Earthquake Literature Review

Earthquake Literature Review
Review of Literature
Introduction to earthquakes Earthquakes are a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements
within the Earth's crust or volcanic action. Earthquakes is one of the dangerous and life threatening natural disaster which can come anytime and
anywhere on the earth. Earthquakes can cause tsunami, landslides, mudslides, bigger earthquakes, and aftershocks. These can all cause significant
damage property and buildings, death and injury to people and animals, floods, major disasters and emergency situations. Earthquakes are usually
caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the...show more
content...
IV.Earthquake Locations
California isn't the only state with a serious earthquake hazard. There are several lesser–known fault zones lurking in other parts of the country that are
just as dangerous, if not more dangerous, than the famed San Andreas Fault. Some of these faults are capable of producing quakes bigger than the
1906 San Francisco quake, but because the time between major jolts is longer than in California, many people live near these faults don't even know
they are there. The most and largest active earthquake zone is the Pacific Rim of Fire, also known as Ring of Fire. This is a roughly horse–shaped
ring around the entire Pacific basin which is characterised by frequent seismic activity – especially around regions such as California and Japan. V.
Seismologist
Seismologists is a person who studies earthquakes. Some geologists specialize as geophysicists, who study the physical properties and process of the
Earth. This field includes seismology, or the of earthquakes. Seismologists study earthquakes so people can be aware of them and prepare.
Seismologists watch the seismograph and record the information.
VI.
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Persuasive Essay On Earthquakes
Faults subsiding, converging, and spreading can break free at any moment causes earthquakes. Earthquakes are unpredictable they can cause all types
of damages and cause deaths to hundreds at in just a few moments. While faults movement show scientist tail–tell signs that say "hey I'm ready to shift"
in any time the faults could slide can slip an unknown distance for an unknown range. This happening can cause one or many earthquakes to happen
even lead to volcano eruptions.
So which would be a worst an 8.1 from the Salton Sea to San Bernardino or a 7.1 offshore of Rose Canyon to New port. While most would believe
that the 8.1 from the Salton Sea would be the worst due to its magnitude and its location. It also will leave large amounts of damage. The buildings up
toward the Salton Sea to San Bernardino are more structurally sound and can with withstand a more abusive shaking. It has the possibility of having
multiple earthquake energies released as well all along the fault. I believe that the 7.1 will actually be the worst for us here in San Diego for a few
reasons.
A 7.1 magnitude earthquake here at rose canyon would be worst for us, due to the fact that our building are not built to withstand the shaking of an
earthquake of that magnitude. Just like an 8.1 earthquake, a 7.1 can also trigger multiple earthquakes on other faults. Our building are not the only
problem we have a lot of areas in San Diego like Mission Bay, Coronado, Point Loma, and few other places heavily saturated sands. This is because
these areas are made of sand deposits from along the Coast. So if an earthquake were to shake that area liquefaction would happen causing sewage
issues due to the location of the sewer plants and their lines. Also, there would be damage to water lines and gas lines. The buildings would also sink
into the ground due to its soft saturated sandy composition. A possible lowering of the ground level once settled. Let us just remember the earthquake
doesn't kill the people. It's the environment and buildings that kill the people.
When preparing for an earthquake there are things you must do in order to protect yourself and your family. First off you need to make sure you have
food and water. If you know you

Earthquakes Essay examples
What is an Earthquake?
An Earthquake is the shaking of the earth's surface caused by rapid movement of the earth's rocky outer layer. The sudden shaking of the ground that
occurs when masses of rock change position below the Earth's surface is called an earthquake. The shifting masses send out shock waves that may be
powerful enough to alter the surface of the Earth, thrusting up cliffs and opening great cracks in the ground.
Earthquakes, called temblors by scientists, occur almost continuously. Fortunately, most of them can be detected only by sensitive instruments called
seismographs. Others are felt as small tremors. Some of the rest, however, cause major catastrophes. They...show more content...
Although it is certain that violent Earth tremors in themselves are destructive, there are often other kinds of Earth movements that are triggered by
earthquake shock waves. Thus, the violent shaking that accompanies many earthquakes often causes rockslides, snow avalanches, and landslides. In
some areas these events are frequently more devastating than the Earth tremor itself.
Floods and fires are also caused by earthquakes. Floods arise from tsunamis along coast lines, from large–scale seiches in enclosed bodies of water such
as lakes and canals, and from the failure of dams. Fire produced the greatest property loss following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when 521
blocks in the city center burned uncontrollably for three days. Fire also followed the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, causing much damage and hardship for
the citizens.
Causes
Most of the worst earthquakes are associated with changes in the shape of the Earth's outermost shell, particularly the crust. These so called tectonic
earthquakes are generated by the rapid release of strain energy that is stored within the rocks of the crust, which on continents is about 22 miles thick.
A small proportion of earthquakes are associated with human activity. Dynamite or atomic explosions, for example, can sometimes cause mild quakes.
The injection of liquid wastes deep into the Earth and the pressures

