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Febrile Seizure
Pediatric Emergency
가정의학과 R1. 홍영환
6개월에서 5세미만 소아에서 중추 신경계통의 감염의 증거가
없이 발열을 동반하며 발생하는 경련성 질환
정의
• 전체 어린이의 5~8%가 경험
• 2세미만 소아 경련의 가장 흔한 원인이다.
• 열성경련은 대부분 소아가 아프기 시작한 ‘첫날’ 발생한다.
• 대부분 39도 이상일 때 열성경련을 보이며 25%에서는 38-39도 사이에서
발생한다.
• 경련은 체온이 빠르게 오를 때 종종 관찰되지만 체온이 오르는 속도가
아니라 온도의 높이가 precipitating stimuli이다.**
• 대부분 benign이며 normal cognitive outcome을 보인다.
• 30~50%에서 재발한다.
Characteristics
• High fever
• Infection
• Infection이 동반된 febrile seizure의 경우 대부분 viral
• m/c : HHV-6(USA, Europe), Influenza A(Asia)
• HHV-6가 동반된 경우 complex type, recur, status epilepticus의 risk가 올라감
• Vaccine :DTwP(Diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis), MMR 투여 이후
• Genetic : 부모 10%, 형제 17%
Risk Factors
• A convulsion associated with an elevated temperature greater than 38°C
• A child older than six months and younger than five years of age
• Absence of central nervous system (CNS) infection or inflammation
• Absence of acute systemic metabolic abnormality that may produce convulsions
• No history of previous afebrile seizures
진단 Criteria
• m/c type
• Generalized Tonic-Clonic(90%)
• 5%에서 atonia, staring, eye deviation,
cyanosis, or unconsciousness
• Duration : <15min
• Interval >24hr
Type
Simple Complex
다음 중 하나일 경우 Complex febrile seizure로 정의한다.
• Focal seizure
• 24시간 동안 여러 차례 발작
• 15분 이상 지속
• Postictal phase가 5~10분 이상 있거나 일시적 부분 마비
같은 후유증이 있는 경우
Simple과 Complex의 구분은 예후와 관련이 있다. Complex type은 열성경련 재발
risk가 더 높고 뇌전증으로 이행할 가능성이 약간 더 높다.
임상의가 고민해야할 것
1.응급처치는 어떻게 할 것인가?
2.어떤 약물을 언제? 어떤 용량을 언제까지 투여할 것인가?
3.무엇을 검사할 것인가?
4.입원할 것인가 퇴원할 것인가?
Acute Management
3가지
1)Breathing, Oxygen, Vital sign(SpO2) check
-흡인예방(고개 돌려주기)
2)Seizure, fever control
->seizure stop
3)evaluation
• 대부분저절로좋아진다.BZD투여는섣불리하지않을것.
• 5분이상지속될경우BZD투여고려!
• IVBZD(diazepam0.1~0.2mg/kgLorazepam0.05~0.1mg/kg)
• 투약시반드시호흡monitor
• IV가불가능할경우(한국은안됨)
• Buccalmidazolam(0.2mg/kg,max10mg)
• IntranasalLorazepam
• BZD투여에도불구하고지속되거나재발하는경우추가적인Anticonvulsant투여와해열을
적극적으로해야한다.(해열제투약,coolingblanket)
Anticonvulsantagents
• Valproate:loadingdose-20to40mg/kgIV(NS혹은5DW와1:1로 mix할것)5~10분 동안투여,10~15분 후반
복투여가능
• Levetiracetam :40mg/kg
• phenytoin :20mg/kg IV(1mg/kr/min, 최대50mg/min)
• *Phenytoin은 절대Dextrose와 섞어서주면안됨(침전물발생)
약물 선택
Evaluation
전형적인 Simple febrile seizure를 주소로 내원하였다면 seizure에 대한 진단검사는 대
부분 필요하지 않다.
