Organisational Behavioural Theories Essay

Organisational Behavioural Theories Essay
Organisational Behavioural Theories
Organisational theory is the idea and principle about how the work could be done by investigating through different perceptive. Throughout the last
century, scholars, psychologists and behaviour scientists have contributed in developing of new theories for the organisations to achieve more by
allocating their workers to make more productive and most of those theories did well in old times. But at the turn of the next century, thing have
started to change and some of the old organisation theories are no longer relevant and effective if used solely. The age of globalisation takes tolls on
workers as well as the employers, many organisations failed because they have not been able...show more content...
By
Introducing the payment on piece work basic as an incentive which would increase performance and productivity. Taylor highlighted the link between
financial incentive and the good performance, he argued that the bonus should be paid to the best workers who can perform well and then they will be
pleased and will have more commitment concerned with the obligation in the organisation (Thill at al Bovee2011, p 263)
Taylor's theory underestimated human aspect and they pointed out that the employees are not only motivated by the financial incentive, there are
several others key factors to motivate employees such as job ambition and recognition at work places. The financial incentive is not the main force for
the motivation in the modern world.
In theory, financial incentive, rewarding bonus gets employees more participated, engaged and enhanced productivity and profits but according to the
CIPD, employee engagement consists of three different aspect called intellectual engagement, affective engagement and social engagement. Intellectual
engagement refers that employees feel good about the organisation and weight up to enhance the task. Affective engagement stands for the optimistic
opinion of employees toward the organisation and social engagement is concerned with the employees' interconnection with
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Essay Organisational Behaviour and Motivation
Organisational Behaviour and Motivation
Term Paper
Organisational behaviour is described as 'A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behaviour within
organisations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organisations effectiveness.'
(Robbins and Millet and Cacioppe and Waters–Marsh, 1998, p.10). An important area within organisational behaviour is motivation.
Herzberg describes the main problem in business practice is, 'How do I get an employee to do what I want him to do' (1991, p.13) Motivation is a
word that is used to describe how eager a person is to complete a task. 'Motivation is the set of processes that arouse, direct and maintain human...show
more content...
Inkson and Kolb discuss the issue of expectancy theory, which is how an employee values the outcome of putting in a lot of effort in order to achieve
a goal. ?Motivation declines when there is uncertainty of the lineages between performance and effort? (Inkson and Kolb, 1999, p.327) Outcomes can
include bonuses and or praise (extrinsic rewards) and feelings of accomplishment (intrinsic rewards).
Herzberg doesn?t believe in the giving of bonuses in order to increase productivity. Herzberg states that ?Hunger, a basic biological drive makes it
necessary to earn money, and then money becomes a specific drive? (Herzberg, 1991, p.16). This means that once employees start being rewarded
with money they won?t be able to work without it. Another firm believer of this is Kohn who states, ?When reward systems fail don?t blame the
program, look at the promise behind it.? (1993, p.54). Kohns article describes incentives, as only bringing temporary compliance and once the rewards
run out people will revert back to their old behaviours.
Serious issues with incentives also include employees telling their superiors that everything is under control when it isn?t, just to save their bonus.
Kohn then states that ?There are very few things that threaten an organisation as much as a hoard of incentive driven individuals trying to curry favour
with the incentive dispenser? (1993, p.56).
As described by Robbins demotivation can also

Organizational Behavior Essay
Abstract Organizational Behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It does this
by taking a system approach. That is, it interprets people–organization relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organization, and
whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives.
Organizations are social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort. The basic characteristics of organizations are that they
involve the coordinated efforts of people working together to accomplish common goals. They are open systems that take inputs from the external
...show more content...
Employee's attitudes and behavior will be influenced when there is confrontation or tension in the work place. The five dimensions of personality are:
В§Extraversion. Sociable, talkative vs. withdrawn, shy. В§Emotional Stability/Neuroticism. Stable, confident vs. depressed, anxious. В§Agreeableness.
Tolerant, cooperative vs. cold, rude. В§Conscientiousness. Dependable, responsible vs. careless, impulsive. В§Openness to Experience. Curious,
original vs. dull, unimaginative. Employees learn practical skills to include job–specific skills, knowledge, and technical skills; intrapersonal skills
such as problem solving, critical thinking, learning about alternative work processes, and risk taking; interpersonal skills including interactive skills
such as communicating, teamwork, and conflict resolution; and cultural awareness which involve learning the social norms of organizations,
understanding company goals, business operations, and company expectations and priorities. They can learn these skills through the Operant Learning
Theory which works through positive and negative reinforcements. Or the Social Learning Theory which is learned from modelling, self efficacy, and
self–management. Understanding personalities is important to a manager to have a successful organization. Values are broad preferences for particular
states of affairs. Values tend to differ across occupational groups and across cultures.

