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1. POLLUTION AND
CONSERVATION.
SOUMIL
SOHAM
UDIT
TOSHAN
VANSH S
VANSH P
YASH G
YASH K

2. Light Pollution
 Light pollution, also known as photopollution, is the presence of anthropogenic light
in the night environment.
 It is exacerbated by excessive, misdirected or obtrusive uses of light, but even
carefully used light fundamentally alters natural conditions.
 As a major side-effect of urbanization, it is blamed for compromising health,
disrupting ecosystems and spoiling aesthetic environments.
 Bright lightining in functions, big cities, etc causes “Light Pollution”. Excessive light on
the retina causes extreme discomfort in the eyes, especially in dim conditions like
during night time. Bright lights strain the eyes and also gives headaches and

3. CAUSES OF LIGHT POLLUTION
 The intrusive light falling inside our rooms from outside at
night is a kind of light pollution called light trespass.
 Large industrial and residential areas cause light clutter.
 Excessive and immoderate use of lighting causes over-
illumination which is also a type of light pollution
 Careless people leave light on in a room which again causes
light pollution.

4. REDUCE LIGHT POLLUTION
 1. Use Less Lights – Another easy way to reduce light pollution is to switch off unnecessary lights whenever and
wherever possible. Also, the outdoor lights should be switched off when you are about to sleep or you don’t have
any work outside your house.
 2. Use automatic timers to put off street light at pre-scheduled time – In many places, it has been observed
that street lights stay on even in daytime. Hence, automatic timers should be added to street lights so that they turn
off automatically at the pre-set time.
 3. Use less decorative lighting – Festival seasons consume a lot of lighting. Many people keep the bright lighting
on throughout the day and night. The use of such decorative lighting should be lessened. Instead, the use of
candles and ‘diyas’ should be encouraged, especially during the festive season.
 4. Use of Covered Bulbs & Light Facing Downwards – Street lighting systems should be designed properly in
such a way that they do not transfer too much light into the sky.
 5. Avoid light trespassing- It should be ensured that outdoor light does not enter residential houses through
windows. For example, if you want to light your garden, then make sure that your garden lighting does not enter
your neighbor’s house in such a way that they get annoyed with it. Use lighting systems that do not glare at your
neighbor’s window.
 6. Use motion and occupancy sensors to turn off lights when not in use – Using motion & occupancy sensors
at places like malls, parking areas, parks, etc., will help switch off lights automatically when not in use.

5. Thermal Pollution
Defination: Thermal pollution is the harmful release of heated liquid into a
body of water or heat released into the air as a waste product of a business.
example of thermal pollution is water used for cooling in a power plant that
runs into a nearby river and harms the river's ecosystem.

6. Causes of Thermal Pollution: The various
causes of thermal pollution are as follows:
(1) Coal-fired Power Plants:
Some thermal power plants use coal as fuel. Coal-fired power plants constitute the
major source of the thermal pollution
(2) Industrial Effluents:
Industries generating electricity require large amount of Cooling water for heat
removal. Other industries like textile, paper, and pulp and sugar industry also release
heat in water, but to a lesser extent.
(3) Nuclear Power Plants:
Nuclear power plants emit a large amount of unutilized heat and traces of toxic radio
nuclear into nearby water streams. Emissions from nuclear reactors and processing
installations are also responsible for increasing the temperature of water bodies.
Contd on next slide….

7. slide contd
(4) Hydro Electric Power:
Generation of hydro-electric power also results in negative thermal loading
of water bodies
(5) Domestic Sewage:
Domestic sewage is often discharged into rivers, lakes, canals or streams
without waste treatment. The municipal water sewage normally has a higher
temperature than receiving water. With the increase in temperature of the
receiving water the dissolved oxygen content (DO) decreases and the
demand of oxygen increases and anaerobic conditions occur.
pics on next slide

8. Effects of Thermal Pollution
 Sudden and periodic increase in temperature producing a
thermal effect
 Changed dissolved oxygen
distribution of organisms among major and minor
communities.
 Death of stenohermic animals
 Changes to reproductive powers and increased susceptibility to
disease
 production of heat shock proteins for thermos tolerance.
 changes in migration time and pattern may be affected.
 Bio indicators are the first to show the effects
 Decrease in productivity of the water body
 Economic and environmental damage

9. RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
 Radioactive Pollution is defined as the increase in the natural radiation levels
caused by human activities.
 It is estimated that about 20% of radiation we are exposed to is due to human
activities.
 The human activities that can release radiation involve activities with radioactive
materials such as mining, handling and processing of radioactive materials,
handling and storage of radioactive waste, as well as the use of radioactive
reactions to generate energy (nuclear power plants), along with the use of radiation
in medicine (e.g. X-rays) and research.

