1.2 Class cop ONLINE Learning Chemistry from Plants Supple Chapter 2.pptx

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Importance of Chemistry in
our Everyday Life

1. Chemistry as a Science
2. Chemistry and Society
3. Chemistry for our well being
Importance of Chemistry in
our Everyday Life

Alchemy/Alchemists
Sulphuric acid and Nitric Acid
(Two substances that they discovered)
Mercury, Silver, Gold, and Carbon few elements
during late 1600s.
Phosphorus is the first elements discovered after
1600.
Chemists have discovered 118 different elements
some are very common like Oxygen, many are very
rare and expensive like Platinum and some cannot
be found on earth and can only be made in labs
like Rutherfordium.
Chemistry as a Science

Chemistry is a broad scientific field, and its
relevance is seen in almost every aspect of
society including Medicine, Cooking,
Environmental Processes, Cleaning and
Manufacturing Goods.
Chemistry is vital for the study and
development of medicine as it allows us to find
out how illness and diseases can be cured with
minimal effects on the patient.
Chemistry can help us to prevent pain and live
longer, happier, and healthier lives.
Chemistry and Society

Chemistry deals with the way substances
interact. The end products of chemical research
provide the comforts of life, the fabrics for
clothes, the motive power travel, and foods to
live on.
Chemistry is everywhere. It is important to
know it and to sustain life on earth
peacefully.
Chemistry for our well being

Compared with other subjects, Chemistry
is commonly believed to be more difficult,
at least at the introductory level. There are
some reason for this kind of impression; for
one thing, chemistry has a very specialized
vocabulary.
(Ionization, Equilibrium, Catalyst or Chain
Reaction)
The Study of Chemistry

If you cook, then you are a practicing
chemist! From experience gained in the
kitchen, you know that oil and water do
not mix and that boiling water left on the
stove will evaporate.
You apply chemical and physical principles
when you use baking soda to make the
bread rise.
The Study of Chemistry

Learning Chemistry
from Plants

Importance of Plants
Plants are the backbone of all life on
Earth and an essential resources for
human well-being.

 Plants make oxygen
 Plants make food
 Plants provide useful products for
people

 Plants make oxygen
One of the materials that plants produce as they
make food is oxygen gas. This oxygen, which is an
important part of the air, is the gas that plants
and animals must have in order to stay alive.

 Plants make food
 Plants are the only organisms that can convert
light energy from the sun into food.
 Plants produce ALL of the food that animals,
including people eats.
 The animals that give us meat, such as chickens
and cows, eat grass, oats, corns, or some other
plants.

 Plants provide useful products for people
 Many plants are important sources of products that
people use, including food, fibers (for clothes) and
medicines.
 Plants also help provide some of our energy needs. In
some parts of the world, wood is the primary fuel used
by people to cook their meal and heat their homes.
 Many of the other types of fuel we use today, such
as coal, natural gas, and gasoline were made from
plants that buried millions of years ago.

Plants Are Used for Natural Products
It is from plants that you get natural
products that includes cork, amber,
alkaloids, resins or gums, latex, tannins,
waxes, pigments, natural dyes, essential
oils and fibers.

Cork

Amber is fossilized tree resin
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety
of organisms that can be purified to
produce crude oil.

Resins

Resins or Gums, latex
tannins

Pigments use to produce make-up

Natural dyes, Essential Oils and Fibers

Hemp rope, Chewing gum, Inks,
Plastics, Linoleum, Lubricants,Varnish

Rubber, Turpentine (oil paintings),
Cosmetics, Perfume, Shampoos, Paints
and Soaps.

Cotton is made from cellulose-derived
synthetic fibers like acetate and rayon.
(yarn or fabric)

Biofuels like peat and firewood.

Plants As Medicine

Medicinal plants and Pharmaceutical drug
A medicinal plant is a plant that has similar
properties as conventional pharmaceutical
drugs. Humans have used them throughout
history to either cure or lessen symptoms from
an illness.
A pharmaceutical drug is a drug that is
produced in a laboratory to cure or help an
illness.

Cellulose and
Starch

Cellulose and Starch
Starch and cellulose molecules are
polysaccharides. Polysaccharides
means many “sugars". Starch and
cellulose are constructed of glucose units
joined together by acetal linkages.

Cellulose
Paper Products
It is insoluble in water and has a
poor ability to absorb water.
Vegetables high in cellulose:
Broccoli Cauliflower
Cabbage

Starch
It is broken down into glucose
which is the main source of fuel for
all cells.
Wheat flour and cornstarch use in
cooking or baking is form of starch.

Plant Oil
Question and Answer

Plants Oil
Plants oil are fats taken from plants
usually from plants seeds.
Plant oil help improve the palatability
(satisfaction of nutritional, water, or energy needs) of
food and serve as a medium for
cooking.