Organizational Behavior and Leadership Essay
The success of a corporation has been traditionally tied to how well the managers execute the roles of leading, planning and controlling. One of the key
components of the controlling aspect of management is the evaluation of the people that they are managing. The function of this process involves
monitoring performance goals and has management taking corrective actions when necessary. Performance evaluations can be described as the
measurement of the performance of an employee related to defined measures, using an applicable performance goals and appropriate criteria that
relates to the employees work in question. This paper will review the engineer's evaluation in the given case study.
There are three points of concern with the plant...show more content...
Businesses should employ evaluation criteria in their evaluation processes, which are common across all performance goals, in order to reduce real or
perceived bias in the employee evaluation process.
Four areas that the criteria should include are employee's impact on the performance goals, skill set, work ethic and professional development. The first
set of criteria would relate directly to individual's impact to the vision and objectives of the company. The plant manager should be as specific as
possible to help quantify the engineers' contributions. The second set should be measures concerning a variety employee skill sets such as technical
ability, communication, documentation, problem–solving, and adherence to the company's philosophy. Identifying the engineer's strengths and
weaknesses on diverse skill set criteria will help the engineer gain a wider understanding of his performance overall. The third set of criteria concerns
itself with an employee's work ethic. Work ethic criteria include the amount of work missed, lateness arriving for a job, how well the employee is
motivated, positive communication with peers and management, and how well the employee interacts with co–workers and management. The final set
of criteria includes a how much an employee is committed to furthering their knowledge and expertise of their given profession. Organizations look
positively on employees that strive for greater expertise in their given professions. Managers

Why Is Political Activity Alive
Assessment Number 2 – Essay
Student : Jodie Ann Auld
Student Number :S0237988
Course :HRMT11010
Date : 30 April 2013
Version Number :1
"Political Activity is alive and well in organisations. Critically discuss this statement. What factors result in Organisational Politics and what is the role
of such behaviour on other people at work?"
Political Activity is alive and well in organisations – one of the biggest killers of productivity is not a lack of innovation, productive systems or
visionary thinking, its politics (Fraser, 2013, p. 1). It is a major issue in organisations as the individual who controls their working relationship
consumes time and resources for their own gain at the company's expense. In this...show more content...
Lower level of members within an organisation who have a low level of trust don't believe that higher management will create favourable outcomes and
the individual with low level of trust will need to take further action.
Efficacy
Efficacy is the capacity to produce an effect. Thus it refers not to the need to engage in political behaviour, but rather to the expectation that one's
political actions will yield desired outcomes and thus be worth the costs of action. (Farrell & Peterson, 1982, p. 409)
Those with low self–efficacy within the organisation will engage in little political behaviour. New employees or employees that have changed position
within the organisation may indulge in political behaviour. However if their efforts are fruitless, or their perceived ability to influence does not come
about then the level of political behaviour inferred will cease.
Organisational Factors

Organisations are social entities that involve individuals and groups to obtain benefits and goals in different ways. The struggle for resources, personal
conflicts and a variety of influence tactics used by these social entities assists in obtaining them.
Politicking represents conscious self serving behaviours that are inconsistent with the goals of the organisation.
Some examples of Organisational Factors
. Reallocation of resources
. Trust
. Role Ambiguity
. High Performance Pressures
. Self–Serving Senior Managers

