Literature Review On Climate Change

Literature Review On Climate Change
Chapter 3: Literature Review on Climate Change
Climate change can be defined as a significant change in the "average weather" of any given region sustained in the long–term and can be caused by
Earth 's dynamic processes, external forces including variations in sunlight intensity, and also by human activities (USEPA, 2014).
The burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and deforestation over the last 200 years has caused the concentrations of heat–trapping "greenhouse
gases" to increase significantly in our atmosphere. These gases prevent heat from escaping to space. Greenhouse gases are necessary in our lives as
they help in keeping the planet 's surface warmer than it would otherwise be. But, as the concentrations of these gases continue to increase in the
atmosphere, the Earth 's temperature is climbing above past levels (USEPA, 2014).
It has been observed through various researches that in the last century, average temperatures across the globe increased by over 1.3В°F with an
increase of more than two times in the Arctic. (Bates, Kundzewicz, Wu, & Palutikof, June 2008). The results ofclimate change can also be seen in
changing precipitation patterns, increases in ocean temperatures, changes in the sea level, and acidity and melting of glaciers and sea ice (USEPA,
2014).
3.1 Climate Change and Water
In the water sector, which is a special concern for this research, it is predicted that the water supply conditions in all regions and sectors in the world
are likely
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Literature Review On Childhood Trauma Essay
Literature Review Article Critique Jocelyn Claudio Widener University September 25, 2016 Overview The authors of this literature review evaluated
studies completed on adults who were 50 years or older and also experienced trauma as a child. They reviewed the impact childhood trauma has on their
mental and physical health as older adults. They collected findings from 23 studies that were published between 1996 through 2011 and concluded that
childhood trauma did in fact have negative effects on older adults mental and physical health. Although it is well known that trauma at a young age can
have serious effects, especially on development, it is interesting to see how it also transitions into late adulthood. Description Research Topic/Purpose
The authors aim to identify the mental and physical risks in late adult life that has been negatively influenced by childhood trauma. There are two
purposes of this literature review. Results can help develop support or intervention strategies that foster resilience throughout the life course by
investigating the correlation childhood trauma has on older adults' well being (Maschi et. al., 2013, p. 62). Another purpose is to address the gap in
literature that examines the influence traumatic events has on later life health. Key Concepts of the Literature The key concept of this literature review
is to better understand how childhood trauma is associated with mental health, such as post–traumatic stress disorder

Literature Review On Police Brutality
Literature Review
Police and community relations has always been a work in progress, some communities are more challenging than others. There are various factors
that impact the relationship police have with civilians such as geographical location, race, gender, personal experience and in personal ones as well. In
the last few years police and the African American community on a national level been more disconnected due to a pattern of unforeseen circumstances
of unarmed black men being shot and killed by officers, that end up serving no jail or repercussion besides paid administrative leave. Police brutality is
defined by The Law Dictionary as the use of force used unnecessarily. "Force that is used beyond what is necessary to handle the...show more content...
Police Brutality Against African Americans Many factors affect how and why African American perception is negative some underlining factors are
face to face encounters, procedural justice, historical as well as having a positive interaction with an officer (Weitzer,2015). African American that
being stopped and spoken to in a demeaning manner, lack of explanation to why they were stopped and inability to ask questions and explain what
happen impacted their feelings. Though positive interactions help the general it does not necessarily help because they are outside influence such as
the media and accounts of family and friends. (Jacob, 1971, Skogan 2016, Weitzer,2015). Racial Bias are a direct correlation to police violence
against African Americans, stereotypes perpetuated by social constructions and media representation along with individual prejudice help by police
officers view African Americans as a threat especially African American men. Police trust this ideology of "threat" to assist in their use of excessive
force against African Americans to comply. (Tyler, 2011; Tyler et al., 2015, Skinner, Haas,2016).
Police Brutality and African American Men In recent years the killings of African American men have increased, especially those of unarmed black
men. Between 2010 and 2012 it was reported that Blacks males were 21 times more likely to be

