3. Introduction
-領隊角色(roles of tour leader)
領隊是團體旅遊(group package tours, GPTs)的
中心,身為第一線人員(front-line employee),
與團員頻繁且親近的互動,影響著該旅程的
成敗、公司聲譽、顧客滿意度和忠誠度;領
隊屬天性的跨界角色(boundary-spanning roles),
扮演著重要且多重的角色, 但也因而面臨更
多的角色衝突(role conflict)。
4. Literature review
-領隊(tour leader)
For the whole journey, the tour leader is the leader of the tour, a coordinator at the destination
and a friend to tour members (Heung, 2008).
整個旅程中,領隊是旅程的領導者、在旅遊地的協調者、以及團員的朋友。
According to the World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA, 2003), a tour
manager/tour director or escort is defined as “a person who manages an itinerary
on behalf of the tour operator ensuring the programme is carried out as described in the tour
operator’s literature and sold to the traveler/consumer and who gives local practical
information”.
代表旅遊公司管理旅程、確保賣給旅客所敘述的行程完成,且給予旅遊當地確實的
資訊。
The tour leader indicated in this study takes on both roles of a leader
and a guide, and operates as information giver, instructor, motivator, ambassador, entertainer,
entrepreneur, salesperson, coordinator, organizer, consultant, and representative of the travel
agents (Heung, 2008; Luoh & Tsaur, 2013).
本研究指出,領隊不但是領隊兼導遊,還是資訊給予者、指導者、激發者、國際使
者、娛樂者、企業者、業務員、協調者、組織者、諮詢者、及旅遊公司代表。
5. Literature review
-困擾(Hassle)
hassles also have several features. 困擾有幾個特點:
First, Schuster, Hammitt, and Moore (2006) pointed out that hassles only occur in the
proximal and immediate environment of an individual and can cause uncomfortable and
nervous emotions (Machleit et al., 2005). 首先、困擾只發生在個體的身邊及所屬環境
中引起不愉快及不安的情緒。
Second, hassles are uncontrollable, frequent, and largely impervious to individual coping
efforts (Evans et al., 1999). 再者、困擾是不可控制且頻繁,並且大部分是努力應付
仍令個體徒勞無功。
Third, some hassles are determined by situation and are therefore infrequent, while others
may be repetitive because the individual remains in the same unpleasant context (Crnic &
Greenberg,1990).三、因使個體處於不愉快的情境,有些困擾發生是決定於環境之
下;所以可能是不頻繁,同時也可能有人反覆著。
Finally, hassles are often seen as obstacles in goal achievement because individuals feel
upset that they have to spend additional time and energy searching for solutions to cope
with the hassles (Visser & Rothmann, 2009).最後、困擾常見於目標達成之障礙,因為
個體必須花更多時間和精力尋找解決方法來應對之。
12. Hassles of tour leaders(1/3)
帶團困擾(Hassles in guiding tours)
帶團困擾包括團員擾人行為、麻煩的服務人員、
旅程中的阻礙、團員與領隊之間的認知不一致
以及須承受非領隊造成之過錯。
1.Annoying behaviors of tour members
2.Troublesome employees of the suppliers
3.Obstacles during the tour
4.Perceptual differences between tour leader and tour members
5.Bearing responsibilities for errors caused by others
13. Hassles of tour leaders(2/3)
公司困擾(Hassles from tour companies)
公司困擾包括公司人員的疏忽、公司派團的屬性與
領隊專長不符以及公司規範不合理;公司困擾包括
公司人員的疏忽、公司派團的屬性與領隊專長不符
以及公司規範不合理。
1.Unfulfilled duties of tour company staff
2.Inconsistency between tour features and tour leader’s style
3.Irrational regulations of tour companies
14. Hassles of tour leaders(3/3)
生活困擾(Hassles in personal lives)
生活困擾包括工作家庭衝突、職業壽命有限、
長期帶團的職業病、收入不穩定、社交關係
維繫不易以及休閒時間較難妥善利用。
1.Work-family conflicts
2.Work-related diseases
3.Low and unstable income
4.Hardship in maintaining social relationships
5.Difficulties in utilizing leisure time properly