Essay on The Epicenter of an Earthquake
Earthquakes can devastate a city. They are a force of nature that can destroy any structure. The earth is made up of moving tectonic plates.
Earthquakes occur along or near tectonic plate boundaries where two plates meet. These plates are solid rock and sit on the mantle which is a layer
of molten rock. This molten rock is constantly moving in a convection current. The earth's core is what generates the heat. The hotter rock rises away
from the core and pushes up against the crust. Here it cools and then moves away on both sides. The now cooled rock sinks back to take the place of
the hotter rock that has risen as shown in the diagram on the right. When the rock pushes against the crust it moves sideways. This moves the tectonic
plates...show more content...
As shown in the diagram on the right, the fault runs straight through San Francisco and right along the coast. When the two plates slide along they
create huge quakes that shake the ground. There have been many earthquakes generated from this fault line but the worst one was in 1906.
At 5:12 am on the 18th of April 1906 in San Francisco the foreshock hit the slumbering city. The force of theearthquake was so great that the tremors
were felt right throughout the San Francisco and it reached as far inland as Nevada (500km away). Along the San Andreas fault the plate slipped up to
21 feet. 20 seconds after the initial foreshock the main earthquake hit, lasting for about 1 minute. Although it lasted for merely a minute it wrecked
mass destruction. After the quake people walked the streets confused. Some people had no idea how much damage had been done. Some people
walked to work as per usual only to find the buildings on a lean or fallen. Not only was there structural damage to the city but there was a significant
loss of life. Many people were trapped under building and cries of help could be heard coming from the piles of rubble. Those that survived could not
be taken to the hospitals as they had sustained major damage. The injured were taken to the dance hall.
What no one realised that the worst was yet to come. The greatest tragedy had not yet unfolded. The earthquake had severed gas mains and

Earthquakes Essay
We have to know what earthquakes are in order for us to be prepared against them. Earthquakes are tremors that move the earth. They can create a lot
of damage. Earthquakes have happened around the world. What causes earthquakes to happen? How do we protect ourselves against the powerful
earthquakes? Earthquakes can cause a lot of damage to homes and places so it is important to know where it has happened. Also what causes them and
how do we protect ourselves against earthquakes. To begin with earthquakes can happen around the world. A 6.3earthquake destroyed historic
buildings in Italy. On January 12, 2010 a powerful 7.0...show more content...
It's important to know that earthquakes happen around the world so people are prepared for earthquakes anytime anywhere they are. We also
have to know what earthquakes are to be prepared. Another example is what earthquakes are. Earthquakes are called tremors and can be
tremendously destructive. An earthquakes magnitude is a measured value of its size and is the same no matter where. There is no such thing as
earthquake weather. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is
called the fault or fault plane. "An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip in the fault."said at an article with earthquake facts at
earthquake.usg.com. Its important to know what earthquakes are caused by so we can understand them better. that way we can protect ourselves
against earthquakes. As well as learning how to protect yourself against earthquakes. An important thing is to duck and cover. During an
earthquake, if you are indoors, it is very important to stay calm and take cover under a heavy object. If you are outdoors, stay as far away from
buildings as possible. Get away from shelves or other areas where objects may fall if in a crowded store or public area. Do not run for the door. Crouch
and cover your head and neck with your hands and arms. " Try to get into an open area." Getting into an open area not