10. CAUSES OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
 Nuclear explosions and detonations of nuclear weapons
 Defensive weapon production may also release radioactivity from the radioactive
materials handled.
 Nuclear waste handling and disposal may generate low to medium radiation
over a long period of time. The radioactivity may contaminate and propagate
through air, water, and soil as well.
 Mining of radioactive ores (such as uranium ores) involves the crushing and
processing of radioactive ores and generates radioactive by-products. Mining of
other ores may also generate radioactive waste (such as mining of phosphate
ores).
 Nuclear accidents – an already classic example of such accident is the nuclear
explosion at a former Soviet nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, that occurred in
1986. Its effects are still seen today.

11. PREVENT RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
 Containment of the waste in radiation-shielded containers
usually buried underground
 Isolation of radiation waste in remote locations such as
remote caves or abandoned mines - which may also involve
the use of some kind of barriers (shields),
 When the first two alternatives are not possible, the waste
may be diluted until background values are achieved.

12. WATER POLLUTION
 Water pollution is defined as the presence in groundwater of toxic chemicals and
biological agents that exceed what is naturally found in the water and may pose a
threat to human health and/or the environment.
 Additionally, water pollution may consist of chemicals introduced into the water
bodies as a result of various human activities.
 Any amount of those chemicals pollutes the water, regardless of the harm they may
pose to human health and the environment.
 There are three types of pollution-CHEMICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL.

13. CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
 Sewage And Waste Water
 Dumping
 Industrial Waste
 Oil Pollution
 Acid Rain
 Global Warming
 Eutrophication
PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
 Do not pour any oil in your kitchen
sink.
 Do not dispose household chemical
into your sink.
 Minimise the use of pesticides,
hebicides and fertilizers.
 Use minimum amount of detergent or
bleach.

14. AIR POLLUTION
 Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds
(including those of biological origin) in the air, at levels that pose a health risk.
 In an even broader sense, air pollution means the presence of chemicals or
compounds in the air which are usually not present and which lower the quality of
the air or cause detrimental changes to the quality of life (such as the damaging of
the ozone layer or causing global warming).
 It mainly causes global warming. What is it? It is the increase in green house
gases such as CO2 , NO2 , etc.

15. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
 mining
 construction
 Transportation
 industrial work
 agriculture
 smelting
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION
 Avoid smoking indoors (quitting
smoking is the best answer for overall
health)
 Use craft supplies in well-ventilated
areas.
 Make sure your gas stove is well-
ventilated.
 Minimize clutter.
 Remove carpeting if possible.
 Use a dehumidifier and/or air
conditioner to reduce moisture.

16. LAND POLLUTION
 Land pollution is not only enemy of land but also of entire habitat of land be it human
being, animal or plant.
 Whatever process, activity, violation, offence or something like that directly or
indirectly pollute the land either its surface, its underground, mountains, valleys, cities,
towns, villages, roads, bridges, highways, subways, railways etc is called land pollution.

17. CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION
 Solid waste mismanagement
 Hospital waste mismanagement
 Chemical waste dumping
 Industrial waste dumping
 Wanton use of chemical fertilizer
 Undue use of pesticide
 Water logging and salinity
 Use of plastic bags for carrying small items
PREVENTION OF LAND
POLLUTION
 follow the rule of 3Rs – reuse, reduce and recycle.
 They should punctually lift the domestic and industrial
solid waste from the source without any delay.
 They should transport the waste safely to the place of
its final disposal that is usually called landfill site.
 They must segregate the reusable and recyclable
items from the waste before dumping it into the
landfill site.