Organisational Behaviour Essay
Leadership, in its broadest sense, is the process using social influence to enlist the support of other people in completing a common task or achieving a
collective goal. Common conceptions about organisational leadership focus on the image of charismatic individuals inspiring their subordinates with
their own passion and zeal for a vision. This popular image is taken as the standard for effective leadership style and a measure of future organisational
success. Effective leadership is a function of both the individual and the working environment of the organisation they are tasked with leading.
Competing theories of personality provide differing conclusions on how effective any given leader and their style of leadership is on the...show more
content...
Barrick further indicates that having a high aptitude for interpersonal relations, referred to as extraversion, and a general approachability and likability,
termed agreeableness, correlate strongly with high performance within teams, and speaks of an ability to mentor and persuade, more appropriately
referred to as leadership (Barrick et al, 2001, Pg 12).
Leadership styles can vary greatly between individuals and organisations. Ralph Stogdill demonstrated that the single biggest influence on the efficacy
of leadership was the organisational environment (Kirkpatrick and Locke, 1991, Pg 49). The organisational environment; the unique culture of the
organisation, the attitude and ability of management, and the attitudes of the employees to their leadership team all help determine the style in which
the organisation will be lead (Rotemberg, Saloner 1993, Pg 1299). Of all the models of leadership style, the Tannenbaum and Schmidt Leadership
Continuum is the most comprehensive combination of behaviourist and contingency approaches. The model works along a linear continuum and
begins with an autocratic leadership style that assumes leadership has all the requisite knowledge in the organisation (Gosling et al 2002, Pg 6). As one
moves along the continuum, the leadership styles begin to accept

Organizational Behavior : Final Paper Essay
Organizational Behavior: Final Paper Organizational Behavior has taught me a lot in regards to learning to work with others and making groups of
people work efficiently. While classroom readings and in–class slideshows have been valuable in understanding key concepts, my greatest personal
growth has come from both your personal stories, as well as your many invaluable speakers. Throughout this paper, I will focus on the lessons your
speakers have taught me, and how those shared lessons will have a positive impact on my future decision–making.
Leadership:
Erica Higgins started her presentation with a quote from Arnold H. Glasow, which was, "A good leader takes a little more than his share of the
blame, a little less than his share of the credit." This quote immediately set the tone for the entire presentation. As a leader, it's not about playing the
hero or being some huge winner. Typically to your subordinates, you're the coach or the facilitator for your team to be successful. Sure, you may
have some bright idea that you came up with, that separates your team from others. But as a leader, it is your job to come up with these ideas.
However, who is really responsible for executing these ideas? It is those below you, who are working under your beliefs. But how do you get your
subordinates to work under your guidelines? To answer this question, Erica used the Vice Chairman of WealthManagement at Morgan Stanley, Carla
Harris's advise. Be authentic and train people's

Introduction
Culture play major role within the organization. It exists and plays a very crucial role in carving organization's behavior. Organizational culture
positively influences organizational behavior. People join number of organizations during their life. The organizations act as social tools to build the
relationships between the individuals. Organizations are boundary maintaining, socially constructed and goal directed system, which focuses on the
processes involved in the persistence, genesis and ethics of organizations. The individual will have to co–operate with the organization to achieve goals.
There can be factors to increase the effectiveness within the businesses. As organizational culture acts as base of business, this paper will analyze
effectiveness through organization stand point. This paper also covers various aspects and elements of organization culture. The different dimension
include involvement, care about clients, transmission of information, collaboration, learning, strategic direction, system of control, reward and
incentive system, communication, integration and coordination.
Industry Trends
Cultural scale of the organization include
1.Involvement of employees and the organization.
2.Favorable condition for employees to make decision and bring new ideas.
3.Make work interesting and create willingness.
4.Managers coordinate with subordinates.
5.Making teamwork more efficient.
6.Problem solving techniques.
7.Transmission of information

