti sono stati interrotti e i risultati non possono essere
conclusivi
Valore HB ESA (n=7634) Control (n=6229)
<8 448 (6%) 343 (5%)
8<10 2222 (29%) 1708 (27%)
10<12 2851 (37%) 2153 (34%)
>12<14 1433 (22%) 1410 (22%)
>14 428 (6%) 411 (7%)
missing 252 (3%) 274 (4%)
53 Studi considerati
• Solo CT in 34 studi (64%)
• NO CT in 15 studi (27%)
• NO CT e NO RT in 4 studi (9%)
53 Studi considerati
38 studi clinici randomizzati
N=10.441
Mortalità in studio
HR = 1.10 [95% CI, 0.98-1.24] p=0.12
Overall Survival
HR = 1.04 [95% CI, 0.97-1.11] p=0.263
Nei pazienti anemici in CHT non esiste
differenza statisticamente significativa tra
il gruppo dei pt trattati e quello controllo
in termini di mortalità e sopravvivenza
Bohlius, Lancet 2009
Solo pt con anemia indotta da CHT
Autore Pt Tipo tumore Arms Commenti
Pronzato,
The Oncologist 2010
N=223 • Cancro alla mammella
(~50% in stadio avanzato)
• Anemia lieve (Hb ≤12.0
g/dL)
Epo alfa
vs
BSC
• Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella
sopravvivenza
HR= 1,05 (CI 95% 0,58-1,92) p=0.86
Aapro,
JCO 2008
N=463 • Cancro alla mammella
metastatico
• Hb< 12,9 g/dl
Epo beta
vs
control
• Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa:
- Sopravvivenza globale
HR=1.07 (95% CI, 0.87 -1.33) p =0.522
- Sopravvivenza libera da progressione malattia
HR=1.07 (95% CI, 0.89-1.30) p=0.488
Cantrell,
Cancer 2010
N=343 • Cancro all’ovaio ESA
vs
No ESA
• Analisi retrospettiva
• Le pazienti trattate con ESA avevano fattori prognostici
sfavorevoli (più anziani, stadio più avanzato di malattia, più
ipertese)
• Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa:
- Sopravvivenza globale
OR=0.851 p=0.35
- Sopravvivenza libera da progressione malattia
OR=0.959 p=0.488
Blohmer,
JCO 2011
N=257 • Carcinoma cervicale in stadio
non avanzato
• Target Hb: 12,5-13.5 g/dl
ESA
vs
No ESA
• Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella
sopravvivenza globale
HR: 0.88 [95% CI, 0.51-1.50], p=0,63
Stehman F,
Gynecologic Oncology
2012
N=1864 • Cancro ovarico epiteliale, alle
tube di falloppio o primario
peritoneale dopo chirurgia
• Stadio avanzato
ESA
vs
No ESA
• Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa:
- Sopravvivenza globale
HR=0,989 [IC95% 0,849–1,15] p=0.892
- Sopravvivenza libera da progressione malattia
HR=1,06 [IC 95% 0,937–1,19] p=0.364
Studi positivi
Autore Pt Tipo tumore Arms Commenti
Milroy,
European Journal
of Clinical &
Medical Oncology
2011
N=424 • Cancro al polmone non a
piccole cellule, stadio avanzato
metastatico
• Pazienti non anemici (14-15
g/dl)
Epo alfa
vs
BSC
• I pazienti sono mantenuti a dei livelli di Hb superiori a 12 g/dl
• Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella
sopravvivenza globale
Hoskin,
JCO 2012
N=223 • Tumore Testa-Collo
• No anemia (Hb ≤15.0 g/dL)
RT+Epo
alfa
vs
RT
• Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella
sopravvivenza
p=0.83
Engert ,
JCO 2010
N=1379 • Linfoma di Hodking
(stadio IIB-IV)
Epo alfa
vs
placebo
• Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella
sopravvivenza
HR= 0,74 (95% CI 0,45-1,22)
Richardson ,
JCO 2010
N=677 • Mieloma Multiplo • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella
sopravvivenza
HR 0.945 (CI 95% 0.714-1.250) p=0.6907
Studi positivi
Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
Metanalisi Cochrane 2012
Sopravvivenza globale e mortalità
78 trials – 19.003 pazienti
Sopravvivenza globale: HR 1.05 [95% CI, 1.00-1.11]
Mortalità in studio: HR 1.17 [95% CI, 1.06-1.29]
Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
Metanalisi Cochrane 2012
Riduzione del fabbisogno trasfusionale
57 trials – 15.877 pazienti
Riduzione fabbisogno trasfusionale: HR 0.65 [95% CI, 0.62-0.68]
OS sulla base dei livelli di Hb al basale
Se Hb basale<10 g/dl
HR=1.06 [95% CI, 0.96-1.17]
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
OS sulla base dei livelli di Hb al basale
Se Hb basale 10-12 g/dl
HR=1.01 [95% CI, 0.93-1.10]
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
OS sulla base dei livelli di Hb al basale
Se Hb basale >12 g/dl
HR=1.17 [95% CI, 1.06-1.29]
Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
OS sulla base delle diverse terapie
Se pazieti in trattamento CHT
HR=1.04 [95% CI, 0.98-1.11]
Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
OS sulla base delle diverse terapie
Se pazienti non in trattamento (RT/CHT)
HR=1.23 [95% CI, 1.04-1.45]
Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
Aapro M. British Journal of Cancer (2008) 99, 14 – 22
Sopravvivenza globale
HR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.46; p. = 0.355
Tempo alla progressione
Aapro M. British Journal of Cancer (2008) 99, 14 – 22
HR =0.85; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.01; p. = 0.072
Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
Metanalisi Cochrane 2012
Rischio di eventi tromboembolici
57 trials – 15.278 pazienti
TVE: HR 1.52 [95% CI, 1.33-1.73]
• Maggiore incidenza di eventi tromboembolici
– 7% vs 4%
• Mortalità per eventi tromboembolici simile
– 1% vs 1%
Aapro M. British Journal of Cancer (2008) 99, 14 – 22
Aapro M. British Journal of Cancer (2008) 99, 14 – 22

More Related Content

What's hot

smoldering myeloma
smoldering myelomasmoldering myeloma
smoldering myelomaspa718
 
Impact of Tumor Location in CRC on Treatment Decision
Impact of Tumor Location in CRC on Treatment DecisionImpact of Tumor Location in CRC on Treatment Decision
Impact of Tumor Location in CRC on Treatment DecisionMohamed Abdulla
 
The grey zone in prostate cancer management
The grey zone in prostate cancer managementThe grey zone in prostate cancer management
The grey zone in prostate cancer managementMohamed Abdulla
 
M rcc reempowering an old dogma
M rcc reempowering an old dogmaM rcc reempowering an old dogma
M rcc reempowering an old dogmaMohamed Abdulla
 
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - BEST OF ASH 2015 MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND PLASMA C...
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - BEST OF ASH 2015 MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND PLASMA C...Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - BEST OF ASH 2015 MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND PLASMA C...
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - BEST OF ASH 2015 MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND PLASMA C...OSUCCC - James
 
Protocol nlr and plr version 1.0
Protocol nlr and plr version 1.0Protocol nlr and plr version 1.0
Protocol nlr and plr version 1.0gwendolynliow
 
