what kind of short tandem repeats DNA markers can be used for tracin.pdf

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what kind of short tandem repeats DNA markers can be used for tracing paternal lineage in DNA ancestry testing? Solution DNA Ancestry testing can help you to trace your paternal and maternal lineages. There are two types of DNA Ancestry tests available: Y-DNA STR marker testing for tracing paternal lineage and mtDNA sequencing for tracing maternal lineage. Y-DNA test method: PCR analysis of short tandem repeat (STR) markers in the Y-DNA. 20 to 101 Y-DNA STR markers can be tested..

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Consider the simple analog signal defined by x(t) = sin(2700t) shown.pdf

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Cell adhesion, both cell-cell and cell-ECM, can influence whether a cell will proceed through cell division or die by apoptosis. Compare/contrast the influence on cell survival and cell division between cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion. What signal in behavior is an integrin sending to a cell when the integrin is binding its ligand? Explain your answer. What signal in behavior is a cadherin sending to a cell when the cadherin is binding to its ligand? Explain your answer. Compare and contrast how normal cells and cancer cells interpret cell adhesion (either cell-cell and cell-ECM) to a change in cell behavior. Solution Answer B Integrins and cadherins are adhesive molecules that are also called as cell adhesion molecules or CAM. Cell matrix adhesion is brought over by integrins. Integrins are the receptors that bring about ECM adhesion. Integrins activate signal transduction pathways, once they are activated by ligand binding. These signal transduction pathways mediate cell signals for cell cycle regulations, intracellular cytoskeleton organisation and new receptor movements to the cell membranes. AnswerC Integrins and cadherins are adhesive molecules that are also called as cell adhesion molecules or CAM. Junction adherin and cell cell interactions are generally carried out by cadherins. The cadherins release a beta catenin that plays a role in cell cell adhesion and carries out cadherins mediated cell division at the plasma membrane. Their name cadherin comes from their dependency on Ca2+ ions required to function. There are different classes of cadherins. It is generally seen that that cells containing a specific cadherin subtype tend to cluster together to the exclusion of other types, both in cell culture and during development. When E cadherin is expressed there is a release signal for the epithelial cadherin, followed by the expression of N cadherin which is present for neural development. When the N cadherin is expressed E cadherin is reduced , finally when there is development of notochord and so mites, E-P and N , cadherins are expressed. Answer D In cancer cells , many of the stem cells show loosened attachment and higher motility. This is generally seen in the cases where the cancer is highly invasive or malignant, affecting more than one part of the body. The molecular adhesion fingerprint is altered in cases where the tumour calls show high mobility showing a high need to dissociate. Note- could not answer the first part due to lack of appropriate descriptive evidences. Thank you..

Cell adhesion, both cell-cell and cell-ECM, can influence whether a c.pdf

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A(n) is a method of interacting with a PC by manipulating visual elements such as icons and windows. The is the narrow box across the bottom of the screen The bars across the top and bottom of the Fedora 13 desktop are called A(n) is a small, single-function utility. is a quick and fun way to resize open windows simply by dragging them to the edges of your screen. A(n) appears to give you the power of X-ray vision - you can peer past all your open windows straight to the Windows 7 desktop. Using a(n) list, you can go directly to the documents, pictures, songs, and Web sites you use each day. makes it easy to read, organize, and compare windows. are navigation aids used in an address bar and other parts of the GUI to help keep track of your locations. are like folders but they can display the contents of other folders from all over your PC. As the fills with material you have deleted, older items are removed automatically to make room for newer items. (True or False) Items that you delete from external drives, such as I \'SB drives, are permanently deleted and are not sent to the Recycle Bin. Solution 1. A GUI(Graphical User Interface) is a method of interacting with a PC by manipulating visual elements such as icons and windows. 2. The taskbar is the narrow box accross the bottom of the screen. 3. The bars across the top and bottom of the Fedora 13 desktop are called panels. 4. An applet is a small single function utility. 1. Snap is a quick and fun way to resize and open windows simply by dragging them to the edges of the screen. 2. A peek appears to give you the power of X-ray vision - you can peer past all your open windows straight to the windows 7 desktop..

