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第七章 中軸骨(axial skeleton)
 包括:頭顱、胸廓(胸骨+肋骨)、脊椎 共80
塊
 頭顱(skull)x22=
顱骨(cranial bone)x8+顏面骨
(facial bone)x14
 顱骨完全包覆大腦,而顏面骨沒有與大腦
相連。
頭顱(skull)
頭顱
骨縫(suture)
(a) Occipital bone, external (inferior) view
Squamous part
External occipital
protuberance
Superior
nucha line
Inferior
nuchal line
External
occipital crest
Foramen magnum
Condylar canal
Occipital condyle
Hypoglossal canal
Basilar part
Temporal Bones顳骨
Occipital Bone枕骨
Sphenoid Bone蝶骨 (上:anterior)(下:posterior)
三小聽骨(槌malleus、砧incus、鐙骨stapes)位於顳骨
(temporal bone)的岩部(petrous part)。
硬顎:由上頷骨(前2/3)+顎骨(後1/3)組成。
鼻中膈:由篩骨(上2/3)+犁骨(下1/3)組成
 顱前窩(anterior cranial fossa):大腦額葉
 顱中窩(middle cranial fossa):顳葉+腦幹
 顱後窩(posterior cranial fossa):小腦+腦
幹
顱窩(fossa)
囪(fontanella)
 後囪(posterior fontanella):
由兩頂骨與枕骨形成>>人自縫中央
 前囪(anterior fontanella):
在兩頂骨與額骨形成,為出生後最晚癒合
的(一年半)>>冠狀縫與矢狀縫的交接處
頭顱男女大不同?!
 女:
 1.整體較為光滑,少凸出
 2.下頷角>125度(較圓滑)
 男:
 1.整體凸出較多
 2.下頷角<125度(較立體)
鼻竇(sinus)
 1.額竇(frontal sinus)
 2.篩竇(ethmoidal sinus)
 3.蝶竇(sphenoidal sinus)
 4.上頷竇(maxillary sinus)
下頷骨(Mandible)
聶下頷關節(temporomandibular joint)=TMJ 由顳骨的下頷
窩(mandibular fossa)與下頷的髁突(condylar process)連接,
頭顱唯一的可動關節。
舌骨(hyoid bone)
 位於下頷下方
 不骨骼中任額骨骼相連接
脊柱(vertebral column)
 頸7(cervical vertebrae)C1~C7 、
 胸12(thoracic vertebrae)T1~T12、
 腰5(lumber vertebrae)L1~L5
 《薦5(sacrum)S1~S5、
 尾骨4(coccyx)Co1~Co5》個算一塊,共兩
塊
 主要支撐走路、維持站立>>腰椎段
 唯有頸椎有橫突孔(transverse foramen)
脊柱(vertebral column)
 典型脊椎骨:
C3~C7 T1~T12 L1~L5
 非典型脊椎:
C1+C2 寰椎(Atlas)+樞椎(Axis)+
薦椎+尾椎
 寰椎(Atlas) C1:
 1.與枕骨相關節
 2.不具有椎體及脊突(唯一脊椎不具有)
 樞椎(Axis) C2:
 1.具有窩突(又稱為齒狀突dens)
 2.窩突是做為還椎與頭骨間轉動的軸

薦骨和尾骨(sacrum,coccyx)
胸骨(sternum)
由胸骨柄、胸骨體、劍突
在40歲時融為一體
肋骨(rib)
 肋骨頭與脊椎體相關節、肋軟骨交界面與
胸骨相關節
 (必考!!)肋骨重要標記:肋溝(costal
groove)必向內向下
小試身手
 1. 下列何者是鼻中隔 ( nasal septum ) 的硬骨
部分? (A)上頜骨及腭骨 (B)上頜骨及下鼻甲
(C)篩骨及上頜骨 (D)篩骨垂直板及犁骨
【100二技入學考】(D)
 4. 前囟通常在出生後多久會完全骨化閉合?
(A)3個月左右 (B)6個月左右 (C)1年左右 (D)1
年半左右【100護士(1)】 (D)
 7. 下列何者介於額骨與頂骨之間? (A)冠狀縫
合(coronal suture) (B)矢狀縫合(sagittal
suture) (C)人字縫合(lambdoid suture)
(D)鱗狀縫合(squamous suture) 【100護
理師(高一)】 (A)
小試身手
 10. 下列哪一個構造不屬於顳骨( temporal
bone ) ? (A)大翼( greater wing ) (B)
鱗部(squamous portion ) (C)乳突部
(mastoid portion ) (D)鼓室部(tympanic
portion ) 【101二技入學考】(A)
 15. 下列哪一構造位於蝶骨的大小翼之間?
(A)眶上裂( superior orbital fissure )
(B)視神經孔( optic foramen) (C)眶下裂
( inferior orbital fissure ) (D)眶上孔
( supraorbital foramen)【102二技入學考】
(A)
小試身手
 26.(A)脊柱中,何者具有橫突孔 (Transverse
foramen)? (A)頸椎 (B)胸椎 (C)腰椎
(D)薦椎【91年四技入學考】(A)
 32. 下列何者不參與顱腔(cranial cavity)
的組成? (A)枕骨 (B)蝶骨 (C)篩骨 (D)
顴骨 【91護理師(一)】 (D)
 35. 在作心肺復甦術急救時,手掌按壓的部位
是: (A)胸骨柄 (B)胸骨角 (C)胸骨體
(D)劍突 【92年四技入學考】 (C)
 資料來源:
 1.人體解剖學(HUMAN ANATOMY)
原著:McKinley O’Loughlin
2.解剖學正課McKinley 3e ppt
教授:周光儀 老師
3.國考題庫
 PPT內容、製作:李若薇
 題目整理:郭琳筑、李若薇

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解剖學補救教學第7章.pdf