Chapter 24.2 lmwh in cancer asso thrombosis
Chapter 24.2 lmwh in cancer asso thrombosisChapter 24.2 lmwh in cancer asso thrombosis
Chapter 24.2 lmwh in cancer asso thrombosisNilesh Kucha
 
Risk Stratification for High Risk AML
Risk Stratification for High Risk AMLRisk Stratification for High Risk AML
Risk Stratification for High Risk AMLspa718
 
METASTATC COLORECTAL CANCER IN 2017
METASTATC COLORECTAL CANCER IN 2017METASTATC COLORECTAL CANCER IN 2017
METASTATC COLORECTAL CANCER IN 2017Mohamed Abdulla
 
Highlights from asco gu 2017
Highlights from asco gu 2017   Highlights from asco gu 2017
Highlights from asco gu 2017 Mohamed Abdulla
 
Comparison of Cyclosporine and Methotrexate with Cyclosporine and Mycophenola...
Comparison of Cyclosporine and Methotrexate with Cyclosporine and Mycophenola...Comparison of Cyclosporine and Methotrexate with Cyclosporine and Mycophenola...
Comparison of Cyclosporine and Methotrexate with Cyclosporine and Mycophenola...Alok Gupta
 
Myelofibrosis-Effective-Practices-in-Myelofibrosis-Programs
Myelofibrosis-Effective-Practices-in-Myelofibrosis-ProgramsMyelofibrosis-Effective-Practices-in-Myelofibrosis-Programs
Myelofibrosis-Effective-Practices-in-Myelofibrosis-ProgramsBrissan Guardado
 
acute lymphocytic leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemiaacute lymphocytic leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemiaspa718
 
Oncology 101 2013
Oncology 101 2013Oncology 101 2013
Oncology 101 2013derosaMSKCC
 
angiogenesis; a key player in all chapters of metastatic crc story2
angiogenesis; a key player in all chapters of metastatic crc story2angiogenesis; a key player in all chapters of metastatic crc story2
angiogenesis; a key player in all chapters of metastatic crc story2Mohamed Abdulla
 
Liver limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Case Presentation
Liver limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Case PresentationLiver limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Case Presentation
Liver limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Case PresentationMohamed Abdulla
 
smoldering myeloma
smoldering myelomasmoldering myeloma
smoldering myelomaspa718
 
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - ASH Review 2015 Acute Leukemias and MDS
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - ASH Review 2015Acute Leukemias and MDSOhio State's 2016 ASH Review - ASH Review 2015Acute Leukemias and MDS
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - ASH Review 2015 Acute Leukemias and MDSOSUCCC - James
 
M crc amgen luxor 20 feb 2018
M crc amgen luxor 20 feb 2018 M crc amgen luxor 20 feb 2018
M crc amgen luxor 20 feb 2018 Mohamed Abdulla
 

What's hot (20)

smoldering myeloma
smoldering myelomasmoldering myeloma
smoldering myeloma
 
Impact of Tumor Location in CRC on Treatment Decision
Impact of Tumor Location in CRC on Treatment DecisionImpact of Tumor Location in CRC on Treatment Decision
Impact of Tumor Location in CRC on Treatment Decision
 
The grey zone in prostate cancer management
The grey zone in prostate cancer managementThe grey zone in prostate cancer management
The grey zone in prostate cancer management
 
M rcc reempowering an old dogma
M rcc reempowering an old dogmaM rcc reempowering an old dogma
M rcc reempowering an old dogma
 
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - BEST OF ASH 2015 MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND PLASMA C...
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - BEST OF ASH 2015 MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND PLASMA C...Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - BEST OF ASH 2015 MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND PLASMA C...
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - BEST OF ASH 2015 MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND PLASMA C...
 
Protocol nlr and plr version 1.0
Protocol nlr and plr version 1.0Protocol nlr and plr version 1.0
Protocol nlr and plr version 1.0
 
Chapter 24.2 lmwh in cancer asso thrombosis
Chapter 24.2 lmwh in cancer asso thrombosisChapter 24.2 lmwh in cancer asso thrombosis
Chapter 24.2 lmwh in cancer asso thrombosis
 
Breaking the Paradox: Expanding Options and New Questions in HCC Management—M...
Breaking the Paradox: Expanding Options and New Questions in HCC Management—M...Breaking the Paradox: Expanding Options and New Questions in HCC Management—M...
Breaking the Paradox: Expanding Options and New Questions in HCC Management—M...
 
Risk Stratification for High Risk AML
Risk Stratification for High Risk AMLRisk Stratification for High Risk AML
Risk Stratification for High Risk AML
 
METASTATC COLORECTAL CANCER IN 2017
METASTATC COLORECTAL CANCER IN 2017METASTATC COLORECTAL CANCER IN 2017
METASTATC COLORECTAL CANCER IN 2017
 
Highlights from asco gu 2017
Highlights from asco gu 2017   Highlights from asco gu 2017
Highlights from asco gu 2017
 
Comparison of Cyclosporine and Methotrexate with Cyclosporine and Mycophenola...
Comparison of Cyclosporine and Methotrexate with Cyclosporine and Mycophenola...Comparison of Cyclosporine and Methotrexate with Cyclosporine and Mycophenola...
Comparison of Cyclosporine and Methotrexate with Cyclosporine and Mycophenola...
 
Myelofibrosis-Effective-Practices-in-Myelofibrosis-Programs
Myelofibrosis-Effective-Practices-in-Myelofibrosis-ProgramsMyelofibrosis-Effective-Practices-in-Myelofibrosis-Programs
Myelofibrosis-Effective-Practices-in-Myelofibrosis-Programs
 
acute lymphocytic leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemiaacute lymphocytic leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemia
 
Oncology 101 2013
Oncology 101 2013Oncology 101 2013
Oncology 101 2013
 
angiogenesis; a key player in all chapters of metastatic crc story2
angiogenesis; a key player in all chapters of metastatic crc story2angiogenesis; a key player in all chapters of metastatic crc story2
angiogenesis; a key player in all chapters of metastatic crc story2
 
Liver limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Case Presentation
Liver limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Case PresentationLiver limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Case Presentation
Liver limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Case Presentation
 
smoldering myeloma
smoldering myelomasmoldering myeloma
smoldering myeloma
 
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - ASH Review 2015 Acute Leukemias and MDS
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - ASH Review 2015Acute Leukemias and MDSOhio State's 2016 ASH Review - ASH Review 2015Acute Leukemias and MDS
Ohio State's 2016 ASH Review - ASH Review 2015 Acute Leukemias and MDS
 
M crc amgen luxor 20 feb 2018
M crc amgen luxor 20 feb 2018 M crc amgen luxor 20 feb 2018
M crc amgen luxor 20 feb 2018
 

Similar to Anemo 2014 - Lorusso - ESA nel paziente oncologico

Lyman managementofchemotherapy-induced
Lyman managementofchemotherapy-inducedLyman managementofchemotherapy-induced
Lyman managementofchemotherapy-inducedDamodara Kumaran
 
Understanding Renal Cell Carcinoma
Understanding Renal Cell CarcinomaUnderstanding Renal Cell Carcinoma
Understanding Renal Cell Carcinomafondas vakalis
 
