Tourist Shopping Behavior Factors
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￭文獻1. The Hidden Costs of Cheap Group Tours – A Case Study of Business Practices in Australia 廉價旅遊的隱藏成本-澳洲旅遊之商業活動範例研究 ￭文獻2. Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures 旅遊規格特性影響購物參與及其消費力
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Tourist Shopping Behavior Factors
- 2. ￭文獻1. The Hidden Costs of Cheap Group Tours – A Case Study of Business Practices in Australia 廉價旅遊的隱藏成本-澳洲旅遊之商業活動範例研究 ￭文獻2. Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures 旅遊規格特性影響購物參與及其消費力
- 3. The Hidden Costs of Cheap Group Tours – A Case Study of Business Practices in Australia 廉價旅遊的隱藏成本-澳洲旅遊之 商業活動範例研究 Bruce Prideaux, Brian King, Larry Dwyer, Perry Hobson. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, Volume 2, 51–71 Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier Ltd. ISSN: 1745-3542 文獻 1
- 4. This paper deals with an issue that has been identified in many markets where there are large numbers of package tourists. In Australia, there have been a number of studies undertaken into the use of a range of dubious business practices employed by Inbound Tour Operators (ITOs), particularly in the Korean market. The cause for this problem is identified as the minimization of the retail price of package tour by transferring part of the cost of the tour to ITOs in the destination country. Under this system, ITOs are paid a daily tour rate below their real costs and are forced to recover losses by employing a range of dubious business practices including forced shopping and kickbacks from shops. The paper models the normal operation of the package tour cycle where no business practices are used and compares this to the Korean package inbound market in Australia where the use of business practices of this nature is widespread. The Hidden Costs of Cheap Group Tours – A Case Study of Business Practices in Australia
- 5. The Hidden Costs of Cheap Group Tours – A Case Study of Business Practices in Australia 正常金流
- 6. The Hidden Costs of Cheap Group Tours – A Case Study of Business Practices in Australia 廉價團 金流
- 7. While not addressed in this paper, the issues involved here will undoubtedly require government intervention including the licensing of tour guides and penalizing guides and ITOs who participate in these practices. While the current situation in the Korean inbound market can be directly related back to the retail practices of travel agents in Korea, the willingness of ITOs in Australia to accept below cost ground fees is also a contributing factor. If ITOs were able to resist pressure to accept loss making ground fees the need for business practices would disappear. The Hidden Costs of Cheap Group Tours – A Case Study of Business Practices in Australia
- 8. Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures 旅遊規格特性影響購物參與 及其消費力 Joaquı´n Alegre and Magdalena Cladera VOL. 6 NO. 3 2012, pp. 223-237, ©Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ISSN 1750-6182, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CULTURE, TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH 文獻 2
- 9. 本文研究目的是分析旅客(tourist)、旅遊相關規 格(trip-related characteristics)、旅遊動機 (tourist motivations)三者參與購物決定選擇之 關聯，影響決定參與和消費支出的主要決定因素 為何。 purpose methodolo gy Findings Practical implications Originality /Value Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures
- 10. 本研究對樣本使用敘述性統計(Descriptive statistics)、principal components analysis (PCA) 主成份析法 with quartimax rotation 四方 最大轉軸法、Heckman模型評估。 樣本資料來源為2008年旅遊旺季時之著名的地中 海島嶼-西班牙Mallorca之調查。 purpose methodology Findings Practical implications Originality /Value Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures
- 11. The information relating to these 24 attributes was summarized into four variables. Following a principal components analysis (PCA) 主成份析 法 with quartimax rotation 四方最大轉軸法 , The four components extracted account for 49.26 per cent of the total variance變異量 and all the communalities 共 同性 are above 0.4. Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures
- 12. 占比例多的是： 英國人、女人、30-44歲、 中等教育以上、領薪階級(再 來是學生和老闆) 、造訪次數 1-2次、沒有小孩、機加酒半 膳套裝、和無參加套裝。 Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures
- 13. Almost 50 per cent of the tourists included in the sample did not participate in shopping activities. For those tourists with non-zero shopping expenditure, the mean value was 6 euros per person per day. 樣本中幾乎50%沒有參加購物活動，有參加購物者 平均值為每人每天6歐元，標準差為7.5。 Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures
- 14. Table4 提供不購物者比例與參與顧物者之每人 每人消費額： • 1.英國人參與購物較少，但有參與者貢獻較大。 • 2.年齡18-29和30-44佔樣本比例較高，貢獻較大。 • 3.over 65 ，雖花費額較大，但佔樣本數相對較少。 • 4.教育未達初等教育者，雖然花費最高，但是只佔 樣本數1.4%。 • 5.職業別顯示學生和老闆消費力最高。 • 6.造訪次數顯示三次以上者消費力較高，(但1-2次 佔一半人數) 。 • 7.住飯店者消費力最高。 • 8.沒有買套裝及機加酒者消費最高，第3高是 flight/room/HB ，(其中沒套裝和第3高佔樣本數各 30多%) 。 • 9.沒有小孩佔57%樣本數，其消費力又高許多。 Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures
- 15. According to these results, German tourists with a post- secondary school level of education, travelling with children and visiting the destination for the first time, motivated by the basic attributes of a sun and sand holiday and/or by the destination’s natural and cultural attributes, are more likely to participate in shopping activities than other tourists. However, when it comes to the amount of expenditure, British self-employed tourists on their fourth visit or more tend to spend more than other tourists. Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures
- 16. purpose methodolo gy Findings Practical implications Originality /Value Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures 研究指出不同旅遊動機以及旅遊組成相關特性與 決定是否參與購物行為和購物消費等級有所關連， 此研究促使鑑別旅客型態並有助評估旅遊目的地 之購物行為。
- 17. 本研究結果有效於驗證不同旅客資料，分析傾向其 參與購物消費及消費額等級。有助於有興趣推廣購 物活動之旅遊目的地之管理者，並對旅遊目的地鼓 勵購物行為增加旅遊支出是替當地經濟提供最為直 接的效益。 purpose methodol ogy Findings Practical implications Originality /Value Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures
- 18. 旅遊相關文獻中對於購物行為分析與旅遊選擇相 關特點的研究很少。本研究之主題所提供之資訊， 可以幫助創造促進遊旅客之購物活動，本文的主 要貢獻為由不同旅客特性、旅遊規格和旅遊動機 來聯合分析購物參與和消費金額。 purpose methodolo gy Findings Practical implications Originality / Value Tourist characteristics that influence shopping participation and expenditures
- 19. 謝謝
Editor's Notes
- 低價旅行團的隱性成本 - 商業行為在澳大利亞為例
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze tourist and trip-related characteristics and tourist motivations in connection with the decision to participate in shopping and for those tourists who decide to participate, the main determinants of the amount of expenditure.
- Design/methodology/approach – By estimating a Heckman model this paper analyses characteristics relating to the decision to participate in shopping and characteristics related to the amount of corresponding expenditure. The explanatory variables included in the model are tourist motivations and tourist and trip-related characteristics. Data used for the analysis come from a survey conducted in the high season of 2008 in Mallorca (Spain), a leading Mediterranean sun and sand destination.
- With regard to tourist motivations, the interviewee was asked to indicate how important a total of 24 (tangible and intangible) attributes that are common characteristics of sun and sand destinations were in motivating them to choose the destination. Their importance was rated using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (‘‘not at all important’’) to 5 (‘‘very important’’). The information relating to these 24 attributes was summarized into four variables. Following a principal components analysis (PCA) with quartimax rotation, the components obtained were included in the models as explanatory variables (see Table I). The four components extracted account for 49.26 per cent of the total variance and all the communalities are above 0.4. 因素分析之－直交轉軸法（orthogonal rotation） ＊最大變異法（varimax） ＊四方最大法（quartimax） 【※選擇因素之標準： 1. 因素之特徵值(eigenvalue)須大於1。 2. 最大變異數轉軸法(varimax)旋轉以後，取因素負荷量(factor loading)絕對值大於0.6者。 3. 兩因素負荷量差大於0.3者。 4. 共同性(communality)須大於0.5。 5. 分項對總項(item to total)相關係數大於0.5，且顯著者。 ￭主成分分析(PCA)的主要目的：1.將眾多的因素(變數)縮減為幾個少數且最主要的因素(變數) 。2.希望用較少的變數去解釋原來資料中大部份的變異。 3.更期望能將我們手中許多相關性很高的變數轉化成彼此互相獨立的變數。 4.能由其中選取較原來的變數個數少，且又能解釋大部份資料中的變異原因的幾個新變數。找到的這幾個新變數（主成分）也就成為我們用來解釋資料的綜合性指標。
- 占比例多的是：英國人、女人、30-44歲、中等教育以上、領薪階級(再來是學生和老闆) 、造訪次數1-2次、沒有小孩、機加酒半膳套裝、和無參加套裝。
- Table IV shows the percentage of zero expenditures and the mean value for positive expenditures according to tourist and travel characteristics. As for nationality, British tourists account for a higher percentage of zero expenditures than German tourists (6.7 percentage points more). However, for those who participate in shopping, the average expenditure per person per day for British tourists is higher than that of German tourists (1.8 euros more). When the gender of the interviewee is considered, a greater percentage of women participate in shopping (7.17 percentage points more), with a higher average expenditure (1.2 euros more). As for age, a higher percentage of younger tourists (18 to 29 years old) and those over the age of 65 fall into the zero expenditure category. Among those that do participate, the two segments exhibiting the highest average expenditures are younger tourists (aged between 18 and 29) and older tourists (over the age of 60), with mean values of 6.7 and about 7 euros per person per day respectively. With regard to education, tourists with a pre-primary level of education