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You are about to perform a clean install of Windows 7 on a brandnew PC. Are there tasks you must perform before installing the operating system? A. You must manually format the disk first. B. You must manually partition the disk first. C. Windows 7 will let you perform partitioning and formatting from Setup. D. The hard disk is already partitioned and formatted at the factory. Solution B. WET, or Windows Easy Transfer, is a utility used to perform a single transfer from a Windows XP machine to a Windows Vista or Windows 7 machine. It is not suitable to use to transfer settings from a single machine to multiple other computers..

You are about to perform a clean install of Windows 7 on a brandnew .pdf

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Write the equation of a 4th degree polynomial function with the follo.pdf

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Write a program which repeatedly calls a function named replaceIt() a.pdf

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Which, of the below choices of inference rules, is used to show that from the hypotheses “Every kid in school learns arithmetic” and “Antonio is a kid in school”, we can conclude that Antonio learns arithmetic? Explain... Modus Tollens Modus Ponens Hypothetical Syllogism Universal Instantiation Solution Universal Instantiation Reason: Universal instantiation is a valid rule of inference from a truth about each member of a class of individuals to the truth about a particular individual of that class. Example: No humans can fly. John Doe is human. Therefore John Doe can not fly.

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Which of the following protocols is used for router multicasting? A. ICMP B. RIPv1 C. 224.0.0.1 D. IGMP Solution D. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used by hosts to report multicast group memberships to neighboring multicast routers. Security problems exist with IGMP because anyone can start a multicast group or join an existing one. Answer A is incorrect because ICMP is used for logical errors and diagnostics. Answer B is incorrect because the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a broadcast-based routing protocol. Answer C is incorrect because although 224.0.0.1 is a multicast address, it is not a protocol used for multicast management..

Which of the following protocols is used for router multicastingA.pdf

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Which of the following isare not produced by homosporous plants [se.pdf

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When Gregor Mendel was developing his ideas of inheritance of characteristics, molecular genetics was not yet discovered. Explain in your own terms, why his two most important ant laws have stood the test of time. What assumptions about them were correct? Describe a scenario in which patterns of inheritance did NOT adhere to Mendelian genetics. When Gregor Mendel was developing his ideas of inheritance of characteristics, molecular genetics was not yet discovered. Explain in your own terms, why his two most important ant laws have stood the test of time. What assumptions about them were correct? Describe a scenario in which patterns of inheritance did NOT adhere to Mendelian genetics. Solution At the time of Gregor Mendel, the molecular genetics was not yet discovered but he was a statistician by training and fortunately started his study on pea plant growing in his church lawn. By careful observation and applying statistical inference, he came up with his two laws i.e. law of segregation and law of independent assortment. Law of segregation states that the factors do not mix with each other but maintain their identity and segregates (separate from each other) at the time of meiosis when gametes form (Meiosis was not discovered at that time but people knew about gametes). The other law was law of independent assortment which stated that the factors responsible for different traits assort independent of each other into gametes giving rise to all types of genotypes in F2 generation. His careful observation and mathematical background enabled him to make robust inferences which stood the test of time. The assumptions that were correct were that every factor has two alternative forms. These forms do not mix with each other and segregate in each generation when gametes are formed. There was another law that is law of dominance which states that one form of the factor is dominant over the other due to which the effect of latter is suppressed. But because only 2 laws were asked so we will put the best laws. A scenario in which pattern of inheritence did not adhere to Mendelian genetics is linkage. As many genes are present on same chromosomes, they can not assort independent of each other resulting in linkage. The amount of recombination will depend upon the distance between two genes but in general, these genes are not assorting independently..