CARDIO ONCOLOGY
CARDIO ONCOLOGYCARDIO ONCOLOGY
CARDIO ONCOLOGYflasco_org
 
JOURNAL CLUB (2) (1) (3) (5) (1).pptx
JOURNAL CLUB (2) (1) (3) (5) (1).pptxJOURNAL CLUB (2) (1) (3) (5) (1).pptx
JOURNAL CLUB (2) (1) (3) (5) (1).pptxDrGhulamRasool1
 
sitagliptin for diabetics
sitagliptin for diabeticssitagliptin for diabetics
sitagliptin for diabeticsMahmoud Yossof
 
1110414-降低糖尿病患者罹患心腎疾病的風險跟血糖達標一樣重要.pdf
1110414-降低糖尿病患者罹患心腎疾病的風險跟血糖達標一樣重要.pdf1110414-降低糖尿病患者罹患心腎疾病的風險跟血糖達標一樣重要.pdf
1110414-降低糖尿病患者罹患心腎疾病的風險跟血糖達標一樣重要.pdfKs doctor
 
VTE and Cancer Healthcare Professional Education
VTE and Cancer Healthcare Professional EducationVTE and Cancer Healthcare Professional Education
VTE and Cancer Healthcare Professional Educationvtesimplified
 
Lupus Nephritis Dilemma - Prof. Mohsen El Kosi
Lupus Nephritis Dilemma - Prof. Mohsen El KosiLupus Nephritis Dilemma - Prof. Mohsen El Kosi
Lupus Nephritis Dilemma - Prof. Mohsen El KosiMNDU net
 
CYTOPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH TKIS
CYTOPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH TKISCYTOPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH TKIS
CYTOPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH TKISmanal bessa
 
Hodgkin’S And Non Hodgkin’S Lymphoma
Hodgkin’S And Non Hodgkin’S LymphomaHodgkin’S And Non Hodgkin’S Lymphoma
Hodgkin’S And Non Hodgkin’S Lymphomafondas vakalis
 
Advance Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer final
Advance Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer finalAdvance Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer final
Advance Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer finalTauhid Bhuiyan
 
11 surgical bleeding and transfusions
11 surgical bleeding and transfusions11 surgical bleeding and transfusions
11 surgical bleeding and transfusionsDang Thanh Tuan
 
Trattamenti ipofrazionati ed ipofrazionati-accelerati: nuove possibilità di p...
Trattamenti ipofrazionati ed ipofrazionati-accelerati: nuove possibilità di p...Trattamenti ipofrazionati ed ipofrazionati-accelerati: nuove possibilità di p...
Trattamenti ipofrazionati ed ipofrazionati-accelerati: nuove possibilità di p...Gemelli Advanced Radiation Therapy
 
Seminario 6 Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 d...
Seminario 6 Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 d...Seminario 6 Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 d...
Seminario 6 Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 d...Mijail JN
 
Proteinuria as Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Proteinuria as Cardiovascular Risk FactorProteinuria as Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Proteinuria as Cardiovascular Risk FactorJAFAR ALSAID
 
Transfusion trigger in Intensive Care Unit
Transfusion trigger in Intensive Care UnitTransfusion trigger in Intensive Care Unit
Transfusion trigger in Intensive Care UnitYazan Kherallah
 
ueda2012 do we still need high doses-d.mohammed
ueda2012 do we still need high doses-d.mohammedueda2012 do we still need high doses-d.mohammed
ueda2012 do we still need high doses-d.mohammedueda2015
 
Utilizing Doppler Flow to Investigate the Hemodynamic Effects of Anti-Cancer ...
Utilizing Doppler Flow to Investigate the Hemodynamic Effects of Anti-Cancer ...Utilizing Doppler Flow to Investigate the Hemodynamic Effects of Anti-Cancer ...
Utilizing Doppler Flow to Investigate the Hemodynamic Effects of Anti-Cancer ...Scintica Instrumentation
 

Similar to Anemo 2014 - Lorusso - ESA nel paziente oncologico (20)

Lyman managementofchemotherapy-induced
Lyman managementofchemotherapy-inducedLyman managementofchemotherapy-induced
Lyman managementofchemotherapy-induced
 
Understanding Renal Cell Carcinoma
Understanding Renal Cell CarcinomaUnderstanding Renal Cell Carcinoma
Understanding Renal Cell Carcinoma
 
CARDIO ONCOLOGY
CARDIO ONCOLOGYCARDIO ONCOLOGY
CARDIO ONCOLOGY
 
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology
Austin Journal of Clinical CardiologyAustin Journal of Clinical Cardiology
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology
 
JOURNAL CLUB (2) (1) (3) (5) (1).pptx
JOURNAL CLUB (2) (1) (3) (5) (1).pptxJOURNAL CLUB (2) (1) (3) (5) (1).pptx
JOURNAL CLUB (2) (1) (3) (5) (1).pptx
 
Iatrogenic diabetes
Iatrogenic diabetesIatrogenic diabetes
Iatrogenic diabetes
 
sitagliptin for diabetics
sitagliptin for diabeticssitagliptin for diabetics
sitagliptin for diabetics
 
1110414-降低糖尿病患者罹患心腎疾病的風險跟血糖達標一樣重要.pdf
1110414-降低糖尿病患者罹患心腎疾病的風險跟血糖達標一樣重要.pdf1110414-降低糖尿病患者罹患心腎疾病的風險跟血糖達標一樣重要.pdf
1110414-降低糖尿病患者罹患心腎疾病的風險跟血糖達標一樣重要.pdf
 
VTE and Cancer Healthcare Professional Education
VTE and Cancer Healthcare Professional EducationVTE and Cancer Healthcare Professional Education
VTE and Cancer Healthcare Professional Education
 
Lupus Nephritis Dilemma - Prof. Mohsen El Kosi
Lupus Nephritis Dilemma - Prof. Mohsen El KosiLupus Nephritis Dilemma - Prof. Mohsen El Kosi
Lupus Nephritis Dilemma - Prof. Mohsen El Kosi
 
CYTOPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH TKIS
CYTOPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH TKISCYTOPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH TKIS
CYTOPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH TKIS
 
Hodgkin’S And Non Hodgkin’S Lymphoma
Hodgkin’S And Non Hodgkin’S LymphomaHodgkin’S And Non Hodgkin’S Lymphoma
Hodgkin’S And Non Hodgkin’S Lymphoma
 
Advance Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer final
Advance Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer finalAdvance Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer final
Advance Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer final
 
11 surgical bleeding and transfusions
11 surgical bleeding and transfusions11 surgical bleeding and transfusions
11 surgical bleeding and transfusions
 
Trattamenti ipofrazionati ed ipofrazionati-accelerati: nuove possibilità di p...
Trattamenti ipofrazionati ed ipofrazionati-accelerati: nuove possibilità di p...Trattamenti ipofrazionati ed ipofrazionati-accelerati: nuove possibilità di p...
Trattamenti ipofrazionati ed ipofrazionati-accelerati: nuove possibilità di p...
 
Seminario 6 Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 d...
Seminario 6 Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 d...Seminario 6 Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 d...
Seminario 6 Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 d...
 
Proteinuria as Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Proteinuria as Cardiovascular Risk FactorProteinuria as Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Proteinuria as Cardiovascular Risk Factor
 
Transfusion trigger in Intensive Care Unit
Transfusion trigger in Intensive Care UnitTransfusion trigger in Intensive Care Unit
Transfusion trigger in Intensive Care Unit
 
ueda2012 do we still need high doses-d.mohammed
ueda2012 do we still need high doses-d.mohammedueda2012 do we still need high doses-d.mohammed
ueda2012 do we still need high doses-d.mohammed
 
Utilizing Doppler Flow to Investigate the Hemodynamic Effects of Anti-Cancer ...
Utilizing Doppler Flow to Investigate the Hemodynamic Effects of Anti-Cancer ...Utilizing Doppler Flow to Investigate the Hemodynamic Effects of Anti-Cancer ...
Utilizing Doppler Flow to Investigate the Hemodynamic Effects of Anti-Cancer ...
 