Reflective Essay On Organizational Behavior
After starting this organizational behavior (OB) class, I've been able to more deeply evaluate the importance of the way people interact in the
workplace. More so, I have been learning to take the time to reflect on myself as a person, a student, and a soon to be working professional. The fact
of the matter is – there is always room for improvement. I'm looking to improve on every possible aspect of my life I can. Not to sound like a
clichГ© or anything, but it seems as though life sometimes gets in the way of being able to take a step back and assess yourself. This personal
development plan is important for me in that it will allow me to see how I fit in an organization, and actually be able to reflect on my
characteristics. My ultimate goal in life is to become an entrepreneur. I'm not sure what industry I want to be in quite yet, but I know my end goal.
My dad, since I was little, has drilled it into my mind that I should be in a business where I'm still making money when I'm not physically at work.
That notion has stuck with me and I'm trying to take an emergent strategy to get there. To become this independent entrepreneur, there are skills that
I want to be able to master effectively and efficiently in the coming years. I'm currently on track to become a certified public accountant (CPA) and
seeking consulting positions at either public or boutique firms. I've thought out that the skills I need to be successful one day are as follows:
research skills, communication skills, data analytic skills, ability to read and understand financial statements, interpersonal skills, people management
skills, and teamwork abilities. Throughout this plan, I'm looking forward to exploring what my skill level in each of these categories is currently at,
and how to improve upon those that need improvement. There were quite a few assessments I took to see where my personality, stress, productivity,
and creativity levels are. Although I'm not a believer of these types of online and paper 'diagnosis' being accurate whatsoever, it does interest me to
see what kind of results emerge from my answers. The first test I took was the Myers Brigg MBTI Personality Test– both the paper version and the
online version. Both results

Organisational Behaviour
There are four theoretical approaches of organizational behaviours which are classical, systems, human relations and contingency approaches that used
in management but not certain to use just one approach in a company. It is because every company has different circumstances during various periods.
But management have to understand about the main features of each approach to make the best decision.
Classical Approach
Firstly, classical approach emphasis on the planning of the work, the technical requirements of the organisation, principles of management, and the
assumption of rational and logical behaviour. There are two key elements in this approach which are scientific management and bureaucracy. For the
scientific management, F.W....show more content...
The final one is McGregor's Theory X and Y. Under Theory X assumption, people do not like work and try to avoid it. Most of them have to be led
and supervised. Under Theory Y, people do not naturally dislike work and do their best to acknowledge personal reward like recognition and
appreciation.
However, there still are some criticisms on this approach. The Hawthorne experiments have been judged on methodology and do not take into enough
account of environmental factors. Also, it may over–simplified of complex behaviours and ignore internal social factors such as the 'sex power'
differential. Therefore, for the psychological of workers, they can have personal growth in the company as they may have a chance to give an idea on
the related work. It will definitely motivate workers to work well.
System Approach
The third approach is system approach. '' The systems approach to management is a concept which views a company as an interconnected purposive
system that consists of several business sections. It is a management approach which enables the leadership to see the company as a unified part or a
major section of the larger outside corporate environment.'' (Rampur, 2011) In a company, even a small part changed may have a crucial effect on the
whole company. Therefore, entity should be treated as a complete system but not only affecting one employee or department when

"The study of the structure, functioning and performance of organisations, and the behaviour of groups and individuals within them" Derek Pugh's
(1971)
This influential definition of organisational behaviour was by Derek Pugh in 1971. Human behaviour is the way people act and react to situations and
circumstances, each individual is different, therefore it is essential for an organisation to study human behaviour in order to understand the workforce.
By observing and understanding each individual the organisation would improve performance; organisational behaviour can be considered as the key
area of management.
Organisations study organisational behaviour within by; investigating individuals, social perception, attitudes and...show more content...
Organisations when recruiting ask questions that provide a better insight into candidates' personalities in order to select the best candidate for the
vacant job, this is very important in the recruiting process because if the chosen candidate's personality does not suit the given job, the organisation
will not get a 100% commitment from the person when recruited, the reason organisations spend a great deal of time, money and effort in the
recruitment process to avoid all their efforts going in vain. This could be argued against as one of the contemporary issues with organisational
behaviour is regarding the recession. Organisations need to reduce costs on employee wellbeing.
Abraham Harold Maslow the famous psychologist changed the whole prospect of psychology leaving a profound impression on society and business
through his great theories. Maslow understood human nature, motivation and self–actualisation better than anyone else in his time; he introduced his
theory on human needs in a hierarchy with five levels in 1943. Organisations need to acknowledge and make use of Maslow's work and only then can
they successfully motivate employees to work more than their required potential as a result a thriving business.
By identifying and acknowledging these levels, we can be motivated to maintain and/or exceed a level to reach self–actualisation therefore to be

