What is an autotrophic bacteriumSolutionAutotrophic Bacteria.pdf

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Using these axioms: Prove: We will assume the existence of a set Z, whose elements are called integers, along with a well-defined binary operation on Z (called addition), a second well-defined binary operation on Z (called multiplication), and a relation on Z (called less than), and that the following fourteen statements involving Z, and are true A1. For all a, b, c in Z, (a b) c a (b c). A2. There exists a unique integer 0 in Z such that a 0 0-+ a a for every integer a. A3. For every a in Z, there exists a unique integer a in Z such that a (-a) (-a) A4. For all a, b in Z, a b b a M1. For all a, b, c in Z, (a b) c a (b. c) M2. There exists a unique integer 1 in Z such that a 1 1. a a for all a in Z M4. For all a, b in Z, a b b. a. D1. For all a, b, c in Z, a (b c) a .b+a c. NT1. 1 0. 01. For all a in Z, exactly one of the following statements is true: 0 a, a 0,0 -a. O2. For all a, b in Z, if 0 a and 0 b, then 0 a b O3. For all a, b in Z, if 0 a and 0 b, then 0 a b Solution Let \'a\' be an integer Suppose \'a\' be the multiplicative inverse of 0. then a.0=1 implies a=1/0 this is not an integer.

What is an autotrophic bacterium?
Solution
Autotrophic Bacteria:
Autotrophic bacteria are prokaryotic unicellular organisms of kingdom monera.
Autotrophic bacteria use inorganic substances to make energy in the form of organic matter. Two
major types are photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
Photoautotrophs obtain energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. Few
phototrophic bacteria also have pigments (lamellae) known as cyanobacteria. The bacterial
photosynthesis is different from that of green plants. Unlike plants oxygen is not released. It is
known as anoxygenic photosynthesis. These bacterial species are useful to remove harmful
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The following reaction occurs in presence of light
CO2 +H2S ---------------------------.> Sugars + sulphur + water
Chemoautotrophs use chemical energy. Chemoautotrophs take inorganic raw material and get
energy by oxidation of inorganic substances. The major energy sources for bacteria are
carbohydrates and sugars. Nitrifying bacteria, sulphur bacteria, iron bacteria etc.

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6. What types of epithelia would be suited for the following functions? Explain why. a. Resistance to abrasive forces in areas such as the epidermis, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal, and vaginal canal. b. Transport of substances across the epithelial sheet in areas where rapid exchange occurs, such as with capillaries and alveoli, and where secretion and absorption occurs, such as with the gastrointestinal tract. c. Trapping and removal of particulates that have been inhaled into the respiratory passages (e.g. trachea and bronchi). Solution Epithelial cells are composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells and will have little or no extracellular matrix between them. These cells forms covering on body surface or lining of body cavities and majority of glands. a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium These cells always remain alive way to the tissue\'s apical surface and will be maintained moist with secretions such as saliva or mucus. Keratin is absent here and no this layer will not be tough and non-keratinized. Here the flattened nuclei you can see throughout the tissues as all cells are alive. These cells are found forming lining of the oral cavity (mouth), the esophagus, part of the pharynx (throat), the vagina, and the anus. b Simple Squamous Epithelium It consist of a single layer of flattened cells and are irregular in shape and has a spherical to oval nucleus. They are tightly bound together in a mosaic-like pattern. These cells will look like a fried egg, with the nucleus representing the yolk. Like this, this epithelium will form an extremely delicate and highly specialized lining so that rapid movement of molecules across its surface by filtration, osmosis, or diffusion can take place. This also prevents friction and abrasion and this epithelium found to be forming the lining of the lung air sacs (alveoli) allows the gas exchange and also found in lumen of blood vessels allowing exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and the interstitial fluid. c pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium On the apical surface of these cells, we can find cilia. Like this they form houses goblet cells and these cells are specialized to secrete mucin, this will help in hydrating the mucus, and thus they can trap foreign particles and is moved by the beating cilia. These type of cells are found air passageways of the respiratory system (part of the pharynx, the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and bronchi) a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium These cells always remain alive way to the tissue\'s apical surface and will be maintained moist with secretions such as saliva or mucus. Keratin is absent here and no this layer will not be tough and non-keratinized. Here the flattened nuclei you can see throughout the tissues as all cells are alive. These cells are found forming lining of the oral cavity (mouth), the esophagus, part of the pharynx (throat), the vagina, and the anus. b Simple Squamous Epithelium.