More from anemo_site

Griglia CV per Programma perf Destrebeq
Griglia CV per Programma perf DestrebeqGriglia CV per Programma perf Destrebeq
Griglia CV per Programma perf Destrebeqanemo_site
 
Programma perfezionamento in coordinamento gestione del sangue
Programma perfezionamento in coordinamento gestione del sangueProgramma perfezionamento in coordinamento gestione del sangue
Programma perfezionamento in coordinamento gestione del sangueanemo_site
 
Coordinamento della gestione del sangue Università degli studi di Milano
Coordinamento della gestione del sangue   Università degli studi di MilanoCoordinamento della gestione del sangue   Università degli studi di Milano
Coordinamento della gestione del sangue Università degli studi di Milanoanemo_site
 
La Coordinarice del Sangue: una figura infermieristica dedicata in un progra...
 La Coordinarice del Sangue: una figura infermieristica dedicata in un progra... La Coordinarice del Sangue: una figura infermieristica dedicata in un progra...
La Coordinarice del Sangue: una figura infermieristica dedicata in un progra...anemo_site
 
BLOODLESS COORDINATOR CARE: UNA NUOVA SFIDA PROFESSIONALE, INDAGINE CONOSCITI...
BLOODLESS COORDINATOR CARE: UNA NUOVA SFIDA PROFESSIONALE, INDAGINE CONOSCITI...BLOODLESS COORDINATOR CARE: UNA NUOVA SFIDA PROFESSIONALE, INDAGINE CONOSCITI...
BLOODLESS COORDINATOR CARE: UNA NUOVA SFIDA PROFESSIONALE, INDAGINE CONOSCITI...anemo_site
 
Emorecupero intraoperatorio
Emorecupero intraoperatorioEmorecupero intraoperatorio
Emorecupero intraoperatorioanemo_site
 
A fresh look at cell salvage
A fresh look at cell salvageA fresh look at cell salvage
A fresh look at cell salvageanemo_site
 
Absctracts Anemo Nurse 2015
Absctracts Anemo Nurse 2015Absctracts Anemo Nurse 2015
Absctracts Anemo Nurse 2015anemo_site
 
Master Medicina Trasfusionale -- Università di Firenze
Master Medicina Trasfusionale -- Università di FirenzeMaster Medicina Trasfusionale -- Università di Firenze
Master Medicina Trasfusionale -- Università di Firenzeanemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Foto album
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Foto albumAnemo Nurse 2015 - Foto album
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Foto albumanemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Pittella - Orizzonti e nuovi sviluppi nell'infermieristica...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Pittella - Orizzonti e nuovi sviluppi nell'infermieristica...Anemo Nurse 2015 - Pittella - Orizzonti e nuovi sviluppi nell'infermieristica...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Pittella - Orizzonti e nuovi sviluppi nell'infermieristica...anemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Introduzione
Anemo Nurse 2015 - IntroduzioneAnemo Nurse 2015 - Introduzione
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Introduzioneanemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - PAvesi - Una PBM efficace: raccolta dati e analisi dei ris...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - PAvesi - Una PBM efficace: raccolta dati e analisi dei ris...Anemo Nurse 2015 - PAvesi - Una PBM efficace: raccolta dati e analisi dei ris...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - PAvesi - Una PBM efficace: raccolta dati e analisi dei ris...anemo_site
 
Anemo nurse 2015 - Smaljai - Prericovero, accoglienza e preparazione del pazi...
Anemo nurse 2015 - Smaljai - Prericovero, accoglienza e preparazione del pazi...Anemo nurse 2015 - Smaljai - Prericovero, accoglienza e preparazione del pazi...
Anemo nurse 2015 - Smaljai - Prericovero, accoglienza e preparazione del pazi...anemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Beverina - Ambulatorio trasfusionale: l'inizio della PBM
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Beverina - Ambulatorio trasfusionale: l'inizio della PBMAnemo Nurse 2015 - Beverina - Ambulatorio trasfusionale: l'inizio della PBM
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Beverina - Ambulatorio trasfusionale: l'inizio della PBManemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Destrebecq - Infermieristica, ricerca e clinica
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Destrebecq - Infermieristica, ricerca e clinicaAnemo Nurse 2015 - Destrebecq - Infermieristica, ricerca e clinica
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Destrebecq - Infermieristica, ricerca e clinicaanemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Macrì - PBM e il reparto, realtà a confronto
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Macrì - PBM e il reparto, realtà a confrontoAnemo Nurse 2015 - Macrì - PBM e il reparto, realtà a confronto
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Macrì - PBM e il reparto, realtà a confrontoanemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Rondinelli - Il razionale del recupero perioperatorio di s...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Rondinelli - Il razionale del recupero perioperatorio di s...Anemo Nurse 2015 - Rondinelli - Il razionale del recupero perioperatorio di s...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Rondinelli - Il razionale del recupero perioperatorio di s...anemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Landriscina - Coordinatrice del sangue: una realtà necessa...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Landriscina - Coordinatrice del sangue: una realtà necessa...Anemo Nurse 2015 - Landriscina - Coordinatrice del sangue: una realtà necessa...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Landriscina - Coordinatrice del sangue: una realtà necessa...anemo_site
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Roscitano - Monitoraggio postoperatorio: come dare logica ...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Roscitano - Monitoraggio postoperatorio: come dare logica ...Anemo Nurse 2015 - Roscitano - Monitoraggio postoperatorio: come dare logica ...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Roscitano - Monitoraggio postoperatorio: come dare logica ...anemo_site
 

More from anemo_site (20)

Griglia CV per Programma perf Destrebeq
Griglia CV per Programma perf DestrebeqGriglia CV per Programma perf Destrebeq
Griglia CV per Programma perf Destrebeq
 
Programma perfezionamento in coordinamento gestione del sangue
Programma perfezionamento in coordinamento gestione del sangueProgramma perfezionamento in coordinamento gestione del sangue
Programma perfezionamento in coordinamento gestione del sangue
 
Coordinamento della gestione del sangue Università degli studi di Milano
Coordinamento della gestione del sangue   Università degli studi di MilanoCoordinamento della gestione del sangue   Università degli studi di Milano
Coordinamento della gestione del sangue Università degli studi di Milano
 
La Coordinarice del Sangue: una figura infermieristica dedicata in un progra...
 La Coordinarice del Sangue: una figura infermieristica dedicata in un progra... La Coordinarice del Sangue: una figura infermieristica dedicata in un progra...
La Coordinarice del Sangue: una figura infermieristica dedicata in un progra...
 
BLOODLESS COORDINATOR CARE: UNA NUOVA SFIDA PROFESSIONALE, INDAGINE CONOSCITI...
BLOODLESS COORDINATOR CARE: UNA NUOVA SFIDA PROFESSIONALE, INDAGINE CONOSCITI...BLOODLESS COORDINATOR CARE: UNA NUOVA SFIDA PROFESSIONALE, INDAGINE CONOSCITI...
BLOODLESS COORDINATOR CARE: UNA NUOVA SFIDA PROFESSIONALE, INDAGINE CONOSCITI...
 