account for the highest percentage of zero expenditure (63.16 per cent), while also having a high average expenditure (7.1 euros). In contrast, tourists with a primary school education present the lowest percentage of zero Expenditure (47.06 per cent), but they spend less than other tourists on shopping (4.9 euros). As for the tourists’ professional status, tourists without a job and housewives/husbands account for the highest percentage of non-participation (60 and 56.25 per cent respectively) and the lowest average expenditure when they participate in shopping (4.3 euros). Self-employed tourists account for the lowest percentage of non-participation (45 per cent), with a high average expenditure when they participate in shopping (7.7 euros). Students account for the highest average expenditure (7.8 euros) when they participate in shopping. As for repeat visitation, in general it seems first-timers have a higher propensity to participate in shopping activities (45.43 per cent of zeros) than repeat visitors. However, the segment tending to spend more when they participate in shopping is tourists who have visited the destination three times or more. With regard to the type of accommodation, tourists staying at apartment hotels show the lowest percentage of zero expenditure (46.75 per cent). Nonetheless, among those tourists that do participate, tourists staying at hotels have the highest mean expenditure (6.3 euros). When the services that are booked are considered, differences in shopping participation and shopping expenditure were also observed. Tourists who booked a flight and bed and breakfast account for the highest percentage of non-participation (57.14 per cent) and the lowest average expenditure (4.2 euros). Tourists who booked a flight and accommodation with half or full board tended to participate in shopping more than other tourists, and tourists who travelled on a non-package holiday or just booked a flight and a room have the highest average expenditure when they engage in shopping activities (6.4 and 6.9 euros respectively). Finally, as for the presence of children in the travel party, there is a positive relationship to participation in shopping (7 percentage points more) but negatively related to average expenditure (2.3 euros less). The results in Table IV are valid as a description of the data and they highlight the existence of differences in shopping behaviour according to tourist and trip-related characteristics and tourist motivations. However, possible interrelations among the different characteristics do not allow reaching definitive conclusions from this descriptive analysis. The specification and estimation of an econometric model will facilitate the identification of possible significant relations between tourist and trip-related characteristics and tourist motivations and the decision whether or not to participate in shopping and corresponding shopping expenditures.
- According to these results, German tourists with a post-secondary school level of education, travelling with children and visiting the destination for the first time, motivated by the basic attributes of a sun and sand holiday and/or by the destination’s natural and cultural attributes, are more likely to participate in shopping activities than other tourists. However, when it comes to the amount of expenditure, British self-employed tourists on their fourth visit or more tend to spend more than other tourists.
- Findings – The results indicate different motivations and tourist and trip-related characteristics are associated with the decision whether or not to participate in shopping and with the level of shopping expenditure. This facilitates the identification of the type of tourist, which may be of more interest to the destination in terms of shopping behaviour
- Practical implications – The results are useful in identifying tourist profiles with a different propensity to participate in shopping and with different levels of expenditure. This information may be useful for destination managers interested in promoting shopping activities. Encouraging shopping behaviour may be a way of increasing tourist expenditure at destinations and of providing direct benefits for the local economy.
- Originality/values – Tourism literature has given only very limited attention to research on characteristics related to shopping behaviour. This study deals with this subject and it provides information that can help promote shopping activities by tourists. The main contribution of this paper consists of the joint analysis of shopping participation and expenditure amount as a result of trip-related characteristics and travel motivations.