Essay Literature Review
Literature Review
The purpose of this research project is for you to create a scholarly piece of graduate–level research and writing, which conforms to APA format.
Competency in the APA format is required of all Business graduates of Liberty University, as set forth by policy of both the Graduate Faculty and the
administration.
You willresearch and write a literature review on a topic relevant to our course. What is a Literature Review?
"A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain
time period. It has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. The summary is a recap of the important information of...show
more content...
Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme or organizational pattern. Body: Contains your discussion
of sources and is organized thematically (see below for more information on each). Conclusions/Recommendations: Discuss what you have drawn from
reviewing literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed?"[iii]
What is a thematic literature review?
"A thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue.
Sometimes, though, you might need to add additional sections that are necessary for your study, but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the
body. What other sections you include in the body is up to you. Put in only what is necessary. Here are a few other sections you might want to
consider: Current Situation: Information necessary to understand the topic or focus of the literature review. History: The chronological progression of
the field, the literature, or an idea that is necessary to understand the literature review, if the body of the literature review is not already a chronology.
Methods and/or Standards: The criteria you used to select the sources in your literature review or the way

Literature Review On Debriefing
A literature review aimed to identify how nurse educators conducted debriefing in High Fidelity Simulation and track information about tools and
resources used in debriefing. The research question stated 'how does debriefing is conducted by instructor/debriefer/faculty in HFS with nursing
students considering the role of nurse educator in promoting best pedagogic"? Data was searched on data bases Virtual Health Library (VHL),
CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science. The first search resulted in 220 studies. Of this total, 31 articles were included and other 103 removed because
duplication, 71 did not meet the inclusions criteria's and 15 regarding with poor information about debriefing. All 31 studies were published in
scientific journals between

What Is Literature Essay
Charmine J. Cramales
BS Math II
Lit 3 10:30 – 12:00
What is Literature?
Poems, novels, and stories; these are some of the things that first came to my mind upon pondering on the question 'What is Literature?'. And just
lately I have known that literature also includes songs, speeches, plays, and many others in written and spoken forms. I have also known that things
that are produced out of creative imagination can be referred as literary works which are the ones that comprise literature. Considering this description
of what literature is, the coverage of literature seems very puzzling. If literary works are those produced out of creative imagining, then it would
directly point to fictional works. But then, there are also...show more content...
Take for example the views of two individuals coming from different places on anovel based on the culture of one. It would likely be the same if their
culture and beliefs are quiet related but if not, then they would surely have different understandings on certain parts of that novel. Hence, defining
literature as those considered by people as 'literature' is questionable.
Eagleton also associated literature as any kind of works which are valued highly by people. But then again, since people may have different
perceptions on things, one may value highly a certain work while another person may consider it just as a plain writing. As stated by Ms. Pinzon, a
literature professor, a personal letter can be an example of this. The recipient of the letter can be expected to really value the letter while her classmate
may not. Hence, this can't define literature as a whole.
Then, what really is literature? Many great critics have tried formulating a fixed definition of literature but have failed to do so. In the rise of every
possible definition of what literature is, counter arguments also rise.
Literature, though it seems impossible to enumerate everything it covers, play an important role in every individual's life. One can influence using
literature or be influenced by it. Examples of these are the novels made by our very own national hero, Jose Rizal – the Noli Me Tangeri and El
Filibusterismo. During his time, Rizal has

A literature review is an interpretation of arrays of circulating articles written by the scholar–authors' of researchers related to several topics. A literature
search for evidence–based research can be overpowering. The Walden University library illuminates on the superlative quality of evidence–based
research and which databases to utilize with research searches. Filtered resources are the superlative quality of studies related to evidence–based
practice and encompasses systemic reviews, critically appraised topics, and critically–appraised individual articles while unfiltered resources are second
along the pecking order which includes "randomized control trials, cohort trials, case–control studies, case series, and case reports (Walden Library,
2015, para. 6). Lastly is the background information and expert opinion, which inherently are not backed by evidence–based studies and comprises
"point–of–care resources, textbooks, conference proceedings, etc." (Walden Library, 2015, para. 7).
Arrays of individuals diagnosed with cancer experiences anguish and deterioration related to uncontrolled pain. According to Paley (2015), "Forty
percent of people with early or intermediate stage cancer and 90% with advanced cancer have moderate to severe pain and up to 70% of patients with
cancer inherently do not receive sufficient pain relief" (p. 1). Definitely, there has to be an enhanced approach to alleviate cancer patients' pain, hence
what is the superlative interventions to