Emorecupero intraoperatorio
Emorecupero intraoperatorioEmorecupero intraoperatorio
Emorecupero intraoperatorio
 
A fresh look at cell salvage
A fresh look at cell salvageA fresh look at cell salvage
A fresh look at cell salvage
 
Absctracts Anemo Nurse 2015
Absctracts Anemo Nurse 2015Absctracts Anemo Nurse 2015
Absctracts Anemo Nurse 2015
 
Master Medicina Trasfusionale -- Università di Firenze
Master Medicina Trasfusionale -- Università di FirenzeMaster Medicina Trasfusionale -- Università di Firenze
Master Medicina Trasfusionale -- Università di Firenze
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Foto album
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Foto albumAnemo Nurse 2015 - Foto album
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Foto album
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Pittella - Orizzonti e nuovi sviluppi nell'infermieristica...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Pittella - Orizzonti e nuovi sviluppi nell'infermieristica...Anemo Nurse 2015 - Pittella - Orizzonti e nuovi sviluppi nell'infermieristica...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Pittella - Orizzonti e nuovi sviluppi nell'infermieristica...
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Introduzione
Anemo Nurse 2015 - IntroduzioneAnemo Nurse 2015 - Introduzione
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Introduzione
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - PAvesi - Una PBM efficace: raccolta dati e analisi dei ris...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - PAvesi - Una PBM efficace: raccolta dati e analisi dei ris...Anemo Nurse 2015 - PAvesi - Una PBM efficace: raccolta dati e analisi dei ris...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - PAvesi - Una PBM efficace: raccolta dati e analisi dei ris...
 
Anemo nurse 2015 - Smaljai - Prericovero, accoglienza e preparazione del pazi...
Anemo nurse 2015 - Smaljai - Prericovero, accoglienza e preparazione del pazi...Anemo nurse 2015 - Smaljai - Prericovero, accoglienza e preparazione del pazi...
Anemo nurse 2015 - Smaljai - Prericovero, accoglienza e preparazione del pazi...
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Beverina - Ambulatorio trasfusionale: l'inizio della PBM
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Beverina - Ambulatorio trasfusionale: l'inizio della PBMAnemo Nurse 2015 - Beverina - Ambulatorio trasfusionale: l'inizio della PBM
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Beverina - Ambulatorio trasfusionale: l'inizio della PBM
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Destrebecq - Infermieristica, ricerca e clinica
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Destrebecq - Infermieristica, ricerca e clinicaAnemo Nurse 2015 - Destrebecq - Infermieristica, ricerca e clinica
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Destrebecq - Infermieristica, ricerca e clinica
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Macrì - PBM e il reparto, realtà a confronto
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Macrì - PBM e il reparto, realtà a confrontoAnemo Nurse 2015 - Macrì - PBM e il reparto, realtà a confronto
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Macrì - PBM e il reparto, realtà a confronto
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Rondinelli - Il razionale del recupero perioperatorio di s...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Rondinelli - Il razionale del recupero perioperatorio di s...Anemo Nurse 2015 - Rondinelli - Il razionale del recupero perioperatorio di s...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Rondinelli - Il razionale del recupero perioperatorio di s...
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Landriscina - Coordinatrice del sangue: una realtà necessa...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Landriscina - Coordinatrice del sangue: una realtà necessa...Anemo Nurse 2015 - Landriscina - Coordinatrice del sangue: una realtà necessa...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Landriscina - Coordinatrice del sangue: una realtà necessa...
 
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Roscitano - Monitoraggio postoperatorio: come dare logica ...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Roscitano - Monitoraggio postoperatorio: come dare logica ...Anemo Nurse 2015 - Roscitano - Monitoraggio postoperatorio: come dare logica ...
Anemo Nurse 2015 - Roscitano - Monitoraggio postoperatorio: come dare logica ...
 

Recently uploaded

Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service A...
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service A...Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service A...
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service A...narwatsonia7
 
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowKolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowNehru place Escorts
 
Call Girls Hsr Layout Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hsr Layout Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Hsr Layout Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hsr Layout Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Availablenarwatsonia7
 
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...Miss joya
 
VIP Call Girls Mumbai Arpita 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
VIP Call Girls Mumbai Arpita 9910780858 Independent Escort Service MumbaiVIP Call Girls Mumbai Arpita 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
VIP Call Girls Mumbai Arpita 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbaisonalikaur4
 
VIP Call Girls Pune Vrinda 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls S...
VIP Call Girls Pune Vrinda 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls S...VIP Call Girls Pune Vrinda 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls S...
VIP Call Girls Pune Vrinda 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls S...Miss joya
 
Call Girl Koramangala | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girl Koramangala | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment BookingCall Girl Koramangala | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girl Koramangala | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Bookingnarwatsonia7
 
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safenarwatsonia7
 
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service ChennaiCall Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service ChennaiNehru place Escorts
 
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safenarwatsonia7
 
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...narwatsonia7
 
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804 Short 1500 💋 Night 6000
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804  Short 1500  💋 Night 6000Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804  Short 1500  💋 Night 6000
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804 Short 1500 💋 Night 6000aliya bhat
 
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024Gabriel Guevara MD
 
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original PhotosCall Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photosnarwatsonia7
 
College Call Girls Vyasarpadi Whatsapp 7001305949 Independent Escort Service
College Call Girls Vyasarpadi Whatsapp 7001305949 Independent Escort ServiceCollege Call Girls Vyasarpadi Whatsapp 7001305949 Independent Escort Service
College Call Girls Vyasarpadi Whatsapp 7001305949 Independent Escort ServiceNehru place Escorts
 
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service JaipurHigh Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipurparulsinha
 
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Jayanagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Availablenarwatsonia7
 
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowSonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowRiya Pathan
 
Call Girls Service Nandiambakkam | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girls Service Nandiambakkam | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment BookingCall Girls Service Nandiambakkam | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girls Service Nandiambakkam | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment BookingNehru place Escorts
 
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service LucknowCall Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknownarwatsonia7
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service A...
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service A...Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service A...
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service A...
 
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowKolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
 
Call Girls Hsr Layout Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hsr Layout Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Hsr Layout Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hsr Layout Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
 
VIP Call Girls Mumbai Arpita 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
VIP Call Girls Mumbai Arpita 9910780858 Independent Escort Service MumbaiVIP Call Girls Mumbai Arpita 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
VIP Call Girls Mumbai Arpita 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
 
VIP Call Girls Pune Vrinda 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls S...
VIP Call Girls Pune Vrinda 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls S...VIP Call Girls Pune Vrinda 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls S...
VIP Call Girls Pune Vrinda 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls S...
 