When Gregor Mendel was developing his ideas of inheritance of cha.pdf

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What is the job of a layout manager? To render user interface components in a container. To render a drawing on a canvas. To position user interface components in a container. To position a frame on a desktop. Solution Answer:To position user interface components in a container. The job of a layout manager is to position user interface components in a container. These layout managers are designed for displaying multiple components at once in a container. There are five Layout managers available in Swings/AWT. BorderLayout BoxLayout FlowLayout GridBagLayout and GridLayout.

What is the job of a layout managerTo render user interface compo.pdf

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Using the Bernoulli method, solve the differential equation t^2 dyd.pdf

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What are the implications of Darwin\'s ideas for the traditional view of human nature (both rationalistic and Judeo-Christian versions)? What are the implications of Darwin\'s ideas for the traditional view of human nature (both rationalistic and Judeo-Christian versions)? Solution Traditional Western views of human nature assume that all humans have the same human nature: They are conscious, rational selves who have a purpose. Some Traditional views refer to this immaterially defined self as the \"soul\". One important version of the Traditional Western view of human nature is the ancient Greek view that sees humans as uniquely rational beings with a purpose. This view contends that reason can and should rule over human desire and aggressiveness. The Judeo-Christian religious view claims that humans are made in the image of God, who has endowed them with rational self-consciousness and an ability to love. In the Christian version, the self is immaterial and distinct from the body.. The Traditional view of human nature and our ordinary thinking assume that humans have a self that endures through time. Descartes claims that the enduring self is a soul. Locke argues that memory produces the enduring self. Buddhism and Hume suggest that there is no enduring self. Some scientific views challenge the Traditional view of human nature. Darwin argued that humans evolved from earlier animal species through random variations and a natural selection that is the result of a struggle for existence. Darwin\'s view has been taken to imply that human nature has no purpose and is not unique..

What are the implications of Darwins ideas for the traditional .pdf

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What are the factors that underlie the observation that EBV infection give rise to so many tumor types? a. Different virus latency programs combined with the state of B cell differentiation b. A single virus latency program acting on B cell mutations during maturation c. Different virus latency programs in B blast cells cause different tumor types d. A single virus latency program acting on different states of B cell differentiation Solution c. Different virus latency programs in B blast cells cause different tumor types Some of the EBV infected lymphocytes remain in the circulation, the virus remains in a latent state. When activated, each of these cells give rise to a spontaneous outgrowth of EBV transformed, immortalized cell lines..

What are the factors that underlie the observation that EBV infectio.pdf

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What is an advantage of the hanging drop method verses simple staining? What is a disadvantage? What is an advantage of the hanging drop method verses simple staining? What is a disadvantage? Solution Advantages of Hanging drop method over simple staining: Simple staining includes staining and viewing microorganisms using basic dyes which are attracted to negatively charged microbial cytoplasm materials. However, if microbes are large and if motility is to be studied; staining becomes unnecessary. In these cases, wet mount is prepared i.e. a drop of microbes is directly put on slide and observed. Hanging drop method includes placing a drop of sample below a cover-slip which is when inverted moves through hollowed-out slide. This method is advantageous because it keeps the sample hydrated i.e doesn’t dry out. This is a rapid method and makes it easy to observe especially larger microbes for examining motility. Disadvantages:.

What is an advantage of the hanging drop method verses simple sta.pdf

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What are key factors to consider when selecting a flow sensor? Solution 1)Viscosity and Transparency viscosity plays an important role as a sensor will not work with liquids that are too dense 2) Flow Sensor Bodies and Hazardous Chemicals Hazardous chemicals can pose a problem to the flow sensor as the chemicals can damage sensitive parts of the device such as the fittings or O-rings. Flow Range Needed Flow range sizing is important because a single flow meter can only accurately measure typically 10:1, so a unit rated for 10 L/minute will only measure as low as 1 L/minute accurately Some other options and considerations may be.

