Industrial Revolution Essay

Industrial Revolution Essay
The most far–reaching, influential transformation of human culture since the advent of agriculture eight or ten thousand years ago, was the industrial
revolution of eighteenth century Europe. The consequences of this revolution would change irrevocably human labor, consumption, family structure,
social structure, and even the very soul and thoughts of the individual. This revolution involved more than technology; to be sure, there had been
industrial "revolutions" throughout European history and non–European history. In Europe, for instance, the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
saw an explosion of technological knowledge and a consequent change in production and labor. However, theindustrial revolution was more than
...show more content...
Another reason given for the Industrial Revolution is the substantial increase in the population of Europe; this is such an old chestnut of historians that
we don't question it. Population growth, however, is a mysterious affair to explain; it most often occurs when standards of production rise. So whether
the Industrial Revolution was started off by a rise in population, or whether the Industrial Revolution started a rise in population is hard to guess. It's
clear, though, that the transition to an industrial, manufacturing economy required more people to labor at this manufacture. While the logic of a
national economy founded centrally on the family economy and family production is more or less a subsistence economy–most production is oriented
around keeping the family alive, the logic of a manufacturing economy is a surplus economy. In a manufacturing economy, a person's productive labor
needs to produce more than they need to keep life going. This surplus production is what produces profits for the owners of the manufacture. This
surplus economy not only makes population growth possible, it makes it desirable.
England While it's hard to pinpoint a beginning to the Industrial Revolution, historians generally agree that it basically originated in England, both in a
series of technological and social innovations. Historians propose a number of reasons. Among the most compelling is the exponential increase in
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Essay on Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Europe during the eighteenth century was at the height of the industrial revolution, none of which reached America. In New England the population
was largely English, but America as a whole had more than 20 ethnic strains present, nowhere in Europe could such a heterogeneous mixture be found.
America was unique in its political structure. Americans vested authority in personalities, rather than, as in England, in institutions of tradition. As a
people they had been striped of traditions. America lacked the centuries of tradition that other societies had. American cities not only solved thier
problems, but they sought to solve them. European cities were encrusted with centuries of tradition and moved only by...show more content...
As Lucas points out that even with slavery and indian exploitation there was a development of a wealthy and powerful elite, based on ability rather than
caste. Like European counterparts Americans believed that only those with land would have nay interest in the affairs government. Law was first
administered in the colonies without benefit of lawyers. The clergy of New England pressed hard for rule by Biblical law. The average settlement
wanted the kind of laws and procedures which was known in Europe. In working out thier legal systems developed systems which freed them from the
rigid technicalities of medieval jurisprudence so prevalent in Europe. The Great Awaking that swept through Britain also came to America. The great
Awaking and American enlightenment promoted higher eduction in the colonies and also joined to promote separation of church and state. By the
middle of the eighteenth century there was less church going people in America than any other country in the western world. America used the ideals
of Enlightenment to promote modification and reforms in society, not revolution. There are several features that sets the southern colonies apart from
thier northern neighbors. The most striking of which is slavery. The spread of slavery made a society whose continuance depended on a rigid
discipline. This prominent feature gives southern life a distinctive and separate sense, creating in the course of time a nation with

The Industrial Revolution Of Europe
"The most important of the changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution were (1) the invention of machines to do the work of hand tools; (2)
the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals; and (3) the adoption of the factory system" (
Industrial Revolution). The Industrial Revolution was a big event that happened in Europe. Those three main changes impacted everything in a huge
way. The Industrial Revolution in Europe was a positive occurrence that changed how products were made and how people lived their everyday lives.
The first good thing that happened in the Industrial Revolution was organization. The organization helped make work faster, produce more goods,
and specialized jobs. "Instead, the Industrial Revolution grew more powerful each year as new inventions and manufacturing processes added to the
efficiency of machines and increased productivity" (Industrial Revolution). When the people got more organized they started to be able to work
together and get stuff done. Since they worked faster they could produce more goods. This also ties into specialized labor. "Second, an industrial
revolution involves new ways of organizing the workforce. Such reorganization is necessary because powered machinery allows each laborer to do
more work than was previously possible" (Corrick 13). When they reorganized, the workforce needed to be changed. After they changed the workforce
they got much better results in