Call Girl Koramangala | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girl Koramangala | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment BookingCall Girl Koramangala | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girl Koramangala | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
 
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
 
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service ChennaiCall Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
Call Girls Service Chennai Jiya 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Chennai
 
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
 
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
 
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804 Short 1500 💋 Night 6000
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804  Short 1500  💋 Night 6000Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804  Short 1500  💋 Night 6000
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804 Short 1500 💋 Night 6000
 
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
 
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original PhotosCall Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
Call Girl Service Bidadi - For 7001305949 Cheap & Best with original Photos
 
College Call Girls Vyasarpadi Whatsapp 7001305949 Independent Escort Service
College Call Girls Vyasarpadi Whatsapp 7001305949 Independent Escort ServiceCollege Call Girls Vyasarpadi Whatsapp 7001305949 Independent Escort Service
College Call Girls Vyasarpadi Whatsapp 7001305949 Independent Escort Service
 
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service JaipurHigh Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
High Profile Call Girls Jaipur Vani 8445551418 Independent Escort Service Jaipur
 
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Jayanagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowSonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
 
Call Girls Service Nandiambakkam | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girls Service Nandiambakkam | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment BookingCall Girls Service Nandiambakkam | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
Call Girls Service Nandiambakkam | 7001305949 At Low Cost Cash Payment Booking
 
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service LucknowCall Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
 