What are key factors to consider when selecting a flow sensorSo.pdf

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The process of DNA replication creates a particular problem for replicating the ends of linear chromosomes. 1. Describe why the DNA replication machinery has difficulty replicating DNA ends. 2. Telomerase has been identified as an enzyme that can reverse the outcome of end replication. Describe the near-universal mammalian chromosome telomere sequence and how telomerase solves the problem of end replication. Solution Answer: 1. Describe why DNA replication machinery has difficulty replicating DNA ends: Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and not circular like bacterial chromosomes. The end of eukaryotic chromosomes contains repetitive sequences (telomere) and cannot be fully copied during each round of replication. DNA replication begins by unwinding of DNA double helix and the synthesis of new strand by DNA polymerase. Since DNA polymerase can only work in a unidirectional way (5’ to 3’) therefore one of the two new strands of DNA is synthesized continuously (leading strand) and the other strand is synthesized in small stretches called as Okazaki fragments (lagging strand). At the end of the lagging strand, since it is not possible to attach an RNA primer, thererfore, the terminal region of chromosomes does not get covered by Okazaki fragments. As a result, with each round of replication, the terminal chromosome sequence cannot be copied leaving single stranded overhangs and gradual shortening of chromosomes. This is called as “end replication problem”. 2. Describe Near Universal mammalian chromosome telomere sequence and how telomerase solves the problem of end replication: The termini of eukaryotic chromosome have specialized DNA caps called telomere which comprise of short repetitive DNA sequence. Each time a cell divides some portion of the telomere is lost. Mammalian Telomere contains hundreds or thousands of tandem repeats of the same short DNA sequence 5’-TTAGGG-3’. With each cell division telomeric sequence are lost thereby protecting the critical chromosomal regions that contains gene.Telomerase (telomere terminal transferase) is an RNA dependent DNA polymerase made up of RNA subunits and protein and is involved in elongating the length of chromosome by extending the telomeres. Telomerase enzyme binds to a special RNA molecule that contains a sequence complementary to the telomeric repeat. By using the complementary RNA as a template, it extends the overhanging strand of the telomere DNA. Since DNA polymerase cannot replicate the DNA sequence at the end of the chromosomes therefore telomerase enzyme aids in terminal replication process by attaching to the end of the chromosome. Absence of telomerase activity would result in progressive shortening of chromosome with each cell division..

The process of DNA replication creates a particular problem for repl.pdf

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The lifetime T of a certain device (in 1000 hour units) has the exponential distribution with parameter ½. Find P(T > 2). Solution Given that T is the lifetime of a certain device. T has Exponential distribution with paramter with parameter 1/2. We have to find the P(T > 2). The p.d.f. of T is, f(T) = e-t t > 0 and > 0. given that = 1 / 2 = 0.5 P(T>2) = f(T) dt (from 2 to ) = e-t dt = e-t dt = [ e-t / - ] = - / [ e- - e-0.5*2 ] = - [ 0 - 0.3679 ] P(T >2) = 0.3679.

The lifetime T of a certain device (in 1000 hour units) has the expo.pdf

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The Federal Reserve controls the nation\'s money supply by using various tools that it has at its disposal. Which of the following is not a tool used by the Fed to change the money supply? Discount window lending. The federal funds rate. Open-market operations. Changing reserve requirements. Discount window lending. The federal funds rate. Open-market operations. Changing reserve requirements. Solution Fed doesnt use DISCOUNT WINDOW LENDING as one of the tools to change money supply..

The Federal Reserve controls the nations money supply by using var.pdf

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Suppose S is a set people, and R is the following relation on S: aRb if and only if a has chatted with b on the internet. Explain your answers to the following questions and use common sense. (a) Is R reflexive? (b) Is R symmetric? (c) Is R transitive? Solution a.it is not reflexive because a has not chatted with himself. b. Yes it is symmetric beacause a and b belong to set of people. As a chatted with b same can be said for b that b also chatted with a. c. There is no clear solution for transitive as it has not mentioned involvement of any third person apart from a and b..

Suppose S is a set people, and R is the following relation on S aRb.pdf

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