Earthquakes With Earthquakes
Earthquakes: The Same Effects, but Different Responses
Earthquakes occur as a result of the abrupt release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates a series of waves known as seismic waves. Earth quakes
greatly affect people whether they are living in economically disadvantaged countries or in economically developed countries. However, the way each
of them responds to the hazard is different.
The tectonic movements in the earth's crust are the initial causes of earthquakes. These movements bring about forces of tension and pressure, these
forces stress up the earth's crust. As the stresses increase, an imbalance in equilibrium of the rocks which results into breaking of rocks and
displaced. The energy accumulated during the process is released giving raise to waves. The waves cause vibration of objects they come across with
causing a lot of impact on them. This may include shaking and rapture of the ground. As a result there is damage of infrastructure, landslides, fires due
to damage caused to electric and gas lines.
Volcanic eruptions can also cause earthquakes since they are often very violent and can cause vibrations to the earth's crust, this can result into rupture
of geological faults. This is as a result of the movement of lava beneath...show more content...
This is due to the fact that LEDC are economically disadvantaged as compared to the MEDC which tend to have a quicker response and recovery from
earthquake damage. Take a look at the Los Angeles earthquake of 1994 and compare it with the Kashmir earthquake of 2005, one will realise that
the responses were totally different. In Los Angeles almost all schools had been opened in a period of just one week, and in three weeks all schools
had been opened. However, in Kashmir it was distinctively a different case, whereby rebuilding and re–supply of schools took much longer than three

Essay on EarthQuakes
Earthquakes
Earthquakes, one of the most destructive natural phenomena, consist of rapid vibrations of rock near the earth's surface. Because of their
unpredictable occurrence and enormous capacity of destruction, they have brought fear to mankind since ancient times. A single shock usually lasts no
more than a few seconds, but a series of smaller quakes may last for as long as five minutes. The quake felt on the surface is always the result, not the
cause of some underground geologic process, and in many cases the damage done is immense. The Greek word for shaking, and (when applied to the
earth) earthquake, is seismos. Therefore, the science of earthquakes is called seismology (World Book Dictionary...show more content...
Fires, landslides, tsunami, falling rock, damaged buildings, and damaged gas lines are just a few results of secondary shocks. These conditions reek
havoc on earthquake corrupted areas, and in 1934, Bihar–Nepal witnessed this first hand. During a landslide, "...an observer reported that his car
sank to the axles". In 1946 off the coast of the Aleutians, the base of a lighthouse ended up 45 feet below sea level after a tsunami wave over
100 feet crashed on shore (Watkins, Bottino, Morisawa 51, 53–54).
An earthquake is a natural occurrence; a phenomena just like rain. They have occurred for billions of years and descriptions as old as recorded
history shows their effects on people's lives. Long before scientific explanations mankind created folklore to explain them. We have come a long way
for spinning yarns around the campfire, but there is still no way to prevent earthquakes. All in all it doesn't hurt to learn as much as one can, but just
like taxes and pokemon earthquakes are something we have to live with.
EARTHQUAKE REFERENCE FILES Earthquake, shaking of the earth's surface caused by rapid movement of the earth's rocky outer layer.
Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the earth, usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases. This energy is transmitted to the
surface of the

Earthquake And Earthquakes Essay
4. EXPLAIN THE RISK AND NATURAL HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES. HOW CAN WE PLAN TO CONTROL
THESE RISKS?
Earthquakes and volcanoes have disastrous effects on humans and properties, it's also very harmful for the environment overall including wildlife.
Earthquakes cause a lot of damage due their shaking nature,they can further lead to tsunamis and most common hazard related to earthquakes is
landsliding. The earthquake intensity is what measures the effects it has on land surface, and this depends on the rock types and actual ground
displacements, it's measured by the Mercalli scale and bases on human reports of damage experienced. It's interesting that earthquakes of the same
magnitude can cause different amounts of damage...show more content...
Plate tectonic activity is related to many other things like, volcanoes and earthquakes. These natural hazards can be found in linear belts around the
globe. There are seven large plates and many small ones, the main types of plates include the divergent plate boundary (pulls away), convergent plate
boundary (move towards each other) and transform plate boundary (slide past). Ocean–continent boundaries create earthquakes up 700 km deep and
forms seafloor trenches, it leads to andesitic volcanoes in mountain ranges. Yellowstone is a 'hot spot' this is where heating and igneous activity occurs
within crust. Although, not all plates move at the same rate, they are relative to each other. Continent– continent boundaries with divergent can form
rift valleys, earthquakes less than 100 km deep, and basaltic/rhyolitic volcanoes. At Convergent they have young mountain range, 300 km deep
earthquakes, and no volcanoes. At transform, they have a fault zone, less than 100 km deep earthquakes and again no volcanoes. With ocean–ocean
boundaries there is oceanic ridges with rift valley, less than 100 km earthquakes, and basaltic pillow lavas at divergent. On convergent there are
seafloor trenches, 700 km earthquakes and andesitic volcanoes in island arc. With transform you have ridges and valleys in oceanic crust, less than 100
km earthquakes, and some basalt. Plates are driven by the convection in the mantle and movement of the lithosphere.
6. WHAT ARE HURRICANES? EXPLAIN THE

