mutation are unwanted sudden change.

1. MUTATION

2. DNA
The GENETIC CODE that determines all the characteristics of a living organisms
•DNA “deoxyribonucleic
acid ” a double, long
chain of nucleotide
contain SUGAR,
PHOSPHATE
(BACKBONE ) & FOUR
BASES
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine

3. Sudden HERITABLE change in the genotype of a cell or an organisms
MUTATION
Mutation CHANGE the
characteristics feature of DNA
including:
1. STRUCTURE
2. FUNCTION

4. EFFECT OF MUTATION
HARAMFUL MUTATION
BENIFICIAL MUTATION
1. SOME MUTATION MAY
HAVE BENIFECIAL EFFECT
CALLED POSITIVE
MUTATION .
2. INCREASE AN
ORGANISMS,S CHANGES OF
SURVIVING OR
REPRODUCING.
1. SOME MUTATION HAVE
HARAMFUL EFFECT CALLED
NEGATIVE MUTATION .
2. CAUSE AN ORGANISMS,S
CHANGE IN PHENOTYE
RESULTING A DISEASE.

5. STRUCTURAL CHANGES
1. TRANSLOCATION 2. DUPLICATION
•A chromosome segment changes
its position.
•INTRACHROMOSOMAL:-
Translocation occur within
chromosome.
•INTERCHROMOSOMAL:-
between different chromosome
•When part of chromosome is
copied/DUPLICATED
abnormally, resulting in EXTRA
GENETIC MATERIAL.

6. 3. INVERSION 4. DELETION
HEMOPHILIA
CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME
•A chromosome rearrangement in
which a segment of a chromosome
is reversed end to end.
•Chromosome undergo breakage
and rearrangement within itself.
•A chromosome part is lost.
•Chromosome undergo breakage and
chromosome part are lost.

7. 5. TRANSPOSONS
•A DNA seq. that can
change its position within
genome and alter the DNA
SEQ. and cause
MUTATION
•These seq. are called as
JUMPINING GENE

8. POLYPOLIDY
ALLOPOLYPOLIDY AUTOPOLYPOLIDY
NUMERICAL CHANGES
•An organism acquires one or more additional set of
chromosome.
•N-2n
•2n-3n
•3n-4n
•An individual or strain whose
chromosome complement consist of more
than two complete copies of genome of a
SINGLE ANCESTRAL SPECIES
•An individual or strain whose chromosome are
composed of MORE THAN TWO GENOME.

9. ANEUPLOIDY
HYPOPLOID HYPERPLOID
•A state in which cell contain one or
more fewer chromosome than what is
normal.
•TURNER SYNDROME
•A state in which a cell contain one
or more extra chromosome.
•TRISOMY
•TETRASOMY
•The condition of having an abnormal number of chromosome in a HAPLOID set.
DOWN SYNDROMW:- TRISOMY 21 :- 2N+1
TURNER SYNDROME :- 2N-1

10. Thank You