Reflective Essay
Reflection on my experience in the Organisational Behaviour team over the semester with particular attention to the way that Communication interacts
with Conflict.
Reflection is the process of stepping back from an experience, to ponder carefully, it's meaning to the self through the development of inferences
(Organisational behaviour handbook, 2009). After completing group work for 10 weeks, there were many problems that occurred within my group that
had an effect on the report set. This essay will focus on communication and conflict in particular and on how experiences were reflected on effectively
and learnt from.
Being a social person I have always enjoyed meeting new people and learning things about them however group working has...show more content...
Despite our compromise, after a few weeks certain members began missing the weekly scheduled group meetings. For two weeks in a row only
another member and I attended the group meeting. We tried to contact the other members however failed to get a response. I even text members on a
Tuesday night reminding them of the meeting the next morning, still not getting a response. The interactive model of communication emphasises the
need of 'feedback' for communication to be successful (Weiner, 1948, 1986). As feedback was not received the other member of the group and I felt
helpless. We were only able to do so much alone without the other group members being present. Alongside this event, a certain group member was
not sending their work, answering phone calls or replying back to messages. Looking back, I feel the large amount of lack of communication caused
me to resent my group thus causing intergroup conflict. I felt this situation had forced me to move from a certain style of conflict management of
'cooperating' (Kraybill, 2006) where I was assertive as well as concerned with relationships, to 'directing', where I didn't care about my other group
members as they obviously didn't care about me. A simple text saying 'I cannot make the meeting' would've been sufficient enough to prevent this
resentment from acting as a catalyst to my ever increasing stress levels. As I am generally a calm and collected person I didn't like the stressed

Organizational Behavior Essay
Organisational Behaviour (OB) is the study of human behaviour in an organisation. It is a multidisciplinary field devoted to the understanding
individual and group behaviour, interpersonal processes and organisational dynamics. OB is important to all management functions, roles and skills.
Since organisations are built up levels – individual, group and an organizational system as a whole, it is important for managers to understand human
behaviour in order to meet the organizations overall goals. I found several key learning areas that are meaningful, interesting and relevant to my work
over the course of studying this unit. These key learning areas have not only expanded and improved my view of organisational behaviour but they
also have...show more content...
As a manager working in a diverse organisation, this learning area will help me to recognise the differences between team members and to effectively
manage these differences by encouraging participation in diverse training, establishing benefit programs such bonuses, flexi–time to accommodate the
different needs of different employees. It's important to communicate to staff about goals and objectives, corporate culture and common practice. This
can be done by developing employee handbooks with detailed guidelines that can be handed out at orientation days. Individual Level Factors Edwin
Locke's Goal–Setting Theory Locke (1960) proposes that intentions to work towards a goal are a major source of work motivation. Goals help us to
determine the level of effort that we need to apply to a task. To motivate employees, goals must take into consideration the degree to which each of
the following exists: clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback and task complexity. If all five of these elements are present, goal theory says that we
will be motivated to produce to a maximum. The specificity of the goal acts as an internal stimulus, the more difficult the goal, the higher the level of
performance. Difficult goals energise us because we have to work harder and persist to attain them. I now consider the

The Importance of Organizational Behavior Essay
The Importance of Organizational Behavior
In any organization one can assume that the main goal of that business is to succeed; what exactly does being a winning organization mean and what
does it take to get there? In the past companies placed a great amount of emphasis on the numbers and how to achieve those numbers. The people who
actually helped achieve those numbers were graded on their technical skills, productivity, and budgets. Employees were moneymaking machines and
how they achieved those numbers was not a concern of their managers as long as the numbers were being met. Organizational behavior studies have
become more important today than in previous years because corporations must learn to adapt to the rapidly changing...show more content...
Organizational Behavior or as I call it – Discipline principles is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have
on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness (Robbins, S. 2001).
Organizational Behavior studies three main areas in order to help organizations work more effectively; they are individuals, groups, and structure.
Everyone and everything in an organization makes an impact on the way an organization functions, therefore knowing what makes your employee
"tick" is a key factor in success. In an organization an employee is expected to have skills pertaining to the specific job description. Hiring a ballet
dancer to play hockey is not only absurd but also non productive. Technical skills, depending on the position in your organization is sometimes required
and absolutely necessary. But, in most organizations if you can find someone that has excellent interpersonal skills and common sense, you can train
them on the technical aspect of the position.
As a manager in today's business arena, your interpersonal skills must be fine–tuned. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is now falling into play with
employees and managers decisions. "Proper management of the work lives of human beings, of the way in which they earn their living, can improve
them and improve the world and in this sense be a utopian or revolutionary