6. What types of epithelia would be suited for the following functio.pdf

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1. mtDNA-associated Leigh syndrome affects the brain of afflicted individuals and has an infantile onset. NARP (neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa) has less severe symptoms with an onset in childhood. The same mtDNA mutation can cause both of these diseases. How can these differences in disease presentation, severity, and age of onset be explained for these two diseases? 2. The diploid genome of Drosophila melanogaster is approximately 3.2x10^8 base pairs of DNA. DNA synthesis occurs at approximately 30 bp/second. Calculate the minimum time required to replicate the entire genome if replication were initiated: a. at a single bidirectional origin: b. at 2000 bidirectional origins: Solution 1. Leigh syndrome is cased due to the mutations in both Nuclear or mitochondrial DNA, but NARP is mainly due the mutations in the mitochondrial DNA only. This is the reason for differences in disease presentations in terms of severity and age of onset..

1. mtDNA-associated Leigh syndrome affects the brain of afflicted in.pdf

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1. (1) Use the command to display the contents of a file one page at a time. Solution 1. The more command is a pager function used to view text in the visual display unit window one page or screen at a time Syntax : $ more file_name For example: If we want to see the content of syslog file located in log directory ie, /var/log/directory we use $more /var/log/syslog 2. Since ‘.’ Refers to the home directory the command used is ./hello.sh Or By giving the execute permissions to the script chmod +x /path/to/hello.sh and to run command is /path/to/hello.sh.

1. (1) Use the command to display the contents of a file one page at.pdf

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QUESTION: Milrinone is a commonly used small molecule that has been show to inhibit a liverisoform of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. The use of this molecule in cellularculture has been shown to increase hepatocyte glucose production (among other things).Given this information answer the following questions: a. What does the phosphodiesterase do in a typical hepatocyte (2 points)? b. Explain how it’s (the phosphodiester) inhibition will alter glucagon signaling (2 points)? c. Will Milrinone use increase or decrease F26BP levels in the cell (1 points)? Why(2 points)? d. Finally explain how Milrinone leads to increased glucose output (2 points). *This is a question related to the Metabolism biochemistry. Solution a) cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases degrade the phosphodiester bond in secondary messenger molecules such as cAMP and cGMP. cAMP causes activation of protein kinase A which stimulates gluconeogenesis resulting in glucose from glycogen. glucagon stimulates the production of cAMP from ATP by adenylyl cyclase, which causes activation of protein kinase A. Four molecules of cAMP are required to activate PKA as PKA consists of 2 catalytic and 2 regulatory subunits. The regulatory subunits bind to 2 cAMP molecules and bring a conformational change which allows them to move apart from the catalytic subunits making them free to phosphorylate proteins. This reaction is regulated by feedback mechanism using phosphodiesterase. whenever cAMP levels are high, they are converted to AMP reducing the PKA activity. b) if PDE is inhibited by milrinone, glucagon signalling gets altered with increased PKA activity as the feedback regulation by PDE is inhibited, therefore protein kinase A activity will be high. PKA activates phosphorylase kinase which phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase b to form glycogen phosphorylase a which helps in the breakdown of glycogen to glu-1P. it phosphorylates PFK2 domain and inactivates it thereby activating FBPase2 which is a bifunctional enzyme. Phosphorylation at serine position activates the Fructose2,6bisphosphatse converting F26BP to fru-6-P, the primary step in glycolysis, thereby slowing the glycolysis and dominating the gluconeogenesis. c) as milrinone use increases cAMP levels, there will be a decrease in F26BP in the cell as FBPase gets activated by PKA thereby inhibiting glycolysis. d) there is an increase in the breakdown pathways such as glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and pathways such as glycolysis and glycogenesis are inhibited by protein kinase A by a glucagon epinephrine mechanisms. the feedback mechanisms are lost by the use of milrinone so there is more glucose output..

