Epilepsy is caused by electrical disturbances in the brain that cause seizures. It is common in young children and older adults and occurs more often in males. Seizures can be triggered by factors like infections, head injuries, genetic conditions, or drugs/alcohol. Epilepsy is classified based on where seizures originate and if they affect one or both brain hemispheres. Treatment involves medications, surgery, or devices to control seizures, with the goal of improving patients' quality of life.

1.  ZUNAIR ALI S2019241
 MUHAMMAD ASIM S2019241073
 NAVEED RIAZ S2019241

2. EPILEPSY:
 Electrical short circuit in the brain.
 Recurrent seizures.
 Common in young children and older
adults.
 It occurs more in males than in
females.

4. TRIGGER FACTORS FOR SEIZURES:
 Vascular(stroke, bleed)
 Infection(meningitis)
 Trauma
 Autoimmune
 Emotional stress
 Idiopathic
 Drug or alcohol ingestion

5. CLASSIFICATION OF EPILEPSY:
 PARTIAL.
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GENERALIZED.
 ABSENCE.
 TONIC CLONIC.
 ATONIC.

6. PARTIAL EPILEPSY:
 It may also be referred to as a focal seizure.
 Epilepsy is a condition that causes multiple
seizures, and the seizures can be of any
type.
 A simple partial seizure will affect only one
area of your brain.
 It doesn't cause you to lose consciousness.

7. BENIGN ROLANDIC EPILEPSY OF CHILDHOOD
 Seizures affect the face and sometimes the body.
 Benign Rolandic epilepsy accounts for about 15% of the cases of
epilepsy in children.
 It's called "Rolandic" because seizures originate in the Rolandic area
of the brain, the area that controls the face.
 Tingling , speaking problem and behavioural problems.

8. PRIMARY GENERALISED EPILEPSY
 In this both hemisphere involved.
 40% tonic clonic seizure.
 Childhood or adolescence.

9. CAUSES OF PRIMARY EPILEPSY:
 brain defects
 head trauma
 infectious diseases
 stroke
 brain tumours
 genetic or developmental abnormalities

10. SECONDARY EPILEPSY:
 Begin in one part of the brain, but then spread to both sides of the brain.
 Genetics
 Metabolic disorders
 Head injury
 Vascular disease
 Infections
 Drugs

11. ABSENCE SEIZURES:
 Sudden unconsciousness
 Causes you blank for few seconds
 They're more common in children than in adults.
 Someone having an absence seizure may look like he
or she is staring blankly into space for a few seconds.

12. TONIC CLONIC SEIZURES:
• All the muscles stiffen.
• The person loses consciousness and falls to the
floor.
• A person may bite their tongue or inside of their
cheek. If this happens, saliva may look a bit
bloody.
 No postural change.

13. ATONIC SEIZURES:
 A type of seizure that causes sudden loss of
muscle strength.
 Sudden loss of postural tone.
 Occurs primarily in children.
 The eyelids may droop
 The head may nod or drop forward, and the
person may drop things.
 If standing, the person often falls to the ground.

14. MANAGEMENT OF EPILEPSY:
 Airway
 Iv
 Oxygen
 Move away from danger

15.  Epilepsy is usually treated with medications,
 but it may also involve surgery, nerve stimulation devices, or special diets,
 depending on your situation and whether or
 not your seizures are controlled with
 medication.

16. DIAGNOSIS:
• An electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure the electrical activity of the
brain
• Imaging tests, like an MRI or CT scan, of the head.

17. • A neurological exam. Your doctor may test your behavior, motor abilities, mental
function and other areas to diagnose your condition and determine the type of
epilepsy you may have.
• Blood tests. Your doctor may take a blood sample to check for signs of infections,
genetic conditions or other conditions that may be associated with seizures.

18. TREATMENT:
• carbamazepine
• surgery to remove a small part of the brain that's
causing the seizures.
• a procedure to put a small electrical device inside
the body that can help control seizures.

19. EPILEPSY SURGERY:
 For some people surgery can stop or reduce the number of
seizures they have.
 It might be considered if anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) have not
stopped or significantly reduced the number of seizures a
person has.
 There are different kinds of epilepsy surgery.
 One kind of surgery involves removing a specific area of the
brain which is thought to be causing the seizures.
 Another kind involves separating the part of the brain that is
causing seizures from the rest of the brain.

20. PREVENTIONS:
• Don't drink alcohol, use illegal drugs, or smoke.
• Protect your head with a helmet during any sport or
activity that could result in a head injury.
• Get plenty of sleep every night.
• Do your best to avoid getting a cold or the flu.
• Talk with your doctor about all of your prescription
medications to be sure they won't aggravate seizures.
• Always take all of your epilepsy medications as
prescribed.
• Find healthy ways to cope with stress.