Reflective Literature Review
This essay will review the literature to critically explore the value and purpose of reflective practice.
There has been a rapid increase in the ides of critical reflective practice over the last few decades, (Gould, 2004). Before we look at the value and
purpose of reflective practice, it is important to take in account 'reflective practice' carries multiple meanings from the idea of professionals engaging in
self–analysis to that of engaging in critical dialogue with others. For example, with reference to teacher education, Larrivee, (2000) argues that
reflective practice is fusing together personal beliefs and values into a professional identity whereby critical reflection can take place without staying
trapped in unexamined assumptions and expectations of our professional practice. Therefore, from this, it can be concluded that as a teaching
professional, it is important to develop reflections on ones' professional and pedagogic knowledge to set aspirational goals for a continuing personal
and professional development, in other words, it is a way of life.
Schon (1983), identifies two types of reflection; reflection–on–action (after–the–event thinking) and reflection–in–action (thinking while doing). This
clearly distinguishes that reflection can occur whilst the action is carried out as it can still benefit the situation rather than reflecting on how things
will be done differently for next time. This tool can be effective as it will allow the professional to assess

Literature Review On Suicide
Suicide is currently the 10th leading cause of death in the United States (Suicide and Self–Inflicted Injury, 2017). On average, 121 Americans complete
suicide each day (CDC Fatal Injuries Report 2015, 2015). The American people are living longer with advances to medical care and technology, yet
suicide rates continue to rise. According to the CDC, suicide rates have increased by 24% from the year 1999 to 2014 (Curtain, Warner & Hedegaard,
2016). Consequently, the suicide epidemic continues to grow with no clear path to prevention. This literature review was conducted using the Robert
Morris University Library online databases. Databases accessed include PubMed............., from the years 2000 to 2017. Overall, most the articles
obtained are...show more content...
Nursing Students and Mental Health Education Attending a nursing school is one thread that ties all nurses together. It is there when nurses' education
on mental health begins. The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) has set a skill standard that students will be able to demonstrate
effective use of harm or risk reducing strategies in their practice (Cronenwett et al., 2008). A phenomenology study on nursing students provided
multiple themes that spoke to the pitfalls in mental health nursing education. The themes included: development of fear of speaking to patients after
reading their mental status and behavior in the chart, expiernce of uncomfortable feelings when discussing suicidal ideation with patients that were not
forthcoming in assessment, and the obligation to meet the suicidal patient's needs (provide an answer) instead of providing a therapeutic interaction
(Scheckel & Nelson, 2014). A cross–sectional design study of nursing student's attitudes toward suicide prevention revealed half of the students
reported felt comfortable assessing suicide risk and had a positive attitude towards working with suicidal patients. At the same time, two–thirds of these
students reported they do not believe suicidal patients tell anyone about their ideation and that there is little that can be done on a prevention level

Example Of Reflection In Literature
In the span of this course, I have learned a great deal about myself in terms of literature. This course has enabled me to make many great strides in
my writing by exemplifying the works of authors and their literary devices. English 1102 has broadened my literary horizon by showing me more
elegant ways to express my opinion. I am remorseful towards the fact that I did not take the class in person. Inversely, I have learned better ways to
communicate towards the audience, through the use of various literary elements in lieu of going on tangents. In regards to taking English 1102, I feel
as though I am on the precipitous of progress through the use of parallel structure and diction as a way of getting my point across, as well as using
poetic styles from famous authors such as Charlotte Gilman to better express my thoughts and ideas. On the other hand, not being able to take the class
in person has disabled me in a sense of not being able to garner a better sense of grammar and punctuation. Furthermore, through the assignments that I
have completed, I have mastered the use of consistency which spurred on a more fluid line of communication with the readers through the use of
efficiently utilizing parallel structure and diction, instead of jumping from topic to topic. The need to spew all perspectives originates from my
predisposition of compacting conflicting opinions on one paper. Notably, employing parallel structure has brightened up my writing tremendously. For
example,