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR– ESSAY
Essay Topic:
One set of authors state that "An organisation's ability to manage change will have a significant effect on its performance and prosperity" (Graetz. F.,
et al, 2006, p2 in Grates F. et al, 2006, Managing Organisational Change, John Wiley & Sons, Australia), whereas another author claims that few
corporate change efforts have ever been successful (Kotter, J.P., 2005, 'Why Transformational Change Efforts Fail', Harvard Business Review,
March–April 1995, pp 59–67). Discuss these two statements and build an argument that explains this apparent contradiction with regard to relevant
organizational behavioural theory.
In my opinion, the statements presented above do not contradict one...show more content...
7) Consolidating Improvements and Producing Still More Change – Using increased credibility to change systems, structures, and policies that don't fit
the vision, hiring, promoting, and developing employees who can implement the vision and reinvigorating the process with new projects, themes, and
change agents.
8) Institutionalising New Approaches – Articulating the connections between the new behaviours and corporate success and developing the means to
ensure leadership development and succession.
The lessons learned from the more successful cases is that the change process goes through a series of phases that, in total, usually require a
considerable length of time. Another lesson is that critical mistakes on any of the phases can have a devastating impact, slowing momentous and
negating hard–won gains. Perhaps because we have relatively little experience in renewing organizations, even very capable people often make at least
one big error.
Kotter (1995) lists the following errors why transformation efforts fail?
1) Not Establishing a Great Enough Sense of Urgency
2) Not Creating a Powerful Enough Guiding Coalition

3) Lacking a Vision
4) Under communicating the Vision by a Factor of Ten
5) Not Removing Obstacles to the New Vision
6) Not Systematically Planning For and Creating Short–Term Wins
7) Declaring Victory Too Soon
8) Not Anchoring Changes

Organizational Behaviour Essay
Organizational Behaviour Organizational Behaviour Organizations have been described as groups of people who work interdependently toward some
purpose. This definition clearly indicates that organizations are not buildings or pieces of machinery. Organizations are, indeed, people who interact to
accomplish shared objectives. The study of organizational behaviour (OB) and its affiliated subjects helps us understand what people think, feel and do
in organizational settings. For managers and, realistically, all employees, this knowledge helps predict, understand and control organizational events.
There are three determinants of behaviour in order to make an organization more effective: individual,...show more content...
To be ethical requires treating others –– customers and employees –– properly and fairly. A company that is interested in growth and profits must
establish relationships with customers and employees based on trust. Improvement of the employer–employee relationship is important to both parties
for several reasons. First, employee productivity increases when employers treat their employees with more respect. Second, employees may find that
increased ethical behaviour on their part actually results in higher compensation. For example, many companies are involved in relationship marketing,
which is the process of creating and maintaining long–term relationships with customers. Relationship marketing, which can help a company increase
its profits, requires the cooperation of employees. Employees that perform their jobs conscientiously and diligently are frequently rewarded with
higher wages. Third, even if there is no material gain, ethically appropriate behaviour provides a sense of self–satisfaction. Therefore, it is
advantageous for every organization to maintain high ethical standards and thereby foster trust between a company and its employees. Virtually all
studies of employee satisfaction show that influencing employee attitudes is more affectively done by local managers and supervisors than by