Hx : seizure characteristics, duration, presence of focal features
P/Ex : V/S, Level of Consciousness
meningeal sign check
Fontanelle bulging여부
편측성의 muscle tone, strength차이, spontaneous movement가능 여부
Postictal drowsiness가 5~10분 이상 인지
Lab : CBC, Electrolyte, BUN, blood sugar, Ca
EEG, Brain CT, MRI, Lumbar Puncture
진단검사는 언제 하는가?
Simple Febrile seizure가 아닐 때!
감별해야할 주요 질환
목적 Indication
Lumbar puncture Menintigis, Encephalitis
감별이 필요한 경우
AAP(American Academy of Pediatrics) recommendations
• Meningeal sign이 보일 때
• 6~12개월 사이 환아에서 Hib, Str.pneumoniae에 대한
예방접종이 이뤄지지 않았을 경우
• 항생제 치료 중인 경우
CT, MRI 대부분 필요하지 않다.
EEG Epilepsy감별위해
Antiepileptic drug투약
여부 결정을 위해
Focal, prolonged seizure일 때
Neurologic exam에서 비정상일 경우
유전검사 가족력이 있더라도 대부분 필요하지 않다.
Investigation tools
• 대부분의simplefebrileseizure은환아가정상baseline으로돌아오고보호자에게재발
의risk에대한교육을마친후퇴원한다.
다음의경우입원을고려할수있다.
• Focal,prolongedseizure에대해더오랜기간관찰이필요한경우
• 정상baseline으로회복이느린경우(일반적인경우5분이내정상적인의식회복)
• 다음의경우에도입원을고려할수있다.
• Focal,prolongedseizure가있는환아인데외래추적관찰이어려울것이예상되는경우
• 보호자의불안감이큰경우
• Underlyingfebrileillness의증상이심각한경우
Admission or Discharge
Simple Febrile seizure가 아니거나 열이 심할 때
전체적인재발률은30~35%이다.하지만1세미만에첫발병한경우재발률은50~65%
이며1세이상에서첫발병한경우20%이다.즉,재발과관련한가장중요한요인은첫
발병할때의나이이다.
428명의환아를관찰한코호트연구에따르면다음4가지가reccurencerisk를높였다.
• 어린나이의발병
• 1촌친척의열성경련가족력
• 경련당시열이낮을경우
• OnsetofFever와initialseizure사이의간격이짧을경우
Recurrent Febrile Seizure
• 항간전제의투여는열성경련의재발을낮추지만benign한질환이기에약물sideeffect의risk가열성경련
예방의benefit보다높으므로권고되지않는다.
• 해열제의투여는열성경련의재발을예방하지못한다.
예방치료
• Acute intervention at the time of simple febrile seizures does not alter the subsequent
risk of epilepsy (class 1 evidence)
• Antipyretic intervention does not affect the recurrence rate of subsequent febrile seizures
(class 1 evidence)
• There is no indication for initiation of chronic antiepileptic drugs for simple febrile
seizures (class 1 evidence) (Table 3)
• In the acute treatment of febrile seizures it is important to treat seizures lasting 10 min or
longer (expert opinion)
• Although initial management of infants with complex febrile seizures is often at the
primary or secondary level, there should be a low threshold for referral of these infants to
a pediatrician (secondary/tertiary setting) for further management and exclusion of
underlying etiologies (level of evidence U, expert opinion)
Wilmshurst, J. M., Gaillard, W. D., Vinayan, K. P., Tsuchida, T. N., Plouin, P., Van Bogaert, P., … Cross, J. H. (2015). Summary of
recommendations for the management of infantile seizures: Task Force Report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics. Epilepsia, 56(8),
1185–1197.
