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"In addition to their function as a physical barrier, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) sense the
microbiota through pattern recognition receptors. Stimulation of these receptors promotes
epithelial cell repair and the upregulation of tight-junction proteins, and triggers the production
of various cytokines that signal to cells in the lamina propria. Critically, the epithelium does not
stand alone, but rather as a triad with immune cells and the mesenchyme "

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