Organisation Behaviour is a study of a people, individuals and a group of people's thinking, feeling and behaviour in a organisation. "That is, it
interprets people–organisation relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organisation, and while social system" пј€
Nwlink.com,
2008). Because most of us work in organisations, learning organisational behaviour is able to help us understand, predict and influence the behavious of
others in organisational setting, and trends in organisational behaviour. One Australia hair–care company develop a range of hair products with
refillable packaging in order to maximise brand loyalty and minimise the cost to consumers and the environment. Their innovative packaging are able to
It is beliefs about what behaviour is require to achieve the desired results, it means that the understanding what tasks to perform, understanding relative
importance of tasks and understanding preferred behaviour to accomplish tasks. As the climate change affecting the whole world, people tend to
consume in a more environmental–friendly way, which means that tend to buy product has less impact on population, choosing a service with carbon
offset and so on. For example, the hair–care company who has product with refillable packaging, they understanding the trend of consumer buying
behaviour, so that to produce refillable packaging for their product and gain consumer loyalty, also they are building their image as a
environmental–friendly company, contributing less packaging waste to landfill. By doing survey, they found that 20 to 30% of their sales are in face
refill sales as customers like knowing they are contributing less waste to landfill (Johnson, 2008) Although they forgoes some profit by having 20 to
30% of sales as refills, but they benefit from increased consumer loyalty, because of that, it is essentially ensuring the company understand how do play
a part in the business and for the environment.

Organisation Behaviour
Organisational Behaviour and Theory Describe and discuss how an organisation's structure influences its behaviour, with particular emphasis on
decision making and workforce management and control. The structure of an organization is so visible and can be so powerful. It influences how well
the organisation is able to meet its strategic goals; it can also influence how quickly an organisation can respond to changes. Usually, structure is the
product of decision–makers, management decision–makers determine the level of the workforce, deciding what process they need to adopt and changes
they need to make within the organisation. (Unit Guide, Organisational Behaviour and Theory, page 28– 29) Changes can influence on organisation
behaviour...show more content...
This means that their choices will have the maximum subjective expected utility among the available alternatives (March $ Simon 1958; Savage 1954).
There are 5 steps for a rational decision making. Identify the problem, is the first step, the decision maker receives the difficulty and forms a clear
definition of it, diagnosis the facts. Analyse what is causing the event, when did it happened? Is the issue urgent? (Contemporary issues in management,
page 140). Alternatives solutions, the most important thing here is to the decision maker understand all alternatives, including alternatives that must be
custom made than picked on the shelf (Contemporary issues in management, page 142). All alternatives to be evaluated that's the third step on rational
decision making, it's to make sure that the decision maker collect information about all meaningful attributes (Contemporary issues in management,
page 142). Select the optimal choice, fourth step, collect the alternative that establishes a huge assistance to the decision maker. The decision maker
selects the alternative with the maximum importance or valence. This valence is a product of the expected valence of outcomes of the alternatives and
probability of each outcome occurring (Contemporary issues in management, page 143). The final step is to implement alternative. Decision

Organisational Behaviour- Attitudes & Value
ATTITUDES AND VALUES INTRODUCTION Attitude is a very complex cognitive process just like the personality of an individual. The difference
between these two is that personality is usually thought of as the whole person, where as attitude may make up the personality. It is a very important
variable in human behaviour, because it constitutes an important psychological attribute of individuals which shapes their behaviour. The importance
of attitudes in understanding psychological phenomenon was given formal introduction early in the history of social psychology. From the time of its
entry into the subject of psychology till now, interest in attitudes has been strongly growing. However, over the years attitudes have been studied with
Belief is a hypothesis concerning the nature of the objects, more particularly, concerning one's judgement of the probability regarding their nature.
Belief reveals what one supposes to be true. Belief may also be explained as the cognitive component of attitude which reflects the manner in
which an object is perceived. For example, a boss may believe his subordinate to be very hard working. But in fact, he may or may not be hard
working. The attitude of the boss towards the subordinate reveals whether he likes him or not. The positive attitude and the consequent liking may
rather make the boss condone all the bad qualities in the subordinate and consider him hardworking. ATTITUDE AND VALUES The values of an
individual generally reveal the moral side of his nature. These include his ideas about what is good or bad, what should be done and what should
not be done. These are some of the things which are inculcated in the individuals since childhood. "Honesty is the best policy". "A worker must be
honest to his work" are statements of value. It is an evaluative statement that "Honest workers are good" and reveals the attitude of a person towards
honest workers. It can be said that values are one of the determinants of one's attitudes. An individual considers an honest worker to be good because
of his values that "A worker must be honest to his work." NATURE OF ATTITUDES From the

Organisational Behavioural Theories Essay

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Organisational Behavioural Theories Essay