Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially life-threatening medical condition that primarily affects individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) above the T6 level. It is characterized by a dysregulated response of the autonomic nervous system, leading to a sudden and dangerous increase in blood pressure. Understanding the symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia is crucial for early recognition and prompt medical intervention.

1. Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially life-threatening medical condition that primarily affects
individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) above the T6 level. It is characterized by a dysregulated
response of the autonomic nervous system, leading to a sudden and dangerous increase in blood
pressure. Understanding the symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia is crucial for early recognition and
prompt medical intervention.
Here are various symptoms associated with autonomic dysreflexia and the complexities of this
condition:
1. Elevated Blood Pressure: One of the hallmarks symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia is a
rapid and significant increase in blood pressure. Blood pressure readings can rise to
dangerous levels, often exceeding 200 mm Hg systolic. The sudden surge in blood pressure
is a result of an abnormal reflex arc, triggered by sensory stimuli below the level of the SCI.
2. Headache: Many individuals experiencing autonomic dysreflexia report severe headaches
as a prominent symptom. The headache may be throbbing and intense, often described as
the worst headache the person has ever experienced. It is crucial to recognize this symptom
as it can provide an early clue to the presence of autonomic dysreflexia.
3. Flushing and Sweating: During an episode of autonomic dysreflexia, the affected person
may exhibit flushing and excessive sweating above the level of the spinal cord injury. The
skin may appear blotchy or mottled due to the sudden dilation of blood vessels, resulting in
increased blood flow to the upper body.
4. Goosebumps or Pilomotor Erection: The stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system in
autonomic dysreflexia can cause a pilomotor erection, commonly known as "goosebumps."
This symptom manifests as the hair on the person's arms, legs, or other parts of the body
standing on end due to the contraction of tiny muscles attached to hair follicles.
5. Nasal Congestion: Autonomic dysreflexia can trigger nasal congestion or a stuffy nose.
This symptom occurs due to the dilation of blood vessels in the nasal mucosa, leading to
increased blood flow and congestion in the nasal passages.
6. Bradycardia or Tachycardia: Changes in heart rate are another important symptom of
autonomic dysreflexia. While bradycardia (a slower heart rate) can occur in some individuals,
tachycardia (an abnormally fast heart rate) is more commonly observed. The heart rate may
increase significantly to compensate for the sudden rise in blood pressure.
7. Anxious or Restless Behavior: Individuals experiencing autonomic dysreflexia often exhibit
signs of restlessness, anxiety, or a sense of unease. This behavioral symptom may
accompany other physical manifestations of the condition and can provide valuable insights
for diagnosis.
It is important to remember that autonomic dysreflexia can vary in severity among individuals, and
prompt medical intervention is necessary to prevent serious complications such as seizures, stroke,
or even death. If you or someone you know experiences symptoms suggestive of autonomic
dysreflexia, seek immediate medical attention to ensure the best possible outcomes.