Summary

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Febrile seizure

  • 2. 6개월에서 5세미만 소아에서 중추 신경계통의 감염의 증거가 없이 발열을 동반하며 발생하는 경련성 질환 정의
  • 3. • 전체 어린이의 5~8%가 경험 • 2세미만 소아 경련의 가장 흔한 원인이다. • 열성경련은 대부분 소아가 아프기 시작한 ‘첫날’ 발생한다. • 대부분 39도 이상일 때 열성경련을 보이며 25%에서는 38-39도 사이에서 발생한다. • 경련은 체온이 빠르게 오를 때 종종 관찰되지만 체온이 오르는 속도가 아니라 온도의 높이가 precipitating stimuli이다.** • 대부분 benign이며 normal cognitive outcome을 보인다. • 30~50%에서 재발한다. Characteristics
  • 4. • High fever • Infection • Infection이 동반된 febrile seizure의 경우 대부분 viral • m/c : HHV-6(USA, Europe), Influenza A(Asia) • HHV-6가 동반된 경우 complex type, recur, status epilepticus의 risk가 올라감 • Vaccine :DTwP(Diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis), MMR 투여 이후 • Genetic : 부모 10%, 형제 17% Risk Factors
  • 5. • A convulsion associated with an elevated temperature greater than 38°C • A child older than six months and younger than five years of age • Absence of central nervous system (CNS) infection or inflammation • Absence of acute systemic metabolic abnormality that may produce convulsions • No history of previous afebrile seizures 진단 Criteria
  • 6. • m/c type • Generalized Tonic-Clonic(90%) • 5%에서 atonia, staring, eye deviation, cyanosis, or unconsciousness • Duration : <15min • Interval >24hr Type Simple Complex 다음 중 하나일 경우 Complex febrile seizure로 정의한다. • Focal seizure • 24시간 동안 여러 차례 발작 • 15분 이상 지속 • Postictal phase가 5~10분 이상 있거나 일시적 부분 마비 같은 후유증이 있는 경우 Simple과 Complex의 구분은 예후와 관련이 있다. Complex type은 열성경련 재발 risk가 더 높고 뇌전증으로 이행할 가능성이 약간 더 높다.
  • 7. 임상의가 고민해야할 것 1.응급처치는 어떻게 할 것인가? 2.어떤 약물을 언제? 어떤 용량을 언제까지 투여할 것인가? 3.무엇을 검사할 것인가? 4.입원할 것인가 퇴원할 것인가?
  • 8. Acute Management 3가지 1)Breathing, Oxygen, Vital sign(SpO2) check -흡인예방(고개 돌려주기) 2)Seizure, fever control ->seizure stop 3)evaluation
  • 9. • 대부분저절로좋아진다.BZD투여는섣불리하지않을것. • 5분이상지속될경우BZD투여고려! • IVBZD(diazepam0.1~0.2mg/kgLorazepam0.05~0.1mg/kg) • 투약시반드시호흡monitor • IV가불가능할경우(한국은안됨) • Buccalmidazolam(0.2mg/kg,max10mg) • IntranasalLorazepam • BZD투여에도불구하고지속되거나재발하는경우추가적인Anticonvulsant투여와해열을 적극적으로해야한다.(해열제투약,coolingblanket) Anticonvulsantagents • Valproate:loadingdose-20to40mg/kgIV(NS혹은5DW와1:1로 mix할것)5~10분 동안투여,10~15분 후반 복투여가능 • Levetiracetam :40mg/kg • phenytoin :20mg/kg IV(1mg/kr/min, 최대50mg/min) • *Phenytoin은 절대Dextrose와 섞어서주면안됨(침전물발생) 약물 선택
  • 10. Evaluation 전형적인 Simple febrile seizure를 주소로 내원하였다면 seizure에 대한 진단검사는 대 부분 필요하지 않다. Hx : seizure characteristics, duration, presence of focal features P/Ex : V/S, Level of Consciousness meningeal sign check Fontanelle bulging여부 편측성의 muscle tone, strength차이, spontaneous movement가능 여부 Postictal drowsiness가 5~10분 이상 인지 Lab : CBC, Electrolyte, BUN, blood sugar, Ca EEG, Brain CT, MRI, Lumbar Puncture 진단검사는 언제 하는가? Simple Febrile seizure가 아닐 때!
