McDonald 6 Name: Sonja McDonald Course Name: ENG 111-2902 Institution: Fayetteville Technical Community College Instructor: Professor Stephanie High Date: 17 July 2019 Child Abuse Introduction This research paper will involve the reviewing of the issue of child abuse. Child abuse is an issues that has been happening in the society since the ancient times. However, in the modern world, the categorization and the definition of child abuse has changed. Definition of child abuse will involve the inclusion of the different forms of the abuse, common modes of child abuse and the interventions that can be used for addressing of the issues of child abuse. There are different reasons as to why the research study about child abuse is important in the current world, due to the fact that the gathering of data and information about child abuse will help in the devising of strategies and ways of addressing this crisis. According to reports by different organizations such as World Health Organization(WHO), most of the cases of child abuse can be avoided or even treated. Forms of child abuse such as physical, sexual, neglect and even emotional or psychological abuse can be prevented through understanding them. Rationale for the selection of the topic of child abuse as a research paper is to pass information to the people about the adverse effects associated with child abuse, interventions which can be used for addressing the issue of child abuse and the possible reasons for the increase in the cases of child abuse in the modern world. Consequently, researching on this topic of child abuse helps in the minimization of cots that would have been incurred fostering care, counselling in the family as well medical care. Rationally, most people still have the mentality and perception that child abuse is characterized by the old definitions of working in farms and factories as well as plantations. However, in the current world, child abuse has been revolutionized as well. Issues of sexual abuse and exploitation, such as trafficking, rape and commercial sex are emerging issues in child abuse. Adverse effects of child abuse are normally evident due to the fact that some aspects of child abuse such as emotional hardly heal (Jud, Andreas, Jörg M. Fegert, and David Finkelhor, 17). Due to the fact that issues of child abuse have been ignored in the society, analysis and research on this issue will help in the addressing and handling of this issue. Background Different definitions and forms of child abuse have been suggested by both scholars and researchers. Basically, child abuse or even child maltreatment involves the previously identified forms, that is sexual, emotional, neglect and physical. Most of the countries have been sensitizing on the issue of child abuse, with these four notable forms of child abuse having penalties and custody depending on the seriousness of the case. Different perceptions and ideas have been presented with regard to corporal punishmen.

1. McDonald 6
Name: Sonja McDonald
Course Name: ENG 111-2902
Institution: Fayetteville Technical Community College
Instructor: Professor Stephanie High
Date: 17 July 2019
Child Abuse
Introduction
This research paper will involve the reviewing of the issue of
child abuse. Child abuse is an issues that has been happening in
the society since the ancient times. However, in the modern
world, the categorization and the definition of child abuse has
changed. Definition of child abuse will involve the inclusion of
the different forms of the abuse, common modes of child abuse
and the interventions that can be used for addressing of the
issues of child abuse. There are different reasons as to why the
research study about child abuse is important in the current
world, due to the fact that the gathering of data and information
about child abuse will help in the devising of strategies and
ways of addressing this crisis. According to reports by different
organizations such as World Health Organization(WHO), most
of the cases of child abuse can be avoided or even treated.
Forms of child abuse such as physical, sexual, neglect and even
emotional or psychological abuse can be prevented through
understanding them.
Rationale for the selection of the topic of child abuse as a
research paper is to pass information to the people about the
adverse effects associated with child abuse, interventions which
can be used for addressing the issue of child abuse and the
possible reasons for the increase in the cases of child abuse in
the modern world. Consequently, researching on this topic of
child abuse helps in the minimization of cots that would have