Cause And Effect Of Earthquake Essay
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMI AND CYCLONES
EARTHQUAKES
What are Earthquakes?
в†ђ An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic
waves. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.
Earthquakes are measured with a seismometer; a device which also records is known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude (or the related and
mostly obsolete Richter magnitude) of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible
and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of...show more content...
Effects of Cyclones
The main effects of tropical cyclones include:
в†ђ Heavy rain
в†ђ strong wind
в†ђ Large storm surges at landfall
в†ђ Tornadoes
Cyclones in India:
в†ђ Cyclones in India generally strike the East Coast; some of the Arabian Sea Cyclones strike the west coast of India as well mainly the Gujarat and

North Maharashtra coast. Out of the storms that develop in the Bay of Bengal, over 58 percent approach or cross the east coast in October and
November.
Cyclone Shelters:
в†ђ These buildings can be so designed, so as to provide a blank faГ§ade,with a minimum of apertures in the direction of the prevailing winds.
в†ђ The shorter side of the building should face the storm.
в†ђ buildings can be designed on a circular/ellipsoidal plan, so as to impart least wind

Earthquake : Earthquakes And Earthquakes Essay
Earthquake is defined as " a series of vibrations induced in the earth 's crust by the abrupt rupture and rebound of rocks in which elastic strain has been
slowly accumulating." in dictionary.com. In other word earthquake is crust release energy caused by shaking and plate tectonics are suddenly move.It
may cause people injuryed and economic losses.
Earth 's surface crust is called lithosphere. The earth 's crust ruptured by the force of dislocation caused by rapid surface vibrations called seismic or
damage. Tectonic activity caused by the earthquake called tectonic earthquakes; volcanic activity caused by the earthquake called volcanic earthquakes;
seismic solid rock is called subsidence earthquake caused the collapse. Earthquakes are a common and ordinary and a natural phenomenon, but not
intuitive and complex tectonic earthquake area, particularly with regard to seismic tectonic earthquakes occur and how it is conceived. Scientists think
caused earthquakes are by the movement of tectonic plates.
How can we measure the size of earthquake? Scientists use Richter magnitude scale to know the earthquake release how many energy. Richter
magnitude is rating to earthquakes based on the strength and duration of their seismic waves. They are classified from one to ten and recorded on
seismographs. A quake of 3, people can feel; a quake of 5, some building has been damaged; a quake more than 7, building will be destroyed."The
largest recorded earthquake in the world was a

Essay On Earthquakes
Earthquakes: A Natural Hazard
Introduction to Earthquakes
An earthquake is a natural hazard that causes death and destruction. Earthquakes mainly occur on the boundary of two tectonic plates, known as fault
lines, as the plates move against each other and get stuck which creates a strain and results in rocks breaking. This releases energy into the lithosphere
(crust and upper mantle) causing shaking of the earth's surface. The energy released is called seismic waves and these are measured on a logarithmic
scale called the Richter scale.
В¬В¬В¬В¬В¬
Effects of Earthquakes (human or physical)
Ground shaking and unstable buildings are some of the short–term physical effects that are caused by seismic waves. Fires can be created when a...show
more content...
As well as that they should try to find a place that is safe; supplies such as bottled water and canned food should be easy to reach. Communication
systems can be affected so most will set up plans for contacting friends and family.
Immediately after an earthquake looting often happens as many will be without supplies however some people react very differently and try to help
as many people as they can. Countries around the world will send money and food; some may even send volunteers to help and administer first aid.
The rubble will be cleared to free the people trapped. Buildings being made safe is another way they would help but depending on the country's
funding it doesn't always happen immediately. Tourism may decrease as the tourists could be scared of another earthquake or aftershock occurring.
Long–term responses would be things like building restoration because aftershocks are not unusual. Before or after restoration begins an investigation
may be required to figure out why the building collapsed and if there were any faults in construction. The economy will be negatively affected as
rebuilding is costly and normal work is prevented from happening for quite a while. Whilst there are investments made for rebuilding and aid is sent in
the immediate aftermath, families may struggle with reduced incomes and replacement of clothing and household items.
Case Studien
Japan
The TЕЌhoku earthquake is a prime example of an earthquake creating a tsunami. With a magnitude