  • 11. 감별해야할 주요 질환 목적 Indication Lumbar puncture Menintigis, Encephalitis 감별이 필요한 경우 AAP(American Academy of Pediatrics) recommendations • Meningeal sign이 보일 때 • 6~12개월 사이 환아에서 Hib, Str.pneumoniae에 대한 예방접종이 이뤄지지 않았을 경우 • 항생제 치료 중인 경우 CT, MRI 대부분 필요하지 않다. EEG Epilepsy감별위해 Antiepileptic drug투약 여부 결정을 위해 Focal, prolonged seizure일 때 Neurologic exam에서 비정상일 경우 유전검사 가족력이 있더라도 대부분 필요하지 않다. Investigation tools
  • 12. • 대부분의simplefebrileseizure은환아가정상baseline으로돌아오고보호자에게재발 의risk에대한교육을마친후퇴원한다. 다음의경우입원을고려할수있다. • Focal,prolongedseizure에대해더오랜기간관찰이필요한경우 • 정상baseline으로회복이느린경우(일반적인경우5분이내정상적인의식회복) • 다음의경우에도입원을고려할수있다. • Focal,prolongedseizure가있는환아인데외래추적관찰이어려울것이예상되는경우 • 보호자의불안감이큰경우 • Underlyingfebrileillness의증상이심각한경우 Admission or Discharge Simple Febrile seizure가 아니거나 열이 심할 때
  • 15. • Acute intervention at the time of simple febrile seizures does not alter the subsequent risk of epilepsy (class 1 evidence) • Antipyretic intervention does not affect the recurrence rate of subsequent febrile seizures (class 1 evidence) • There is no indication for initiation of chronic antiepileptic drugs for simple febrile seizures (class 1 evidence) (Table 3) • In the acute treatment of febrile seizures it is important to treat seizures lasting 10 min or longer (expert opinion) • Although initial management of infants with complex febrile seizures is often at the primary or secondary level, there should be a low threshold for referral of these infants to a pediatrician (secondary/tertiary setting) for further management and exclusion of underlying etiologies (level of evidence U, expert opinion) Wilmshurst, J. M., Gaillard, W. D., Vinayan, K. P., Tsuchida, T. N., Plouin, P., Van Bogaert, P., … Cross, J. H. (2015). Summary of recommendations for the management of infantile seizures: Task Force Report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics. Epilepsia, 56(8), 1185–1197.

Editor's Notes

  1. van Zeijl JH, Mullaart RA, Galama JM. The pathogenesis of febrile seizures : is there a role for specific infections? Rev Med Virol 2002;12:93-106 **J. Gordon Millichap STUDIES IN FEBRILE SEIZURES Pediatrics Jan 1959, 23 (1) 76-85;
  2. van Zeijl JH, Mullaart RA, Galama JM. The pathogenesis of febrile seizures : is there a role for specific infections? Rev Med Virol 2002;12:93-106 **J. Gordon Millichap STUDIES IN FEBRILE SEIZURES Pediatrics Jan 1959, 23 (1) 76-85;
  3. Wakae E, Matsuo T, Tada H, Arimoto K, Morooka K. Clinical study on flaccid febrile seizures (in Japanese). J Jpn Pediatr Soc (Nippon Shounika-Gakkai Zasshi) (Tokyo) 1990;94:1180–3
  4. Kenji Sugai Current management of febrile seizures in Japan: An overview Brain & Development 32 (2010) 64–70
  5. Kenji Sugai Current management of febrile seizures in Japan: An overview Brain & Development 32 (2010) 64–70
  6. Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures; American Academy of Pediatrics. Neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure. Pediatrics. 2011 Feb;127(2):389-94