1. Submitted to:
Prof. A.A.Napolean
Submitted by:-
Akash Chandwani – 12BCE0133
R.V.Kartick – 12BME0357
Deepak Kumar Singh – 12BCE0534
Milan Manjunath Sehnai – 12BCH0059
EVS Project on -
2. 1. Introduction
2. Adjustments and Amendments
3. Ozone layer
4. UV-Radiations
5. Discovery and Research
6. Ozone Depleting Substances
7. Montreal Protocol
8. Provisions of Montreal protocol
9. Management Plans
10. Impact on CFC’s and it’s Phase out management plan
11. Impact on HCFC’s and it’s Phase out management plan
12. Implementation in US.
13. What if there were no Montreal Protocol??
3. Introduction
Montreal Protocol popularly known as Montreal Protocol
on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
It is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer.
Main aim is to eliminate the substances that are
responsible for the ozone depletion.
4. Adjustments and Amendments
Montreal Protocol has been either adjusted and/or
amended in –
London 1990
Copenhagen 1992
Vienna 1995
Montreal 1997
Beijing 1999
7. Why is ozone useful?
Ozone is a protective layer that absorbs the very
energetic radiations (UV) falling on the earth.
8.
9.
10. UV-Radiations
UV- Radiations capable of
penetrating the nitrogen is
divided into three categories
UV-A ( λ = 400–315 nm)
UV-B ( λ = 315–280 nm)
UV-C ( λ = 280–100 nm)
only extremely short or vacuum UV (10–100 nm) is
screened out by nitrogen.
11. UV-C
It is very harmful to all living beings.
It is entirely screened out by a combination of O2 (<
200 nm) and O3 (> about 200 nm) by around 35
kilometres (115,000 ft) altitude.
This type of radiation doesn’t reach the earth surface.
12. UV-B
UV-B radiation can be harmful to the skin and is the main
cause of sunburn.
Excessive exposure can also cause genetic
damage, resulting in problems such as skin cancer.
The ozone layer is very effective at screening out UV-B.
UV-B, particularly at its longest wavelengths, reaches the
surface
13. UV-A
Ozone is transparent to most UV-A.
So most of this type of longer wavelength reaches the
surface, and becomes the primary type of UV from the
Sun to do so.
less harmful to DNA. although it may still potentially
cause indirect genetic damage in skin
15. Discovery and Research
In 1974-nobel prize winners
Mario Molina and Sherwood
Rowland discover that CFC
molecules were stable enough
to remain in the atmosphere
until they got up into the
middle of the
stratosphere where they would
finally be broken down
by ultraviolet
radiation releasing a chlorine
atom.
18. Montreal-Protocol
It is an international treaty
designed to protect the ozone layer
by phasing out the production of
numerous substances believed to
be responsible for ozone depletion.
The treaty is structured around several groups
of halogenated hydrocarbons that have been shown to
play a role in ozone depletion. All of these ozone
depleting substances contain either chlorine or bromine.
19. For each group, including group ST, the treaty
provides a timetable on which the production of
those substances must be phased out and
eventually eliminated
It was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered
into force on 1 January 1989.
It is also ratified by 197 states and the European
Union.
20. The Montreal Protocol - Provisions
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride,
and methyl chloroform- were to be phased out by 2000
(2005 for methyl chloroform)
Freeze at 1986 levels in mid 1989 and 20% cut in 1993
Production and consumption of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113,
CFC-114, CFC- 115 were to be reduced by 50% of the
1986 levels by 1998
Production of halon-1211, halon-1301 and halon-2402
were to be brought back to 1986 levels by 1992
21. Management Plan
CFCs Phase-out Management Plan
CFC Phasing out plan
Regularly checked by bodies
Also checks the emission of halon 1211, 1301, 2402; CFCs
13, 111, 112, etc.
Carbon tetrachloride was given the special attention.
22. Products Containing CFCs
Coolants (in refrigerator, AC)
Propellants (in Pressurized
cans, Rockets)
Solvents for cleaning
electronics
Blowing agent for manufacture of foam
23. Why is CFC harmful to us?
CFC gas is not at all harmful
to humans but its harmful
to the Ozone layer.