Anemo 2014 - Lorusso - ESA nel paziente oncologico

  • 1. Gynecologic Oncology Unit Domenica Lorusso Milan - Italy ESA NEL PAZIENTE ONCOLOGICO ANEMO 14 Strategie di Risparmio di Sangue San Donato Milanese 07/03/2014
  • 2. Prevalence of anaemia in cancer  Anaemia is the most common haematological disorder in patients with cancer – approximately 20%–60% of patients with cancer will have anaemia at presentation  Treatment for cancer can induce or exacerbate anaemia: the extent of this varies according to the type of tumour and treatment
  • 3. Studio ECAS: prevalenza dell’anemia pre-terapia Adattata da Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-306 61,7% 29,3% 1,3% 8,7% 0,0% 20,0% 40,0% 60,0% 80,0% > 12 gr/dL 10-11.9 gr/dL 8-9,9 gr/dL < 8 gr/dL 39.3% (5.850/ 14.912) Hb ≤ 11.9 g/dL
  • 4. Cancer-related anaemia in Europe: Cytotoxic chemotherapy 51% of patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy had serum Hb 12 g/dL 49% (n = 1,330) 19% (n = 529) 32% (n = 881) Serum Hb <10 g/dL 10–12 g/dL >12 g/dL
  • 5. Prevalenza dell’anemia stratificata per età e sesso Ble A et al., Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2222-7
  • 6. Cancer-related anaemia in Europe: Type of Tumor  Anaemia tended to be mild-to-moderate (10–12 g/dL) in solid tumours  Anaemia tended to be more severe in haematological malignancies (<10 g/dL)  There were some between-country differences in Hb levels in different malignancies
  • 7. The incidence of anaemia in cancer varies according to the type of malignancy 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Incidenceofmoderateanaemia (percentageofpatients) Skillings J, et al. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A(suppl 5):S5. Abstract. n >30 in each group Malignancy type Colorectal cancer Breast cancer Ovarian cancer Lung cancer NHL
  • 8. Impatto della chemioterapia Barrett-Lee 2000 (adattata da Ludwig H. 2007)
  • 9. Studio ECAS: impatto della chemioterapia L’incidenza di anemia aumenta con il numero di cicli di CT 19,5% 34,3% 42,0% 46,7% 46,7% 0,0% 5,0% 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 25,0% 30,0% 35,0% 40,0% 45,0% 50,0% Ciclo 1 Ciclo 2 Ciclo 3 Ciclo 4 Ciclo 5 Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-306
  • 10. Groopman J. et al. J Natl Cancer Inst.1999;91:1616-34 Anemia (% pazienti) Neoplasia Farmaco/combinazione Grado 1 / 2 Grado 3 / 4 NSCLC avanzato Paclitaxel 23–100 5 Docetaxel 73–85 2–10 Paclitaxel/carboplatino 10–59 5–34 Paclitaxel/cisplatino 45–60 5–23 Ca Ovaio avanzato Carboplatino 66 0–26 Cisplatino 8 2 Paclitaxel/cisplatino 58 8 Cisplatino/ciclofosfamide 32–97 2–29 Farmaci chemioterapici e anemia
  • 11. Cause dell’anemia nel pz neoplastico FARMACI BIOLOGICI Incidenza globale 22.2 % Anemia G1-G2 31.4 % Anemia G3-G4 6.3 % Barni S. The Oncologist: in press
  • 12. Causes of anaemia in patients with cancer: Other treatment-related factors  Radiotherapy – has direct effects on bone marrow suppression – can impair appetite and so reduce vital nutrient uptake – has been shown to induce or exacerbate anaemia in 54% of patients with solid tumours1  Anaemia may also result from blood loss due to surgery 1Harrison L, et al. Semin Oncol. 2001;2(suppl 8):54-59.
  • 13. Signs and symptoms of anaemia Central nervous system  Debilitating fatigue  Dizziness, vertigo  Depression  Impaired cognitive function Immune system  Impaired T-cell and macrophage function Cardiorespiratory system  Exertional dyspnoea  Tachycardia, palpitations  Cardiac enlargement, hypertrophy  Increased pulse pressure, systolic ejection murmur  Risk of life-threatening cardiac failure Gastro-intestinal system  Anorexia  Nausea Genital tract  Menstrual problems  Loss of libido Vascular system  Low skin temperature  Pallor of skin, mucous membranes and conjunctivae Adapted from Ludwig H. Semin Oncol. 1998;25(suppl 7):2-6.
  • 14. Studio ECAS: anemia e PS Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-306
  • 15. Anaemia adversely affects quality of life (QOL)  Fatigue is the most commonly reported clinical manifestation of anaemia in patients with cancer – 78% of patients with cancer suffer fatigue1  Fatigue is not relieved by sleep or rest  At Hb levels <12 g/dL, fatigue increases significantly   Hb and  fatigue   QOL2 1Vogelzang N, et al. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):4-12. 2Cella D. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):13-19.
  • 16. Perception of cancer-related fatigue: The prevalence of fatigue Every day On most days At least once a week Only a few days each month Hardly ever Don’t know 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 32 21 14 11 20 2 Patients (%) Vogelzang N, et al. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):4-12. Patients were asked how often in the past month they had felt fatigue/ did they feel fatigue while undergoing treatment
  • 17. Crawford J, et al. Cancer. 2002;15:888-895. 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 7 Hb (g/dL) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Study 1 (n = 2030) Study 2 (n = 2352) LASAScore(mm) Study 1: r = 0.25 Study 2: r = 0.29 P < .01 Correlation Between Hb Level and Quality of Life
  • 18. Anaemia is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with cancer  Increasing evidence suggests that anaemia adversely affects survival in patients with cancer  Anaemia and thrombocytopenia at diagnosis strongly predicted for poor outcome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia1  Anaemia at diagnosis was an independent adverse prognostic factor in patients with Hodgkin’s disease2 or NHL3 1Binet J, et al. Cancer. 1981;48:198-206. 2Hasenclever D, et al. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1506-1514. 3Moullet I, et al. Ann Oncol. 1998;9:1109-1115.
  • 19. Anaemia as an independent prognostic factor: Literature review  A literature review of 60 clinical studies assessed the effects of anaemia on survival in patients with a variety of solid tumours and haematological malignancies1  Anaemia increased the relative risk of death by between 19% and 75%, depending on the malignancy 1Caro J, et al. Cancer. 2001;91:2214-2221.
  • 20. Anaemia is associated with reduced survival in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Moullet I, et al. Ann Oncol. 1998;9:1109-1115. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Patientsurvival(%) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Years P <0.0001 No anaemia Anaemia
  • 21. Anemia e sopravvivenza I pazienti affetti da NSCLC che hanno mantenuto livelli di Hb > a 12 gr/dL hanno avuto una maggiore sopravvivenza Waters JS et al., J Clin Oncol 2002;15: 601-3
  • 22. Tumour hypoxia potentiates tumour progression (cont’d)  Hypoxia may stimulate tumour growth by induction of – urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) • leads to degradation of the tumour extracellular matrix and subsequent metastatis1 – vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion • promotes angiogenesis  tumour growth and metastasis2 1Molls M. Proc 1st International Conference on Erythropoietin in Radiation Oncology, Freiburg, Germany, June 1999. 2Dunst J, et al. Strahlenther Onkol. 1999;175:93-96.
  • 23. Tumour hypoxia potentiates tumour progression  The impact of anaemia on the survival of patients with cancer may be due to low tumour levels of oxygen  Experimental data show that tumour hypoxia leads to –  tumour invasiveness –  metastatic potential –  resistance to cancer therapy1  Hypoxia may also promote the selection of aggressive tumour phenotypes with reduced apoptotic potential 1Höckel M, et al. Cancer Res. 1999;59:4525-4528.
  • 24. Anemia e sopravvivenza Il decremento della Hb durante il trattamento CT/RT per NSCLC stadio III si correla in modo significativo alla sopravvivenza MacRae R. et al; Radiother Oncol. 2002;64(1):37-40
  • 25. Increasing serum Hb levels may improve survival in patients with cancer receiving CHT  In a placebo-controlled trial of 375 anaemic patients receiving non- platinum–based chemotherapy for a variety of malignancies, administration of recombinant EPO (rHuEPO) led to a: – significant increase in Hb levels (P <0.001) – significant decrease in transfusion requirements (P = 0.0057) – significant improvement in QOL (P <0.01) – trend towards an increase in survival (12-month estimated rates: 60% vs 49% for placebo)* Littlewood T, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2001;11:2865-2874. *NB: This study was not powered for survival as an endpoint
  • 26. Perception of cancer-related fatigue: Different perceptions of the importance of treating fatigue 0 20 40 60 80 100 Oncologists Patients Response (%) Fatigue Pain Both equally Oncologists and patients were asked if it is/was more important for pain or fatigue to be reduced or relieved by treatment or are/were both equally important 41 5 34 94 6 1 Vogelzang N, et al. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):4-12.
  • 27. Perception of cancer-related fatigue: Different perceptions of the main cause of fatigue 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Caregivers Oncologists Patients Response (%) Illness Treatment Both 13 54 14 54 41 64 13 3 14 Vogelzang N, et al. Semin Hematol. 1997;34 (suppl 2):4-12.
  • 28. ECAS – Trattamento dell’anemia Pazienti in chemioterapia - Hb nadir < 11 g/dl (n = 4.622)1 1. Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-2306 * Inclusi pazienti che ricevevano solo ESP, ESP + trasfusione, ESP + trasfusione + ferro; ** Inclusi pazienti che ricevevano solo trasfusione e trasfusione + ferro
  • 29. Studio ECAS: trattamento Il 61.1% dei pazienti NON riceve nessun trattamento per l’anemia !!! Ludwig H, et al. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2293-306
  • 30. UK audit of RBC transfusions and anaemia in patients with cancer (cont’d)  Approximately one-third of patients required a RBC transfusion  The following factors were significantly associated with a higher incidence of RBC transfusion – pretreatment Hb <11 g/dL vs no anaemia – lung/ovarian vs breast/testicular tumours – metastatic vs non-metastatic disease (for breast testicular and ovarian cancers) Barrett-Lee P, et al. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:93-97.