Literature Review : Hand Hygiene
Literature Review – Hand Hygiene
Tyree Berlin
East Tennessee State University
July 12, 2015
Introduction Hand hygiene compliance is often neglected by health care workers, even though it puts patients at risk for infection. According to the
World Health Organization (WHO) (n.d.) there are over 1.4 million Health–Care Associated Infections (HAIs) at any given time, therefore the issue of
hand hygiene can not be neglected. Patients in all health care settings are at risk for acquiring bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, urinary
tract infections, respiratory infections, and gastrointestinal infections. Often it is the health care workers who become the conduit for the spread of
these infections to the patients they are caring for, especially when health care workers neglect to follow hand hygiene protocol. Also it is important to
remember that patients can carry microbes with no clear signs or symptoms of infection. Thus underlining the importance for hand hygiene regardless
of the type of patient being cared for. According to Longtin, Sax, Allegranzi, Schneider, & Pittet (2011) "Hand hygiene is not optional– it is
mandatory" (p. 5). Hand hygiene should not be looked upon as something optional but instead as a skill to master. The change project of hand hygiene
was chosen after talking with leaders and mentors in the author's place of work, which is an outpatient clinic. Both the medical director and clinic
manager both see a big

Literature Review Of Literature On Depression
Literature Review
Depression is a mental health issue and is defined as a "mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood and feeling of sadness and loss of
interest" (MacGill, 2017, p.2). It is a persistent issue with the average length of a depressive episode lasting anywhere from six to eight months
(MacGill, 2017). Everybody at some point in their life feels depressed but depression itself as a diagnosis is more than having a bad day or being in a
bad mood. Steadman's medical dictionary defines depression as, "a temporary or chronic mental disorder characterized by feelings of sadness,
loneliness, despair, low self–esteem, and self–reproach; accompanying signs include psychomotor retardation or less frequently agitation, withdrawal
from social contact and vegetative states such as loss of appetite and insomnia" (p.462). This definition alone gives evidence that the problem facing
M.P. could be depression as she has been disinterested in intimacy with her husband, cries often and is having difficulty focusing in order to complete
simple tasks.
Depression can be further broken down into several different types such as: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, postpartum depression,
psychotic, bipolar and seasonal affective. It is important to understand that depression does not look the same on every individual and that there are
different forms of depression that affect people. For the purposes of this literature review in relation to the case study on M.P. the focus will be on
major depressive disorder and depression with psychotic features. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2016) major depressive
disorder is a serious mood disorder with symptoms that have a significant impact on a person's affect, cognition, sleep hygiene, appetite, and activities
of daily living. For a diagnosis to be made these presenting symptoms must be ongoing for a minimum of two weeks. Furthermore, psychotic
depression "occurs when a person has severe depression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing false fixed beliefs (delusions) or
hearing or seeing upsetting things that others cannot hear or see (hallucinations). The psychotic symptoms typically have a depressive

