drug abuse and its growing nature of problem in national and global scenario.

1. DRUG ABUSE
PRESENTED BY
YUBRAJ THAPA
STUDENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
KARNALI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE
7TH BATCH

2. Contents:
• Introduction.
• Effects of drug abuse.
• Web of causation for drug abuse.
• Multifactorial Determinants.
• Growing Nature of problem (Global and Nepal).
• Methods of Analyzing etiology.

4. Drug Abuse:
• Substance abuse, also known as drugs abuse,
• Is a patterned use of drugs,
• In which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods,
• Which are harmful to themselves or others,
• And is a form of substance related disorder.

5. Categories of drugs commonly seen in drugs
abuse cases includes:
Illegal, over the counter: include drugs like alcohol and cigarettes.
Legal, prescription: includes drugs like methadone, oxycodone and
zolpidem.
Illegal: includes drugs like marijuana, opiates(like heroin), stimulates
like methamphetamines and cocaine and hallucinogenic(like acids).

6. Effects of drug abuse
• Physical effects:
Contraction of HIV, Hepatitis and other illness.
Heart rate irregularities, Heart attack.
Respiratory problems such as lungs cancer and breathing problems.
Abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea.
Kidney and liver damage.
Seizures, stroke, brain damage.

7. Cont.…
• Psychological effects:
Wild mood swings, depression, anxiety, violence.
Decrease in pleasure in every day life.
Complication of mental illness.
Hallucinations.
Confusion.

8. Web of Causation for Drug Abuse
Regular drug use prohibitionist family school
society trouble failure
failure in transitional
Drug centered dealing roles.
Social network drugs lack of [extra curricular activities]
limiting [employment]
ritual [relationships]
Addict role identity
drug centered lifestyle low self-efficacy
Fear of withdrawal
Drug based coping
Drug Abuse Biological factors

9. Multifactorial Determinants
Unstable Home Environment poor relationship with parents
inadequate supervision over adolesce-
nts activities
use of drug by
friends/peers curiosity
poor achievement advertisement
in school availability of drugs in the behavioral problems comb-
community, peer, group ined with poor parenting
home
DRUG ABUSE

10. Growing Nature of Problems (Global)
• The Harmful use of alcohol result in 3.3 million death each year.
• On average every person in the world aged 15 years or older drinks 6.2
litters of pure alcohol per year.
• Less than half the population (38.3%) actually drinks alcohol, this means
that those who do drink consume on average 17 litters of pure alcohol
annually.
• At least 1.5-3 million persons have drugs use disorders.

11. Cont.…….
• Injecting drug use reported in 148 countries, of which 120 report HIV
injection among this population.

15. In Context of Nepal
Nepal-seizures (in kg):
Source: NDCLEU
Drugs 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Heroin 11.0 9.0 1.5 1.7 9.4 3.7 22.7 7.7 4.2
Canna
bis/gan
ja
2,040 6,409 4,064 8,025 4,127 3,320 5,091 1,790 5,143
Hashis
h
981 2,585 1,671 2,539 694 850 921 1,598 1,387

16. Crime in Nepal
2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004
Murder, Homicide,
Attempted homicide and
Accidental death
2,568 2,776 2,606
Suicide 2,329 2,409 2,096
Organised and Financial
crime
864 1,084 876
Social crime 1,552 1,487 1,325
Crime against women and
children
246 327 317
Traffic accidents 2,150 2,240 2,083
Other crimes 421 355 396
Total 10,130 10,678 9,699

17. Source of Drugs
• Percentage distribution of drugs users using different source:
70.1
30.07 28.4 30.02
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Drug user friends Mobile Drug seller Medical store Others
Percent
Percent

18. Mode of Drug Intake
• Percentage distribution of injecting drug users:
43%
57%
percent
Oral Injection

19. Source of Getting Injection
55.1
37
6.6
1.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Getting from Institution Buy your self Friends Others

20. Age pattern of Drugs Abuse
• Percentage age distribution of current drugs users:
1.4
19.9
33.2
22.4
13.7
5.7
3.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
<15 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 & above
Percent
Percent

21. Educational status of Drug users
• Percentage distribution of educational status of drug users:
6.3
15.9
41.9
34.2
1.7
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
ILLITERATE & INFORMAL EDUCATION
PRIMARY 1-5
SECONDARY 6-10
SLC/ CERTIFICATE
BACHELOR & ABOVE
Percentage
Percentage

22. Occupational status of Drug users:
• Percentage distribution of drugs users with occupational status:
Student only
21%
No occupation
29%
With some work
50%
Percent
Student only No occupation With some work

23. Reason of Drugs Intake
• Percentage distribution of drug users with different reasons of drugs intake:
Source: Central Beuro of Statistics
78.7
58.5
19.9
13.8
4.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Peer persure Curiosity Family problem Other problem Study problem
Percent
Peer persure Curiosity Family problem Other problem Study problem

24. Female Hard Drugs Users In Nepal
Area Female Hard Drugs Users
Kathmandu Valley 1878
Kaski 318
Jhapa 145
Sunsari 332
Rupandehi 133
Chitwan 191
Morang 50
Parsa 89
Makwanpur 19
Other areas 200
Total 3356

25. • According to NCASC (National center for AIDS and STDs control 2016).
• People who inject drugs (PWID):
sex number
male 2984
female 87
Tg (transgender) 9
total 3080

26. People who living with HIV (2015)
• People who inject drugs:
• Total: 2561 (12%)
• Estimated people living with HIV in Nepal 2015
• Total: 39281
• 8% IDUs.
• Kathmandu 6.4%, eastern terai 8.3%, pokhara 2.8% of prevalence of HIV among
PWID.

27. Methods Of Analyzing Etiology
• Understanding the risk factors associated.
• With drugs use (including biological, psychosocial and contextual (social and
environmental risk factors).
• Biological factors: Genetic vulnerability.
• Physiological factors: physical activities.
• Psychological factors: Behavior.
• Personality traits: Relationship between personality traits and drugs use.
• Contextual factors: families factors, peer factors.
• Socio-cultural or environmental factors: social & cultural belief.

29. Reference:
• www.WHO.int
• Survey report on current Hard Drug Users in Nepal: 2063
• http://www.Duncan-associated.com
• http://www.duncansepidemiology.tripod.com
• Central Bureau of Statistics.

31. STOP DRUG
ABUSE
STOP DRUG
ABUSE