Plants Oil
You can probably find most of the following
at a well-stocked supermarket and health
food store:
Almond oil, avocado seed oil, cocoa butter,
coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, flax seed oil,
grape seed oil, hemp oil, olive oil, palm kernel oil,
peanut oil, pumpkin seed oil, rice bran oil,
safflower seed oil, sesame seed oil, sunflower
seed oil, soybean oil, and walnut oil.

Types of Plants Oil
There are three primary types of plants oil,
different both the means of extracting the
relevant parts of the plants, both in the
nature of the resulting oil:
1. Vegetable fats and oils were historically
extracted by putting part of the plant
under pressure, squeezing out the oil.
 Ex. Soybean, Sunflower oil and Corn oil.

Types of Plants Oil
2. Macerated Oil consist of base oil to which
parts of plants are added.
 Ex. Vegetable oil + Herb
3. Essential oil are composed of volatile
aromatic compounds, extracted from
plants by distillation.
 Volatile aromatic compounds (It has a smell
or odor of a certain plants or flower extracted from
plants by distillation.)
 Great Odor, Aroma, or Fragrance.

Extraction
Methods

Extraction Methods
Methods of plant oil extraction
Examples are the following list that are
currently employ around the world:
Distillation
Enfleurage
Expression
Florasols
Fractional Distillation
Maceration
RBD
Solvent Extraction
Supercritical CO2 extraction

Distillation

Distillation
Distillation converts the volatile liquid (the
essential oils) into a vapor and then condenses
back into a liquid.
It is the most popular and cost-effective
Extraction Method in use today.
However, due to use of heat in this method, it
may not be used on very fragile plant material,
because major therapeutic characteristics would
be adversely affected, or where the Method is
employed with great difficulty.

Distillation
It is the process of boiling aromatic
plant using the steam to get the
essential oil. (using a machine)

Enfleurage

Enfleurage
Enfleurage is an old method which was used in the production
of perfumes and pomade extracts for perfumery. Using a cold
fat, cold wax or warm oil as a base to extract the volatile
aromatic molecules, the flower petals
of the plant (rose, jasmine, neroli, violet and others) are layered
onto the base material between multiple stacks of glass sheets
within a wooden frame which are heated to facilitate infusion.
Used in the production of perfumes.

Expression

Expression
These Methods utilize high
mechanical pressure to
squeeze oil from botanical
material. Most nut and seed
oils are extracted using one
of these methods. However,
some manufacturers refine
the resulting oil using
chemicals or high heat and,
thereby damage the oil's
therapeutic characteristics.

Florasols
This kind of method of extraction used a gaseous
solvents for extraction of aromatics oils and
biologically-active components from botanical
materials. Developed in the late 1980's by Dr. Peter
Wilde, the Florasol R134 a solvent.

Florasols
Florasol
R134

Fractional Distillation
This process of methods of extraction used
fractional column to separate impurities from
aromatic plant. To produced more quality of
essential oils.

Fractional Distillation
Fractional
column

Maceration
Similar to Enfleurage, maceration involves extracting the
volatile aromatic compounds using a vegetable oil.
Sometimes referred to as “infusion,” plant material is
bruised and soaked in the oil which is heated to
accelerate infusion of the oil with the volatile aromatic
compounds.
The final, saturated oil is then filtered to remove any
plant particulate matter. The resulting infused oil,
containing the therapeutic properties of both the
vegetable oil and the botanicals that were infused into
the oil, is used widely for massage in aromatherapy.

Maceration Volatile aromatic
compounds

Refined
Bleached
Deodorize

Refine
Removing impurities or unwanted element to
improve the color or texture of oil. To get a
pure oil.
Bleached
Bleaching process are done to improve the color and
clarity of the oil. Bleaching is generally done by
passing the oil through Fuller's earth and then
filtering the oil.

Bleached

Deodorized
Vacuum
Essential
oil

Deodorized
This process is done by heating the oil to high
temperatures and performing this process
under a vacuum to help remove all of the
volatile odorous substances.
To removed unpleasant smell of essential oil.

Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is an oil-extraction process using
organic solvents such as hexane, ethanol, petroleum
ether, or methanol and other type of solvent.
This method is fast and inexpensive but it produces a
non-pure oil and is, therefore, mostly used in mass-produced
perfumery. Also, due to the faster process and lower cost,
solvent extraction is also used to produce higher yields of
vegetable oils (including coconut, corn, grape seed, rice bran
and soybean oils) and sometimes for seed oils (including seeds,
nuts and kernels').

Solvent Extraction

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Extraction
Supercritical carbon dioxide (“CO2”) extraction combines
the best aspects of steam distillation and solvent
extraction.
It is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or
above its critical temperature and critical pressure.
(CO2 put under high temperature of at least 72.9 atmospheric
pressure at a temperature as low as 31. 1 °C, the CO2 become
supercritical fluid that can be used to purify the aromatic plants to
get essential oil.)

Extraction

Extraction
Supercritical carbon dioxide (“CO2”) extraction
gives better product of oil by the used of CO2
to pressurized the aromatic plants to produce
essential oil yet it’s expensive methods of oil
extraction.