2. been incurred fostering care, counselling in the family as well
medical care. Rationally, most people still have the mentality
and perception that child abuse is characterized by the old
definitions of working in farms and factories as well as
plantations. However, in the current world, child abuse has been
revolutionized as well. Issues of sexual abuse and exploitation,
such as trafficking, rape and commercial sex are emerging
issues in child abuse. Adverse effects of child abuse are
normally evident due to the fact that some aspects of child
abuse such as emotional hardly heal (Jud, Andreas, Jörg M.
Fegert, and David Finkelhor, 17). Due to the fact that issues of
child abuse have been ignored in the society, analysis and
research on this issue will help in the addressing and handling
of this issue.
Background
Different definitions and forms of child abuse have been
suggested by both scholars and researchers. Basically, child
abuse or even child maltreatment involves the previously
identified forms, that is sexual, emotional, neglect and physical.
Most of the countries have been sensitizing on the issue of child
abuse, with these four notable forms of child abuse having
penalties and custody depending on the seriousness of the case.
Different perceptions and ideas have been presented with regard
to corporal punishment, as a form of child abuse and a
technique of discipline. As a way of redefining corporal
punishment, the effects need not to affect the child in any form,
whether emotionally or physically (Mendelson, Tamar, and
Elizabeth J. Letourneau, 846). On the contrary, corporal
punishment has been identified as an offense which is worth
detention.
Additionally, the issue of maltreatment impacts a child in varies
ways, such as psychological, social as well as somatic
consequences which tend to be evident in the adult stage of
development. It is therefore important to develop interventions
aimed at reducing and mitigating the instances of child
maltreatment, which is essential for the policy makers with

3. regard to the provision of information on the scope as well as
characteristics. Surveys have been used by different researchers
and organizations in counting the child maltreatment in the
entire population. Prevalence and the increase in the cases of
child maltreatment calls in for the need to carry out research for
the identification of the effects of the child victimization.
Health as well as social effects are evident as a result of
victimization of children at a young age (Mendelson, Tamar,
and Elizabeth J. Letourneau, 850). Nonetheless, questions have
been raised about the reliability of the policy makers in the
devising of effective policies for addressing the child
maltreatment crisis, with most people believing that they need
to have sufficient information provided by jurisdiction about
this problem and the suggestions of what ought to be done.
Having knowledge and information about child maltreatment by
policy makers will help in the making of plans which are
concrete on the allocation of resources, training officials and
reorganizing of the system so that it becomes easy to respond.
To add on this, having knowledge and information by the
officials helps in the formulation of policies that advocate for
change inclusive of the formulation and implementation of
strategies advocating for change. Sexual abuse especially in
children is a serious issue and most of the research materials
clearly indicate that there is deficiency in the approaches
devised and recommended for treating children who happen to
be victims, inclusive of the approaches devised (Tiyyagura,
Gunjan, 450). As a result, there is need to sensitize the
importance of treatment to child abuse as well as maltreatment,
imposition of strategies for monitoring and communication for
the improvement of the safety of the children at large.
Refutation of Opposing Arguments
Some of the common refutation about maltreatment in the
United States is that most of the children who seek treatment
are handled without the inclusion of pediatric services which
have specialization. Failure to identify the barriers and
facilitators of detection plays an important role in the inability

4. to address maltreatment adequately and sufficiently. More
notably, the inability of the recognize the neglect and the abuse
of a child results in to challenges in addressing the issues as
well as reaching family members for help (Van der Kolk,
Bessel, 375). Some of the reasons as to maltreatment of
children has not been fully effective include: follow-up
activities are not usually done, mentality of the people about
some issues such as testing in the law court and the lack of
clarity of the importance of consultation and treatment.
To add on this, some families tend to be unaware of the effects
of maltreatment to their children. Which means that there is
reluctance in the accessibility of the services of treatment and
the recovery of the children. Despite the sensitizing of the
traumatic effects of effects of maltreatment, most of the people
are not aware of the importance and the effectiveness of
treatment in helping children recover. Basically, this means that
in most cases, children are left to recover on their own,
receiving little or no support from the family and friends. This
maltreatment cases become worse if it is imposed by the
caregivers or even the parents.
To conclude, the issue of child maltreatment is a crisis that
needs to be addressed with immediate effect. Due to the fact
that children may not be in a position to defend themselves, it is
therefore the role and responsibility of the parents and the
caregivers to protect them. As well, civic education about the
issues of child abuse can help in defining and sensitizing the
issue to the parents inclusive of the caregivers. It is also a
corporate responsibility which needs efforts from different
stakeholders such as administrators, policy makers as well as
researchers in addressing this crisis. Implementation of parent-
focused approach will help in sensitizing the parents and
caregivers on the importance of after treatment and the follow
up activities, which will ensure that children will not have
psychological issues related to maltreatment trauma.