Short questions The access time of memory is the time required for p.pdf

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Put the following events in the correct order: 1) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane 2) Synaptotagmin changes its three-dimensional configuration 3) Neurotransmitter bind to receptors 4) Calcium enters the presynaptic cell through voltage-gated calcium channels 5) Action potential changes voltage in the presynaptic cell Solution 5. Action potential reaches presynaptic cell and changes it\'s voltage. 4. Calcium gates in the membrane opens up and calculus influx starts in the axon. 2. Synaptotagmin changes it\'s three dimensional configuration. This chemical is important for docking of early synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic membrane. 1. Vesicle containing neurotransmitter substances fuse with synaptic membrane. 3. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the membrane and binds to specific receptor proteins. So correct order is 5-4-2-1-3..

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President Barack Obama\'s quest to raise the federal minumum wage to $10.10 an hour would eliminate about 500,000 jobs by 2016 but increase pay for millions of American\'s and lift nearly a million out of poverty, a Congressional Budget Office report found. Analyze the labor market with a minimum wage of $10.10 per hour. Show the shift of supply and/or demand curves and explain why the curve(s) shifted. Solution Wages is the price paid by business sector for using labor service. Laborers are supplying labor and producers are creating demand. Supply of labor is directly related with it price. If wages is rising, then income of the people will rise. Here wage rise by $10.10 is raising the income of the people. As a result about million of people is moving above the poverty line. This increase in income will increase consumption demand. They will now spend a portion of their extra income for additional consumption. So demand of commodities will rise. Thus demand of commodity in the commodity market will rise. In factors market, due to higher wages more laborers are now ready to do the job. So supply of labor will rise. It will shift supply curve of labor to the right. Now consider demand created by manufacturer. Due to rise in wage rate, cost of production is going up. So profit will decrease. It will reduce the demand for labor. In the problem it has been mentioned that 500,000 jobs will be eliminated. So the demand curve of labor will shift to the left. In commodity market, due to loss of jobs by 5 lakh laborers, demand of commodities will drop. Now consider the combined effect. Here 5 lakh jobs are lost but one million people are moving out of poverty. Although more workers are available for the job, the emplyment will fall due to decrease in demand. It is short run effect. In long run average wages will decrease although minimum wage is maintained as perdecision of federal. Also due to increase in commodity demand manufacturer will increase the production. So demand of laborers in the long run will rise by lowering average wage rate. Ultimately employment will rise from L1 to L2 as shown below with lowr average wage rate. In commodity market, increase in demand due to rise in minimum wage rate will be more than decrease in commodity demand due to loss of employment. Net effect will be a rise in price of commodity. It will induce producers to produce more in the long run to satisfy increased demand. Conclusion: In labor market, supply of labor will rise and demand of labor will fall. So demand curve will shift to the left and supply curve to the right. In commodity market demand of commodity will rise in short run. Supply of commodity will drop due to elimination of 5 lakh jobs. So price of commodity will move up..

Question 1- what secondary storage devices are appropriate ... Save.pdf

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Question 1- what secondary storage devices are appropriate ... Save.pdf

Let X be a topological space and let AcX. Then The interior of A, denoted A, is the union of all open sets contained in A The closure of A, denoted A, is the intersection of all closed sets containing A. The boundary of A, denoted A, is the intersection Anx-A Observe that ACACA Solution As A is contained in X, Consider all open sets contained in A Then union of all open sets contained in A denoted by A0, is always the interior of A --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- If A\' denote a closed set in A Consider the intersection al all such closed sets Then they will end up in the boundary of set of A Hence closure of A is the intersection of all closed sets containing A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The boundary of A is the common line between A and A completment. Or A and X-A Hence A\' the closed set of A and (X-A)\' the closed set of complement of A intersect in the boundary..

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