Earthquake Preparedness Essay
| Earthquake Preparedness| Public Administration| | Lorena Hedges| 9/18/2012|
I will be discussing the needs of a budget and what supplies will be in the budget plan. Then you will read some about the shelter provided, population
of the community, and damages caused by earthquakes. There will be information about the policy and procedures to follow for an earthquake and what
challenges we have to face. The conclusion will be completed in the next phase.|
Earthquake Preparedness
Budget
There are three major consequences of an earthquake: injury to employees, customers and visitors; damage to property, the infrastructure of the area,
and lifelines; and disruption of business operations (Crook, 1999). This is...show more content...
Damages Caused by Earthquakes
Past Records of Earthquake Damages There are many different types of damages that can be caused by earthquakes. People lose their homes,
businesses are destroyed, and much more. Statistics shows the economic damage caused by earthquakes between 1900's and present here in the
United States are 41.04 billions of dollars (Economic Damage Caused By Earthquakes By County Up To 2012, 2012). Between the years 2006 to
2012 there was 7,340 earthquakes with a magnitude of 4.0 to 4.9 (Earthquakes Worldwide By Richter Scale Gradation Up To 2012, 2012). Many lives
are taken from the effects of an earthquake.
Other Department Involvement Other organizations pull together and help with the disasters across the world. Here is a list of a few organizations and
the services they offer: American Red Cross| Fixed/mobile feeding stations, shelter, cleaning supplies, comfort kits, first aid, blood, food, clothing,
emergency transportation and much more.| Friends Disaster Service| Provides clean–up and rebuilding assistance to the elderly, disabled, low income,
or uninsured survivors of disasters.| Salvation Army| Mass and mobile feeding, temporary shelter, medical assistance, and distribution of donated goods
such as food, clothes, and household items.| Volunteers of America| Making vehicles available for transporting victims and supplies to designate

The term earthquake comes from the Greek term for "shaking." An earthquake is a visible rip across the Earth's surface due to a release of energy and
stored stress in the Earth's crust and causes seismic waves. Earthquakes have been around since the time of the earliest civilizations. Earthquakes used
to be compared to the "unrest of spiritual beings." Specifically, Aristotle and the Ancient Greeks stated that earthquakes were the result of the
"underground winds". The earliest earthquakes were recorded by seismometers which calculate the waves generated by each earthquake. The original
seismometer was the Wood– Anderson seismometer. When an earthquake would occur a structure would dangle and reflect light on an image. The
image "drawn"...show more content...
The plates are in constant motion. Where they interact, along their margins, important geological processes take place, such as the formation of
mountain belts, earthquakes, and volcanoes" (Spall 1). Plate tectonics are one of the most influential factors of earthquakes. When tectonic plates slide
past each other an earthquake occurs. Typical plate tectonics move at about the same rate your fingernail grows. The process is extremely slow before
the plate moves significantly enough to cause an earth quake but it does happen. These tectonic plates are on the fault lines which are considered
earthquake hot spots.
Earthquakes typically occur in relation to other earthquakes. After shocks that follow earthquakes, typically occur around the same fault break as the
original earthquake or can occur on nearby fault lines as well. Earthquakes can also be triggers for future earthquakes occurring on the same fault line
or neighboring fault lines anytime from seconds to years after the orginal mainshock. "In recent decades, scientists have learned that faults and
earthquakes communicate with one another in far more diverse and interesting ways than the classic foreshock – mainshock – aftershock" (Hough 1).
A specific type of catastrophic earthquake that comes to mind is a tsunami. A tsunami is considered an undersea earthquake. Tsunamis are caused