5. Works Cited
Jud, Andreas, Jörg M. Fegert, and David Finkelhor. "On the
incidence and prevalence of child maltreatment: a research
agenda." Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health10.1
(2016): 17.
Mendelson, Tamar, and Elizabeth J. Letourneau. "Parent-
focused prevention of child sexual abuse." Prevention
Science 16.6 (2015): 844-852.
Tiyyagura, Gunjan, et al. "Barriers and facilitators to detecting
child abuse and neglect in general emergency
departments." Annals of emergency medicine 66.5 (2015): 447-
454.
Van der Kolk, Bessel A. "This issue: child abuse &
victimization." Psychiatric Annals 35.5 (2017): 374-378.
Proofed Paper: ntp652666 - Sun Jul 21 8:33:45 EDT 2019
Paper Title:
No. of Pages: 3
Paper Style: MLA Paper Type: Research

6. Taken English? Yes English as Second Language? No
Feedback Areas: Organization, Topic Development
Paper Goals: This is a rough draft o Child Abuse. Essay must be
4-5 pages in MLA format with
an additional Works Cited page. Essay must be organized with a
formal structure,
developed with concrete evidence and analysis, documented in
appropriate,
ethical MLA style, and written with a formal, clear style.
Proofing Summary:
Hello, Sonja, and Welcome to NetTutor! This is Adriane R, and
I am happy to review your paper.
Strengths:
The introduction does offer some background information to the
readers on what exactly your research essay will deal with.
Well done!
Suggestions:
You want to include a good and clear thesis after your
introduction that clearly states the main point of your paper as a
whole. A thesis
serves as the guiding premise behind any research assignment.
The thesis should define what the research will focus on, reflect

7. on
the specific position/ argument made within the frame of this
research, and formulate it clearly and precisely. Let your
readers know
what your position regarding the subject is, what you think is
true, and what you are going to prove, especially if your topic
and ideas
are very debatable. You may also refer to the in-line comments
regarding the same.
You want to make sure that each main point mentioned in your
thesis is discussed in a separate body paragraph in a sequential
order. Also, you want to make sure that all the ideas covered in
the body of the paper should essentially be mentioned/included
in the
thesis statement. Each body paragraph should begin with a good
topic sentence that lets the readers know which point/idea from
the
thesis that paragraph addresses. You also want to provide
suitable examples wherever required in order to support each
point in your thesis.
You want your conclusion to summarize the paper as well as
revisit the main focus of your research. At the same time, you
don’t have
to just re-write main points. Provide a basic synthesis of
everything stated before. While rephrasing your topic and thesis
statement,

8. you want to make sure to try and connect them logically so that
your conclusion will sound like a coherent single thought rather
than a
bunch of random ideas.
You want to refer to the MLA guide and the in-line comments
for including in-text citations as well as the Works Cited page
entries in
the correct formatting style.
You may also refer to all the in-line comments regarding certain
suggestions. All these hints will help you in maintaining a clear
focus
and also help in the transition, fluency, the overall development
of the topic, and organization of your essay.
You also want to work some more on your grammar, mechanics,
word choice, and sentence structure so that readers can
concentrate
on what you are trying to convey.
I have marked the first instances of major grammar, sentence,
and word level issues in the paper. These comments will help
you
locate and fix other similar errors. You may also submit a
second draft of the paper, but please be sure to mark it as the
second draft.
Thank you for using NetTutor! Please visit us again, and do tell
your friends!