Literature Review On Self Determination
1.INTRODUCTION
The main objective of this review is to critically analyze and synthesize the self–leadership literature and the study seeks to answer the question–
whether self–determination is key requirement in workplace or not? To scrutinize this, all the eminent scholars, their key findings and the main issues
relating to the topic are identified. The elements of self–determination continuum, namely, Intrinsicmotivation, Extrinsic motivation and amotivation
have also been explained. The current state of the research is examined, and the further research recommendations are also included. I have chosen
this theory because I felt this applies to me more aptly than other theories like flow theory and psychological theory. I see myself as a self–determined
person whenever I take up a job and get myself motivated by both inner factors and outer factors
2.Background
Self determination is one of the most significant concepts in the modern–day business world. With over 40 years of research on Self–determination
theory, there has been increase in the number of top business leaders, executives and academics who value Self–determination for effective leadership
and this theory has become grand theory of optimal functioning and human motivation. Apart from workplace and business field, this theory has been
applied to other domains as well including education, parenting, exercising and relationships.
Literature review
1.According to (Olafsen, 2015),Self–determination theory is a human motivation theory that emphasizes on human behavior and integral beliefs or
values. It focuses on the interpersonal environment of the workplace in which motivation plays a vital role in motivating the employees towards their
working role so that they can achieve the goals in an effective and efficient manner. Self–motivation is one of the most significant factors that can boost
the energy of an individual and make them passionate towards performing their role, which ultimately helps in gaining the success. Self–determination
theory also depicted the relationship between needs and satisfaction of an individual. Moreover, it provides a support system to the people in which
reward, bonuses and other motivational factors a present. These

Literature Review On Special Needs
Literature Review
My action research project was influenced by the national push towards inclusion of children with special needs into the general education classroom.
Because our school was trying to adopt a co–teaching program, this was the area I did most of my research on. I found a multitude of studies that
supported co–teaching and analyzed the effects of co–teaching on students, teachers and parents. I then researched the affects of a non–inclusive
environment on all students. After witnessing how my students self–esteem had plummeted due to their specific grouping, I was not surprised to find
research that supported the theory that students who are identified as having special needs will have lower self esteem and self worth. In a study done
on students with special needs, all of them reported thinking they would be unable to attend mainstream classes because they did not feel they were
successful learners based on their placement in special education (Griffiths, 2007). This study also revealed the children with special needs held fears
that all adults would think of them as troublemakers because the classes they were in held a high majority of children with behavior problems
(Griffiths, 2007). This study concentrates on students who attend schools for special needs. These students may feel more isolated than those who
receive special services inside a mainstream school, but those who are evaluated or receive special education within a mainstream school show the

Literature Review : Water Pollution
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Water pollution
FAO (1992) noted that the adulteration of water supplies from both natural and anthropogenic sources has impacted on the health and economic status
of populations. Human activities contribute to pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides and herbicides into aquatic ecosystems. These anthropogenic
activities continuously increase the amounts in the environment. According to Malik et al. (2010), heavy metal pollution is burgeoning at an frightening
rate and has become an important worldwide problem Increase in population, urbanization, industrialization and agricultural practices as well as lack of
environmental regulations have further aggravated the situation (Gupta et al., 2009).
Heavy metals are assimilated or incorporated in water, sediments and aquatic biota evoking pollution in water bodies since they cannot be degraded
(Linnik and Zubenko, 2000; Malik et al., 2010). As the metal levels in many aquatic ecosystems increase, they raise the concern of metal
bioaccumulation through the food chain and related human health hazards (Wright and Welbourn, 2002; Agah et al., 2009). Despite significant efforts
to reduce trace metal loads in effluents, municipal wastewater was still found to convey large amounts into the environment (Buzier et al., (2006);
ГњstГјn, 2009; Hope et al., 2012). As a consequence, the heavy metals present in municipal wastewater are still present in the effluents and sludge
(Chen et al., 2008; Chanpiwat

Example Of Literature Review
Literature review is a published document on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Literature review can be a theory which supports your
research or your theory. Example of literature review is published document, government policy, international journal, a research which was conducted
related to the topic, etc. There are two kind of important literature related to my hunch. Both of them are:
1.A research entitled "The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Speaking Skills and Attitudes Towards Learning English"
a.Introduction:
Language is a human system of communication so that it should be spoken and used to communicate. Language is used to communicate with other so
that the person whom talks to can understand what...show more content...
The review of the theory is:
a.The Definition of Cooperative Learning
The three important features of Cooperative Learning
First, cooperative learning is a kind of group work. Learners have to work together in small groups between two and six members.
Second, learning is structured to ensure that everyone in the group is able to fulfill the learning task.
Third, students have to be dependent on each other to achieve their learning goals.
b.Student Team Learning
–"Students work together in four member teams to master material initially presented by the teacher."
–There are three elements which are central to all Student Team Learning methods namely team rewards, individual accountability, and equal
opportunities
a.Team rewards means if students are rewarded for doing better than they have in the past they will be more motivated to reach than if they are
rewarded for doing better than others.
b.Individual accountability means that the success of a team relies on the learning of every individual in all team members.
c.Equal opportunities mean that students can contribute to their teams by improving over their past performance.
c.The Theoretical Base of Cooperative