The industrial revolution was when changes in agriculture, manufacturing, work ethics, transportation and technology became more advanced. The
revolution made social economics and culture prosper. This spread during the 18th and 19th century in Europe. Europe was the first place to start this
revolution because it had the resources to advance technology and it was politically stable. Most people made a living in small towns and were
farmers. A large amount of people at the time were poor, and malnourished, disease was also a common issue to encounter. The Europeanindustrial
revolution changed this and nearly every aspect of daily life was impacted in some way. The revolution was so successful that it influenced another one.
"For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. ... Nothing remotely like
this economic behavior has happened before." This means that the european industrial revolution brought on this change of population in many areas.
Most places grew and expanded with the amount of people that prospered in it. The part about "Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has
happened before", means that the european industrial revolution was the start and the cause of waves of migration.
Population grew because death rates decreased and birth rates increased. Town's rural industries grew along with trade. The economy called for more
people to fill in jobs such as harvesters.

The table given clearly shows the spread of industrialization in Europe during the 1800's, and the connection between industrialization and the balance
of power in Europe by 1913. First, industrialization began small during the late 1700's in the UK and France, after the agricultural revolution. Overtime,
their rate of industrialization and technology that improved textiles and transportation increased. By 1845 Germany started to industrialize. By 1865 all
five of the selected countries, Russia, Germany, Italy, France and the UK were going through industrialization. At the end of the table, in the year 1913
the most powerful countries had the higher percentage of industrial production (the UK, 14%, and Germany, 17.7%). The weaker

Prior to industrialization, the population of Europe saw a dramatic growth – from 110,000,000 to 190,000,000. What triggered this growth? Likely the
end of feudalism. The end of feudal contracts gave people a little more say in their day–to–day working activities, resulting in more time spent at home,
which ultimately resulted in childbearing. This would leave citizens scrambling both to provide needs for the population as a whole, and to improve the
individuals overall quality of life. This resulted in economists, like Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (1776), examining the most cost
–effective
method of producing the goods and services citizens demanded (such as clothing and food). It also left others, such as Thomas Malthus in his...show
more content...
This was essential because the population boom that occurred from 1650–1800, where population climbed from 110,000,000 to 119,000,000, created
the need for materials food and clothing to be produced faster to sustain growth. Machines such as the scribbling mill, and spinning jenny did the
work of a hundred hands, for every single human hand. Initially these machines were met by workers with despair, as one machine in twelve hours
could do the work of ten men by hand . These machines also reduced labour by a third, which resulted in an increase in wage for workers and it also
worked to increase trade since nations were about to compete with one another for cheaper resources . From an economic standpoint this shift in
labour was beneficial to the masses because instead of people exerting themselves to compete with other nations, machinery could just take on the
majority of the work, assisting in this movement. This benefitted business owners because they did not need as many labourers, and they could also
afford to lower taxes. Smith declares the 'invisible hand' as a necessity for society because capitalism drives people to seek cheaper sources, and in
return if you provide that you will ultimately gain wealth.
Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth of Nations that division of labour was the greatest improvement resulting from theindustrial revolution. Division of
labour was beneficial to both the employee and the employer. The

The Industrial Revolution in Europe
In 1750 political liberalism, the enlightened age, Infrastructure, and the economic climate allowed Great Britain to seek new job opportunities and
exploit new business ideas. In addition, literacy, public education and the middle class was rising immensely. Concepts like partnerships and selling
shares were introduced during this time period. The process of the Industrial Revolution was rapid in Western Europe however, by the 1900 all of
Europe was involved. Over all, the effects of the revolution changed the way materials are transported, how products are made, on a global basis.The
Industrial Revolution was a critical turning point in European history because the changes made are integral in the modern age. The inventions made
expanded...show more content...
In addition, bank loans played a large role in the Industrial Revolution. Which provided financial support which allowed our market to grow and
expand into what we have today. The infrastructure of the Industrial Revolution we would not have the assembly line and mass production we have
today. It all started in Britain with the canals, they realized that canals were the more effective choice due to the fact the roads were mud trails.
Furthermore, it was more cost affective than packhorses. Canals speed up the process of transportation and led to the realization that "Time is
Money". These canals expanded the market to an internal network. According to Canada Transportation, Canada's total trade in 2011 with the world
was $342 billion without the Industrial Revolution this would not be possible. Rail and water are two of the main transportation industries, Two thirds
of the goods carried by rail across Canadian soil or ocean borders. This is evidence that infrastructure developed in the Industrial Revolution are a huge
factor in the success of todays economies. In the Industrial Revolution this allowed cotton bales from America and wool from Australia to be brought to
the middle of Britain. In addition, this allowed free movement of coal, the fuel that powers the empire. They turned the materials into finished goods
then they re–export to make a profit. This process