Narrative Essay About A Earthquake
Have you ever woken up to see half your house gone? Or everything in your house destroyed? I have. I'm Jose age 15 and I live in Mexico. That
day wasn't like a regular day. We heard there was going to be a huge earthquake and that everyone had to leave. Although a lot of people were
leaving, my family didn't have enough money to leave. That day I woke to everything shaking, I was confused. I jumped out of bed and ran to get
my sister 7 years old and my mom. My dad had died when I was two. My mom said he had died in a car crash. But, I can tell that she was lying. I
never questioned her. So I ran to my sister's room avoiding falling things. I ran into her room and picked her up and didn't bother to wake her. I ran
with her on my shoulders to my mom's room. I woke up my mom because I couldn't carry. "Mom, wake up," I said shaking her. She woke up
confused. So I pulled her along. We ran outside into chaos. People running around all crazy. After a few minutes, the earthquake stopped. I asked
my mom if she was ok. "Yes, Jose. Thank you for getting your sister and acting so quickly." My mom replied. I look back at the destroyed house.
"Mama, I'm going to check on the other people." and I went to the old lady Coco's house down the street to check on her. "Coco! Coco!" I yelled. In
a raspy voice, I hear the old woman reply "Here, here." I go through the empty doorway with the door on the ground. In the house, I saw her pictures on
the ground and the walls crumbled

Earthquake Prediction Essay
With reference of one or more examples of earthquakes, assess the extent to which attempts at prediction and mitigation may have influenced the impact
of the hazard.
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake is a major threat to the human and
natural environments, in which people died, buildings collapsed and cities destroyed. Prediction and mitigation are usually conducted in order to
reduce the impact of an earthquake on environment. Earthquake prediction can be carried out with seismic monitoring using tiltmeters. Hazard
mapping is another way to predict the impact of an earthquake and can be used for planning purposes. Mitigation includes the aseismic building...show
more content...
In 2003 California earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3, only three lives lost in a region where great attention is paid to architectural design along the
San Andreas Fault. Flexible structures, light roofs, diagonal bracing and careful land zoning regulations all contribute to minimal damage to the
housing stock. However, this is only applicable and practical in economically more developed countries where technology and fund are abundant. The
1976 Guatemalan earthquake was described as "classquake" since it killed 22 000 people living in unsafe housing in the rural highlands, and those in
squatter settlements in the city. However, the middle and upper class were little affected. Thus, safe building is essential as the majority of the
earthquake victims were caused by the collapse of buildings. Hence, aseismic building design may largely reduce the death tolls.
Secondly, the land–use planning. In 1990, the Japanese government passed a resolution to transfer and relocate some of Tokyo's political and
administrative functions to the less seismically active areas, such as Honshu Island, as geologists predicted that a major earthquake would hit Tokyo in
the next 60 years. Relocating functional zones can largely reduce the potential losses caused by the earthquake. However, the 1976 Tangshan
earthquake, over 120 000 people lived in one–storey

Essay On Earthquake
The data from nine earthquakes happened in winter and summer time, with magnitudes ranging from M 3.0 to M5.7, was collected at a sampling rate
200 Hz and preprocessed for the further analysis [4]. Then, dynamic properties of the structure were obtained using modal property identification
toolbox (MPIT 2.0) developed at the University of Auckland [13]. The modes were determined from the following system identification algorithms:
–Frequency domain methods: the peak picking (PP), the frequency domain decomposition (FDD), the enhanced frequency domain decomposition
(EFDD) –Time domain method: stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method [14] identifying the stable poles by generating singular values around
them from the singular value...show more content...
Then, the most plausible modes was chosen by comparison of MAC values of each date for each SI algorithm. Since fundamental mode of the
bridges always excited by the translational ground motions during earthquakes, transverse components of mode shapes only were described in this
research to estimate the input of different bridge components on the bridge dynamic response. The frequency values obtained by each method,
except of SSI for summer dataset, at each season and their mean and coefficient of correlation are shown in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2. From this
figure, the values of fundamental transverse frequency identified by each method are highly correlated for all methods, the mean coefficient of
variation was no more than 0.02. In addition, no relationship between the transverse frequency and the depth of frozen soil at specific dates was
observed. A high correlation between mode shapes, with MAC value 0.95 or higher, was observed for two frequency domain methods only, FDD and
EFDD. Therefore, the average values of natural transverse frequency calculated from the values identified by each method, 7.69 Hz and 2.85 Hz, and
mode shapes obtained by FDD technique (Figure 3.1) were chosen as a baseline experimental values for the further calibration of the numerical models
developed for winter and summer respectively. The bridge transverse response is mainly symmetrical; the possible