Research Study On A Literature Review Essay
4.2 Research Hypothesis Hypothesis Researchers almost never conduct a study in an intellectual vacuum; their studies are usually under taken within
the context of an existing knowledge base. It helps to lay the foundation for the study and also inspire new research idea. Hypothesis in other words
is an assumption for the research, the researchers organizes his or her ideas and critically thinks what could be the reasons for the stated research
questions; thinking of the reasons or possible causal is referred to as hypothesis. Generally hypothesis give cruel before the study starts and the results
of the study will be directed to confirm or reject the stated hypothesis. 4.3 Literature review: A literature review is a summary about previous studies on
the topic, Conducted at the same time as defining the research question Why conduct a literature review? –Helps ensure that your research is new
–Identifies what is known and not known about the topic –Helps frame the research question properly –Suggests potential research designs The
literature review outlines what is known about the topic, Identify what remains to be known about the topic and suggest how your research will help
advance knowledge to address the problem. This serves as the basis of your RATIONALE which justifies what the researcher does. With the reasons
above literature review helps me to up to date with nursing information which I use daily in my practices, I cannot deliver any services out from the
blue,

Literature Review On Homelessness
Introduction Chronic homelessness is a major social problem throughout the United States (Hodge, Di Pietro, & Horton–Newell, 2017). The U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD's), 2017, states that a person is considered chronically homeless when they have been living
in a homeless shelter or on the streets for a year or more. Chronic homelessness also refers to an individual who has a disabling condition that has led
to a minimum of four episodes within three years (US Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2017). Homelessness is a widespread issue
that impacts many individuals throughout the United States. Homelessness negatively impacts the life of an individual, and can be associated with
many other factors that impede upon their ability to move forward in their lives (Toro, Wolfe, Bellavia, Thomas, Rowland, Daeschler, & McCaskill,
1999). Serious mental illness (SMI) is a pervasive element that impedes upon the lives of homeless people, and can hinder their ability to access
resources available to them (Chum, Skosireva, Tobon, & Hwang, 2016). Is there a correlation between chronic homelessness and serious mental
illness? This paper will review the association between SMI and homelessness, and identify factors that make the homeless different from the
population at large. The learner will review within the literature the factors that exacerbate a homeless individual's ability to embrace assistance while
accessing services to

Literature Review Of Self Efficacy
1.
8.LITERATURE REVIEW
Self–efficacy theory was originated from Social Cognitive theory which was introduced by Alberta Bendura.
Self–efficacy is the belief that one has the ability to produce that effect by completing a specific task or activity which is related to that competency.
Self–efficacy is developed from mastery experiences in which goal is achieved through perseverance and overcoming difficulties and from observing
others succeeing through continuous effort. Self–efficacy relates to a person's perception of their ability to reach an aim (Bandura,1986).
The perception of being in control of the situation is often referred to as self–efficacy (Bandura, 1984; 1993; 1997).
Bandura (1993) defined self–efficacy as a self–evaluation of somebody's competence to successfully execute a course of action that is necessary to
reach the desirable outcomes. Some research has investigated the development of individual self–efficacy. For example, self–efficacy is dependent on
performance achievement, knowledge and skills in comparison with related ones (Kaufman, 2003).
Due to high performance, if someone is confident about ones' knowledge and skills, then self–efficacy promotes. Self–efficacy is also evaluated
through comparison with others.
Perceived self–efficacy also affects how successfully goals are achieved by influencing the degree of effort and persistence a person will show in the
face of difficulties.
That is the stronger the perceived self–efficacy, the

Literature Review On Climate Change

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