How Did The Industrial Revolution Affect Europe
The changing political and social landscape of Europe was most profoundly impacted by the Industrial Revolution. Most importantly, this revolution
allowed for greatly increased production and trade in much of Europe. The growth in trade is caused by improved methods of transportation, and
technological advancement was the source of the boosts in production. This is also where the first factories begin to appear and this increased
incentive to live in cities. However, with this increased urbanization we see the darker sides of the revolution. For example, the high population density
in cities made them very unsanitary and many people died of disease. Rampant child labor in factories is another unfortunate facet which was
accompanied by an increased

The Industrial Revolution in Europe
The Industrial Revolution in Europe changed Europe to this day. This began in the United Kingdom in the 1700s and expanded to Western Europe in
the 1800s. During the Industrial Revolution, this provided new technology, a surplus of food, trading and different ways of producing goods for
countries. The women and children in Europe had to work hard and work in the mills. They did this to give enough money for their family to live on.
Politics also changed during the Industrial Revolution. Thus, the Industrial Revolution affected many people and to discover new technology and ways
of thriving life. Before the Industrial Revolution, there were many hard times for families. All of this changed when the Industrial Revolution
happened. Women...show more content...
This canal went from Francis' Worsley coal mines to the city of Manchester. After in 1800 about 3,000 miles of canals had been built in Britain
(167). Up until the 1800s the easiest way to travel a large load was by a ferry. This made it easier for materials to reach factories that were heavy
like heavy loads of coal and iron. They also dug canals to supplement their river systems. Although England was not the only one that dug canals
during around this time period, Germany and France were also digging canals and waterways (Corrick 38). In the 1700s food production was very
important for Europe. During this time English farmers raised potatoes, cheap and nourishing, and other crops used as animal feed. The result of
this was that the animals gave better meat and milk (16). Viscount Charles found a new type of crop, the turnip. Viscount found it in the first half of
the eighteenth century. He also found out that it could be saved all winter and farm animals grew well with them. Later, Viscount Charles also
discovered the clover. The clover replaced nitrogen in soil and it also replenished the soil. This crop eliminated the need for farmers to leave fields
untilled and the clover was excellent food for cattle (17). An English Farmer named Jethro Tull discovered a new way of planting seeds. Before
farmers just

Industrial Revolution Dbq
The industrial revolution in Europe didn't happen overnight but only spread over the continent very gradually. One of the triggers was the unusually
high growth in the population which set in around the middle of the 18th century and produced a gigantic reservoir of workers. At the same time new,
more efficient methods of production became necessary in order to supply the basic needs of so many people. In this situation Great Britain enjoyed
two important advantages: an extremely productive and wealthy agricultural system, and an astonishing number of creative inventors. This was why the
United Kingdom dictated the rhythm of progress to the rest of Europe from 1750 onwards for the next century or so.
The first spinning frames were created on the British Isles. These were followed by mechanical weaving looms, and it was not long before textile
factories were shooting out of the ground. At the same time a boom in the iron industry broke out. As soon as people discovered how to turn coal into
coke iron manufacturers had excellent, almost unlimited reserves of fuel at their disposal with which to process iron ore. Once steam engines were
introduced to heat the furnace ovens more quickly and effectively, the skylines in the coal regions were quickly covered in colliery towers and the
chimney stacks of iron works.
Workers poured into the new industrial centers and in a few years villages exploded into major cities: here the masses were forced to live under
appalling conditions