9. page 1 / 7
Proofed Paper: ntp652666 - Sun Jul 21 8:33:45 EDT 2019
The MLA format does not require you to
include headings apart from the main title of
the essay. Headings and heading levels are
included in the APA formatting style.
Use a singular noun for a
singular verb. Ex.: The product is
made from an exotic herb found
only in the Amazon rain forest.
Though your introduction does
provide the readers with a
complete understanding and
background of your chosen
subject, you want to end the
introduction with a good and
clear thesis statement that

10. makes the readers aware of
the purpose and outcome of
your research process. Ex.:
There are numerous causes to
homelessness, and as a
society, it is our responsibility to
ensure that the homeless are
brought in the mainstream with
appropriate measures.
You want to specify what the
various methods are that would
help prevent child abuse.
page 2 / 7
Proofed Paper: ntp652666 - Sun Jul 21 8:33:45 EDT 2019
In the MLA format, when noting
three or more authors in a signal

11. phrase, use the words: and others.
If, however, you list the authors in
the in-text citation, use et al.:
(Ostrom et al. 60).
What are the various adverse
effects of child abuse on the
victims? You might want to
cite an example in brief that
supports this particular point.
Use a pair of commas in the
middle of a sentence to set
off clauses, phrases, and
words that are not essential
to the meaning of he
sentence. Use one comma
before to indicate the
beginning of the pause and
one comma at the end to

12. indicate the end of that
pause. Ex.: The food, on the
other hand, was rather bland.
Use a comma to set off
clauses, phrases, and words at
the end of the sentence.
Do different countries follow
different perceptions and
ideas regarding corporal
punishment? Which country
do you think has stricter rules
and punishments for child
abuse as an offense?
page 3 / 7
Proofed Paper: ntp652666 - Sun Jul 21 8:33:45 EDT 2019
You want to provide an
appropriate example here of

13. how a child might happen to
be negatively impacted due to
maltreatment. In what way
does this impact become
more evident in the child's
adult age?
What have the various surveys
on child maltreatment
concluded? What sort of
negative effects have been
identified by researchers in
child maltreatment cases?
What are the different policies
introduced for addressing this
serious issue? Are these
policies sufficient to handle
this issue?
How should the system be

14. re-organized in order to carry out
prompt responses towards child
abuse victims? How should the
officials be trained perfectly to
address this issue and offer help
as well as security to those in
need? What sort of strategies
need to be put in place?
page 4 / 7
Proofed Paper: ntp652666 - Sun Jul 21 8:33:45 EDT 2019
This looks like a
complicated sentence.
You want to frame
shorter and simpler
sentences in order to
convey your exact

15. thoughts to the readers.
This is an incomplete/fragmented
sentence. A sentence
becomes a fragment
when it is missing either a
subject or a verb.
What does the treatment of
helping abused children
include? How are the victims as
well as their families made
aware of such treatments/programs
which help in minimizing the
negative effects of maltreatment
to children?
page 5 / 7
Proofed Paper: ntp652666 - Sun Jul 21 8:33:45 EDT 2019
The concluding paragraph should

16. necessarily reiterate the thesis,
though in different words, and
summarize all the main points
presented in the thesis to offer an
effective wrap-up to the research
essay. Restate your topic briefly and
explain why it’s important. You want
to provide a brief overview of the key
points without adding any new
details in the conclusion. You have
to address the future perspective of
your research and the considered
issue. It may be a suggestion or a
call to action.
page 6 / 7
Proofed Paper: ntp652666 - Sun Jul 21 8:33:45 EDT 2019

17. Entries that are more than one line should have a hanging
indent.
(Every line except for the first line is indented by 0.5 inches.)
In the MLA formatting style,
when a source has three or
more authors, list only the
first author, names
reversed, and follow the first
name with a comma and et
al.
Ex.: Ostrom, Hans, et al.
Metro: Journeys in Writing
Creatively. Longman, 2001.
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