Earthquakes Questions And Answers
EARTHQUAKES
Objective: To define and discuss earthquakes and its effects.
Earthquakes are a major catastrophe and can be a big threat to human lives. To understand earthquakes you must have a clear definition, know its
mechanisms, be able to recognize the size and dynamics and understand its effects:
I. Definition of Earthquake
a. Earthquake
b. Tsunamis
c. Landslides
d. Volcanoes
II. Mechanism
a. Faults
b. Seismic Waves
c. Aftershocks...show more content...
The slipping fault then creates seismic waves in the surrounding rock. Seismic waves create the sound waves in the air. It also carries energy away
from the fault, first to nearby rock. In hours to follow or even days many small earthquakes occur. These are referred to as aftershocks. Aftershocks are
a result of rocks near the fault adjusting to accommodate the new stress levels.
In order to understand the size of an earthquake certain items must be taken into consideration. Strength, classification of seismic waves, logarithm and
intensity are some of the main areas to focus on. The strength depends upon the area of the fault length times width on which the slip occurs, the
amount of the slip and the inherent stiffness of the nearby rock. An earthquake occurring a 100–km (62–mi) fault is about one billion times stronger
than a quake on a 100–m (328–ft) fault. Seismic waves are classified in two areas P–waves, which are your compressional waves, and S–waves, which
are shear waves. These waves are used in detection and location of earthquakes. Several thousand seismometers are in continuous operation worldwide.
These stations record ground motions, detect waves even at great distances from the fault as well as measure arrival time of P and S waves. Logarithm

of moment

Expository Essay On Earthquake
Write an informative process analysis about another dramatic act of nature; for example, an earthquake, tornado, tsunami, or hurricane.
Maninderdeep Singh Grant MacEwan university
23 – OCT – 2017
Author Note
This paper was prepared for English 111, taught by Professor Valentyna Kennedy
Abstract
There are a lot of disasters, but earthquake is the worst out of all. In this Research we can find out how an earthquake happens, the main reasons of
why it happens and measures how a person can get out of such a situation. Earthquakes are the shock waves which happen for approximately half a
minute. Taking references from books and journals it can be seen what a person should do during an earthquake and how this natural calamity can be
measured and steps that government takes to find out where will this disaster show its power the next time.
Expository essay on earthquake
Earthquake is a Trembling or shaking alteration of earth's surface. It is a sudden brutal shaking of the earth's surface occurring naturally and cause great
massacre with its strong movements in the earth's crust or action of volcano. It is naturally occurring disturbance which can be characterize as an
abnormal violent and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the ground.it originate anytime inside the earth's crust and push a bulk of rock
to slip rapidly. A huge amount of energy gets released and travel through rocks and waves, which cause tremors and trembling of

Dbq Essay About Earthquake
What would you do in a situation of a natural disaster with no resources, alone with no hope? A lot of people are scared from all of this commotions,
fearing of no hope, losing lives even loved ones. There was a deadly magnitude earthquake of 7.2 that struck the central philippines on a national
holiday. An estimated 43,000 people experienced severe shaking. Anotherearth quake hit with a magnitude of 6 in the fault of 1990 caused $154 in
damage.The temblor is the strongest too come in 23 years. (Background essay)
People have had many disasters happen to homes and people are getting affected by all of the commotion.Interior secretary Mar Rotas in a statement
said he had ordered the national police to check on reports that some local officials had been "hoarding" relief goods and distributed the selectivity
supporters. People have there own stuff and they don't want too let it go of there stuff so they will need help. Since the earthquake, the Philippine red
cross, with the supports of international federation of red cross and red crescent societies or IFRC has provided at least 10,000 families with essential
household items including blankets, water containers, personal hygiene items, mosquito nets and tarpaulins.(Documents C,A)...show more content...
On October 15th an earthquake killed nearly 90 people. In the Philippines killed nearly 200 and displacing tens of thousands of dollars. The quake
wrecked about more than 45,000 homes. These earthquakes have affected many people, damaging homes and even lives and causes millions of dollars
for repairs. The quake, the strongest to hit the disaster–prone country in recent years, struck Bohol on October 15th. Felt across several neighbouring
provinces, more than 2,500 aftershock have rippled through the region since.(Documents

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