The life time of CFC gas is very long, about 5200yrs. There
is no way to destroy them. It has no way to go. It directly
goes up to the ozone and damages it.
24.
25. Impact of Montreal protocol on CFCs
If all parties continue to comply, ozone layer expected to
fully recover by 2050.
Montreal and subsequent agreements obliged parties to
phase out most harmful CFCs (used in
aerosols, refrigerants, foams, solvents) by 1996; with
phase-out of by 2010 of less active CFCs. Most halons
were phased out by 1994.
98% of all chemicals covered by the protocol were phased
out by 2009.
26. Management plans
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out
Management Plan (HPMP)
Freezing time = 2013
Reducing time = 2015
This includes the pase out of
CFCl3 (CFC-11)
CF2Cl2 (CFC-12)
C2F3Cl3 (CFC-113)
C2F4Cl2(CFC-114)
C2F5Cl (CFC-115)
27. Impact of Montreal Protocol on
HCFCs.
Used as the first major replacement for CFCs, especially in
refrigerants for air conditioning.
By 2013, all parties must freeze consumption and
production of HCFCs, and start reducing by 2015.
Developed countries must complete 99.5 phase-out by
2020 nd 100% by 2030. Developing countries must
complete 99.5 % by 2030 and 100% by 2040.
In U.S., HCFC production down 65% by 1/1/2010. On
track to 90% cut by 1/1/2015 and 99.5% cut by 1/1/2020.
28. Management plans
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
HFCs are the substitutes of the CFCs and HCFCs.
It’s produced mostly in developed countries.
It does not harm Ozone layer.
But it is responsible for Green House Effect as it traps huge
amount of infrared radiations from the sun.
29. Earlier Challenges
Cost of replacing CFCs was the key hurdle that parties
had to overcome.
By 1987 it was less costly for USG, Japan, Canada to ban
CFCs, as all three had already banned CFCs in aerosol
cans.
Harder for Japan and EU, who threatened to veto. Also
harder USSR, could not afford to fund research to find
alternatives.
Also opposed by China, India, Brazil anticipating massive
CFC production in coming decade.
Keys to compromise were agreement from industrialized
countries to help developing countries find
alternatives, and agreement on delaying phase-out
deadlines for developing countries
30. Mechanisms for Implementation
Multilateral Fund: 2009-2011 budget = $490 million.
Annual reporting obligations
Implementation Committee
Adjustment provision
Grace period for developing countries
31. World map showing the countries that have signed the protocol and
that have not
34. Implementation in US
U.S. already banned Freon (CFC) in 1978
“Clean Air Act of 1990” implemented
Montreal protocol and gave EPA oversight and
enforcement role.
To support phase-outs, EPA has approved over 300
alternatives to ozone depleting substances.
Other measures: tax policy: taxes on production of ODSs
and tax incentives to industry to develop alternatives;
labeling of ODS-containing products; identifying safer
alternatives.
EPA allows exemptions to industries facing technical
challenges to finding alternatives, e.g. medical inhalers.
35. Key Achievements
Truly global participation
Elimination of ozone depleting
substances
Healing the ozone layer
Supporting the developing countries
High rates of compliance
Health benefits
Climate change benefits
Global recognition
2010 phase out milestone
36. Achievements
It has been adopted
and implemented world wide.
The two treaties have been
ratified by 197 states and the
European Union making them
the most widely ratified treaties
in United Nations history.
37. Benefits
It is believed that if the international agreement is
adhered to, the ozone layer is expected to recover by
2050.
38. What if there were no
Montreal Protocol??
No CFC ban
There would have been 50% ozone layer depletion in
northern hemisphere, 70% in southern hemisphere, by
2050.
130 million more cases of cataracts; 19 million more
cases of non-melanoma skin cancer; 1.5 million more
cases of melanoma skin cancer. Which would overall
cost $4.2 trillion.