Plantsand Medicine

Willow Tree
- contain salicylic acid

Vincristine, Digitalis, Colchicine, Reserpine,
Quinine, Morphine, and Taxol

Saint John’s wort, Feverfew, Echinacea and
Ginko

From plants to Medicine
1. Khella
2. Madagascar Periwinkle
3. Quinine
4. Meadow Saffron
5. Coca Plant
6. Opium Poppy
7. Meadowsweet
8. Rauvolfia

Khella

Khella
Also known as toothpick weed,
this Mediterranean herb
contains a chemical that opens
up blood vessels, improving
blood flow to the heart, and
opens the breathing tubes of the
lungs. The chemical has been
used in medicines to treat
asthma and angina (pain due to
heart problems).

Madagascar
Periwinkle

Madagascar Periwinkle
The Madagascar periwinkle is the
source of drugs used to treat
diabetes and certain cancers, such
as Hodgkin’s disease and acute
leukemia. The drug for treating
Hodgkin’s disease has increased
patients’ chances of survival from
one-in-five to nine-in-ten.
Hodgkin’s disease is a type of lymphoma (lymphoma is
a cancer of a part of the immune system.)
Acute leukemia is a type of cancer from blood.

Quinine

Quinine
The bark of this tropical tree
contains a drug called quinine.
Quinine is used in the prevention
and treatment of malaria, a deadly
disease carried by mosquitoes.
Malaria is responsible for thousands
of human deaths around the world
every year.

Meadow Saffron

Meadow Saffron
This little plant contains a
chemical called colchicine,
which has been used to treat
rheumatism and gout.
As it tends to prevent cells
from dividing too quickly,
colchicine has also been used
to suppress some types of
cancer.

Meadow Saffron
Rheumatism and Gout
Rheumatism a condition in which
muscles or joints are painful.
Gout a metabolic disease marked by a
painful inflammation of the joints,
deposits of urates in and around the
joints, and usually an excessive amount of
uric acid in the blood.

Coca Plant

Coca Plant
The coca plant grows naturally
in South America and is the
source of the drug cocaine.
Although cocaine can be
abused and is associated with
addiction, it has also been
used responsibly by doctors as
a local anesthetic and for pain
relief.

Opium Poppy

Opium Poppy
Opium is a pain-killing drug
extracted from the unripe seed
pods of the opium poppy.
In 1806, a German scientist
isolated the drug morphine
from opium. Morphine and its
derivatives, such as heroin and
codeine, remain important
pain relievers.

Meadowsweet

Meadowsweet
Meadowsweet is a European
wildflower that grows in wet
soils and marshes.
It has been used for pain
relief in the treatment of
many conditions, including
headaches, arthritis, and
rheumatism.

Meadowsweet
Arthritis is a disease that
causes swelling, stiffness, and
pain in a person's joints. Joints
are where two bones meet,
allowing our bodies to move
the hips, knees, ankles, elbows,
shoulders, knuckles, etc.
Joints contain synovial fluid,
which acts as a lubricant to help
them move easily.

Rauvolfia

Rauvolfia
Rauvolfia is a small, woody plant
that grows in tropical rainforests.
It contains reserpine, a chemical
that effectively relieves snake
bites and scorpion stings.
Reserpine was the first
tranquillizer used to treat certain
mental illnesses. It also lowers
blood pressure.

Tea

Tea is a perfectly simple way to access the
health benefits of herbs. The quiet ritual of
preparing and sipping a cup of tea is a
wonderfully relaxing and peaceful practice.
Much like coffee, tea contains a hugely wide
variety of chemical compounds, but some of the
most important in terms of its taste and
coloration are the polyphenols.

Polyphenol: A kind of chemical that (at least in
theory) may protect against some common health
problems and possibly certain effects of aging.
Polyphenols act as antioxidants.
(They protect cells and body chemicals against damage
caused by free radicals) (reactive atoms that contribute
to tissue damage in the body.)
Polyphenols can also block the action of enzymes that
cancers need for growth and they can deactivate
substances that promote the growth of cancers.

Two classes of polyphenols are tannins (found also in
wine) and flavonoids.
 Tea is rich in flavonoids like catechins.
 Flavonoids are most commonly known for their
antioxidant activity.
 Catechins are a type of antioxidant found in
flavonoids.
 Flavonoids are a class of polyphenols. These terms
are often used interchangeably when discussing the
health benefits of tea.

 To summarize the chemistry of tea, it's all about the
"Pac men" of chemistry, polyphenols, which eat away
free radicals.
 The quinones which contribute to aroma.
 Thearubigens which contribute both to the taste and
the color of tea.
 The volatile oils in tea, which are elevated during processing,
also contribute to color and taste and are fragile; age or poor
storage conditions can greatly compromise these and make the
tea tasteless and faded in color. Tea is nearly calorie-free
and rich in antioxidants.

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