  • 31. UK audit of RBC transfusions and anaemia in patients with cancer (cont’d) Barrett-Lee P, et al. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:93-97. Proportion of patients requiring RBC transfusion (n) Tumour Any transfusion >1 transfusion All 33% (902) 16% (443) Lung 43% (335) 22% (170) Ovary 41% (347) 21% (179) Testes 24% (51) 14% (29) Breast 19% (169) 7% (65)
  • 32. RBC transfusions  Until recently RBC transfusion was the therapy of choice for symptomatic anaemia  RBC transfusion is still appropriate for patients requiring – rapid correction of Hb, eg, chronic symptomatic anaemia – an increase in blood volume, eg, severe haemorrhage However  The effects of RBC transfusion are short-lived  RBC transfusion does not address the underlying process of anaemia
  • 33. Risks associated with RBC transfusion  Serious adverse events – transmission of infection • viral, eg, hepatitis A, B, C; CMV, EBV • bacterial – acute and delayed haemolytic reactions – immunosuppression – transfusion-related acute lung injury  Mild adverse events – fever, urticaria CMV = cytomegalovirus, EBV = Epstein-Barr virus
  • 34. L’obiettivo della terapia con EPO INCREMENTARE I LIVELLI DI Hb RIDURRE LA NECESSITA’ DI TRASFUSIONI MIGLIORARE LA QUALITA’ di VITA
  • 35. Erythropoietin for anemia in cancer patients 413 patients, Hb< 10.5 gr/dl no CT vs CT w CDDP vs CT w/o CDDP (epoetin  150 U/kg 3 times weekly for 12 weeks) FDA APPROVAL (1993)
  • 36. • Treatment with ESA – reduces transfusion requirement – improves hematopoietic response – provide clinically meaningful improvements in overall health in patients receiving chemotherapy Recombinant Human Erythropoietins and Cancer Patients: Update Meta-Analysis of 57 Studies including 9353 Patients Bohlius J. Et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006
  • 37.
  • 38. Bohlius J. Lancet 2009; 373: 1532–42 • 53 studi • 13.933 pazienti
  • 39. 53 studi clinici randomizzati N=13.933 Mortalità in studio HR = 1.17 [95% CI, 1.06-1.30] p=0.003 Overall Survival HR = 1.06 [95% CI, 1.00-1.12] p=0.0046 Nei pazienti anemici il trattamento con ESA aumenta in modo statisticamente significativo la mortalità e diminuisce la sopravvivenza Bohlius, Lancet 2009 Tutti i pazienti trattati con ESA (popolazione globale anche fuori indicazione)
  • 40. Alcuni studi hanno rilevato una tendenza verso una maggiore sopravvivenza nel gruppo che riceveva ESA rispetto al gruppo placebo (obiettivo secondario). Si è quindi sviluppato un filone di ricerca indirizzato alla valutazione di un possibile beneficio del trattamento con ESA in termini di sopravvivenza Razionale: • la condizione anemica può peggiorare la prognosi del paziente oncologico (ipo-ossigenazione tissutale ridurrebbe l’efficacia CHT/RT)  Farmaci che riescono a incrementare i livelli di Hb potrebbero avere un effetto benefico anche sui i livelli di ossigenazione tessutale, aumentando quindi la risposta alla CHT/RT.
  • 41. Studi sperimentali fuori indicazione Riunione AM – 14 marzo 2007 Target Hb elevato PFS differenze n.s. Studio Blohmer evidenzia trend positivo Thomas 2008 GOG191 Epo Alfa Fuori indicazione (solo RT, Hb basale e target elevato) Beyond anemia Non valuta attività di EpoR ma solo presenza Usa un metodo non specifico (Ab anti epoR C20, riconoscono altra proteina: HSP70) I recettori sono espressi (mRNA) ma non trasportati in superficie (epo marcata non si lega) Henke 2003 Henke (EpoR) 2006 Epo Beta (solo polmone) Sospeso l’arruolamento, non il trattamento (CERA x12 weeks) Non pubblicatoCERA Pazienti molto avanzati Pazienti non in trattamento o trattamento non curativo Wright 2007 Epo Alfa Fuori indicazione (Hb basale e target elevato, 1 anno tratt.) Beyond anemia (aumento TVE fatali) Stesso Time to Progression nei due bracci Leyland Johnes 2003 Epo Alfa Key PointsStudioMolecola Reactive Key Points Molecola Studio Key Points Nesp PREPARE Non pubblicato Prevenzione dell’anemia Risposta patologica uguale tra i gruppi: no effetto epo su cht Studio di Mobusnon mostra differenze tra i due gruppi Nesp DAHANCA Abs, Eur J Cancer Solo Rt Non anemici Nesp Smith 2008 No cht; no RT 500 Q4W Nesp Hedenus2003 Target elevato
  • 42. Gli studi negativi sono fuori indicazione Si tratta di 8 studi condotti in ambito sperimentale e al di fuori delle indicazioni per una o più delle seguenti ragioni: • Pazienti non anemici (elevati livelli di Hb basale ed elevato target)  Pazienti non in chemioterapia Inoltre:  Non tutti hanno l’outcome come obiettivo primario  Molti sono stati interrotti e i risultati non possono essere conclusivi
  • 43. Valore HB ESA (n=7634) Control (n=6229) <8 448 (6%) 343 (5%) 8<10 2222 (29%) 1708 (27%) 10<12 2851 (37%) 2153 (34%) >12<14 1433 (22%) 1410 (22%) >14 428 (6%) 411 (7%) missing 252 (3%) 274 (4%) 53 Studi considerati
  • 44. • Solo CT in 34 studi (64%) • NO CT in 15 studi (27%) • NO CT e NO RT in 4 studi (9%) 53 Studi considerati
  • 45. 38 studi clinici randomizzati N=10.441 Mortalità in studio HR = 1.10 [95% CI, 0.98-1.24] p=0.12 Overall Survival HR = 1.04 [95% CI, 0.97-1.11] p=0.263 Nei pazienti anemici in CHT non esiste differenza statisticamente significativa tra il gruppo dei pt trattati e quello controllo in termini di mortalità e sopravvivenza Bohlius, Lancet 2009 Solo pt con anemia indotta da CHT
  • 46. Autore Pt Tipo tumore Arms Commenti Pronzato, The Oncologist 2010 N=223 • Cancro alla mammella (~50% in stadio avanzato) • Anemia lieve (Hb ≤12.0 g/dL) Epo alfa vs BSC • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella sopravvivenza HR= 1,05 (CI 95% 0,58-1,92) p=0.86 Aapro, JCO 2008 N=463 • Cancro alla mammella metastatico • Hb< 12,9 g/dl Epo beta vs control • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa: - Sopravvivenza globale HR=1.07 (95% CI, 0.87 -1.33) p =0.522 - Sopravvivenza libera da progressione malattia HR=1.07 (95% CI, 0.89-1.30) p=0.488 Cantrell, Cancer 2010 N=343 • Cancro all’ovaio ESA vs No ESA • Analisi retrospettiva • Le pazienti trattate con ESA avevano fattori prognostici sfavorevoli (più anziani, stadio più avanzato di malattia, più ipertese) • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa: - Sopravvivenza globale OR=0.851 p=0.35 - Sopravvivenza libera da progressione malattia OR=0.959 p=0.488 Blohmer, JCO 2011 N=257 • Carcinoma cervicale in stadio non avanzato • Target Hb: 12,5-13.5 g/dl ESA vs No ESA • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella sopravvivenza globale HR: 0.88 [95% CI, 0.51-1.50], p=0,63 Stehman F, Gynecologic Oncology 2012 N=1864 • Cancro ovarico epiteliale, alle tube di falloppio o primario peritoneale dopo chirurgia • Stadio avanzato ESA vs No ESA • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa: - Sopravvivenza globale HR=0,989 [IC95% 0,849–1,15] p=0.892 - Sopravvivenza libera da progressione malattia HR=1,06 [IC 95% 0,937–1,19] p=0.364 Studi positivi
  • 47. Autore Pt Tipo tumore Arms Commenti Milroy, European Journal of Clinical & Medical Oncology 2011 N=424 • Cancro al polmone non a piccole cellule, stadio avanzato metastatico • Pazienti non anemici (14-15 g/dl) Epo alfa vs BSC • I pazienti sono mantenuti a dei livelli di Hb superiori a 12 g/dl • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella sopravvivenza globale Hoskin, JCO 2012 N=223 • Tumore Testa-Collo • No anemia (Hb ≤15.0 g/dL) RT+Epo alfa vs RT • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella sopravvivenza p=0.83 Engert , JCO 2010 N=1379 • Linfoma di Hodking (stadio IIB-IV) Epo alfa vs placebo • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella sopravvivenza HR= 0,74 (95% CI 0,45-1,22) Richardson , JCO 2010 N=677 • Mieloma Multiplo • Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa nella sopravvivenza HR 0.945 (CI 95% 0.714-1.250) p=0.6907 Studi positivi
  • 48. Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012 Metanalisi Cochrane 2012 Sopravvivenza globale e mortalità 78 trials – 19.003 pazienti Sopravvivenza globale: HR 1.05 [95% CI, 1.00-1.11] Mortalità in studio: HR 1.17 [95% CI, 1.06-1.29]
  • 49. Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012 Metanalisi Cochrane 2012 Riduzione del fabbisogno trasfusionale 57 trials – 15.877 pazienti Riduzione fabbisogno trasfusionale: HR 0.65 [95% CI, 0.62-0.68]
  • 50. OS sulla base dei livelli di Hb al basale Se Hb basale<10 g/dl HR=1.06 [95% CI, 0.96-1.17] . . . . . . Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
  • 51. OS sulla base dei livelli di Hb al basale Se Hb basale 10-12 g/dl HR=1.01 [95% CI, 0.93-1.10] . . . . . . Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
  • 52. OS sulla base dei livelli di Hb al basale Se Hb basale >12 g/dl HR=1.17 [95% CI, 1.06-1.29] Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
  • 53. OS sulla base delle diverse terapie Se pazieti in trattamento CHT HR=1.04 [95% CI, 0.98-1.11] Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
  • 54. OS sulla base delle diverse terapie Se pazienti non in trattamento (RT/CHT) HR=1.23 [95% CI, 1.04-1.45] Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012
  • 55. Aapro M. British Journal of Cancer (2008) 99, 14 – 22 Sopravvivenza globale HR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.46; p. = 0.355
  • 56. Tempo alla progressione Aapro M. British Journal of Cancer (2008) 99, 14 – 22 HR =0.85; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.01; p. = 0.072
  • 57. Tonia, The Cochrane Collaboration 2012 Metanalisi Cochrane 2012 Rischio di eventi tromboembolici 57 trials – 15.278 pazienti TVE: HR 1.52 [95% CI, 1.33-1.73]
  • 58. • Maggiore incidenza di eventi tromboembolici – 7% vs 4% • Mortalità per eventi tromboembolici simile – 1% vs 1% Aapro M. British Journal of Cancer (2008) 99, 14 – 22
  • 59. Aapro M. British Journal of Cancer (2008) 99, 14 – 22