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the Industrial Revolution in Europe had a significant influence on society. There were many
changes in social classes and equality. The rise of the middle class had a momentous effect on the population of Europe and was a catalyst for many
changes in the social makeup of the region. The influence of technology and electricity changed many aspects of social interaction and created a new
class system. The migration of workers and the separation of the classes had political and social repercussions throughout Europe. Labor unions and
political parties provided protection and a voice to many of the working class, and urbanization provided the stage for reformers to push for modernized
...show more content...
Another by–product of the migration and urbanization was the changing role of women. As the women left the rural areas where they had been the
maternal leader of their families, they sought employment in the new factories. Despite the new working women they remained "second–class citizens"
throughout Europe. Regardless of their social class or setting, women remained marginalized in society. In the nineteenth century, women "faced social
and legal disabilities in three areas: property rights, family law, and education" (727). As workers and unions sought a voice for the masses, women,
too, were seeking equality.
As women sought equality, the nations of Europe gradually turned to democracy and an electoral system. With the democratic philosophy, political
parties were being introduced for the first time. Political parties were organized to help educate the new voters because many of the working class
were not educated on the process. As the political parties grew, the working class became the largest sect of voters. The political parties also provided
a spring–board for the socialist party. The ideas of socialism were rooted in the vision of equality for the working class. The utopian view of all classes
sharing across the European continent by the socialists was not shared by many of the nationalist. European socialists "badly underestimated the
emotional drawing power of nationalism" (738). The

The Industrial Revolution Of Europe
When taking a look at workplace ethics in the modern world, one tends to its set up for granted. In a society which grants employees workmen's
compensation, unemployment pay, and child labor regulations, it is hard to imagine a world in which these things did not exist. A society in which
the rights of workers were ignored and brushed off as unimportant is hard to grasp, but this type of society was in fact a reality during the first
Industrial Revolution of Europe. Through development of new perspectives on politics and businesses, the importance of applications of ethics in both
of these things became the topic of conversations on reform all across Europe. The exacting treatment and exploitation of workers throughout the
Industrial...show more content...
The past ideals of who would be the breadwinner of the family was tossed away; everyone– men, women, and children had to pitch in.
Although exploitation occurred across all genders and age groups during the Industrial Revolution, women and children were most commonly taken
advantage of by their employers. They would work twelve to sixteen hours every day, which cut into the time children would have been using for
schooling, socializing, and living a healthy life style. Children who worked in factories had no chance of getting any type of education, which wiped
away any potential for bettering society in the future. A perfect example of this is Elizabeth Bentley, a twenty–three year old woman interviewed by the
Parliamentary Commission. She had been working in a flax–mill since she was six years old. Elizabeth described to them the cruel working conditions
she endured as a child being exploited by avaricious business owners. She worked for eleven hours every day, and was left with forty minutes to eat
lunch. Her work left her physically handicapped, and once she could not do the work anymore, she was let go and left to live in the poorhouse until
she died a few years after her testimony was taken. When reading through her entire statement, there is no doubt that Elizabeth was a smart, intellectual
person. If she was given the proper education, she could have given many important and beneficial

Industrial Revolution in Europe
Before the industrial revolution, Europe was mostly dominated by farmers but as the industrial revolution progressed this changed dramatically.
Industrial revolution had a significant impact in the process by making new demands that shaped the way of life through increased competition and
technological innovation. Generally, it was a historical period that sparked in a stroke a number numerous changes in the economic, social and political
dimensions. It is considered as a period that made the biggest impact on 19th century Europe considering that it was the period that the countries
realized significant progress that shaped their economies in great details with nationalism and imperialism as well being direct impacts of the revolution.
Not many could have anticipated the rapid rise of the European industry that was realized from industrial revolution. As a note, dominance in wage
labor, rapid growth of cities and evolution of industries mostly from steel and iron factories were perhaps the greatest changes that were experienced.
In economic changes, manifestations were evident through the increased rates of immigration to better places, rapid growth of cities as centers of
trade and changes in the type of work and working structures. Socially, reorganization of family was experienced as well as changes in ownership of
jobs, rural to urban migration as well as where and when to work (Lynn et al. 413–414). Politics also played a great role in

The Industrial Revolution hit Europe and along with it came a great deal of change. Not only did this industrial revolution affect standards of living
in cities, it also affected greatly the nature and quality of labor. The Industrial Revolution had an impact of the greatest magnitude on Europe and has
shaped the work style and nature of labor that Europeans know today. Although it may seem like a revolution of this sort would have great benefits
for those who lived through it, evidence seems to show otherwise. For many it was difficult to adapt to this new world of industrial labor and for
others it was a bit easier to adjust.
Preindustrial labor, or "old" labor, was not easy. Days were long and pay was never sufficient enough for...show more content...
Preindustrial labor often gave a strong sense of individualism, independence, and satisfaction. To many the old system of labor seemed luxurious
compared to the new type of work the Industrial Revolution brought.
One would think industrialization would bring better paying jobs and more employment opportunities, but the stories of the people who lived
through the Industrial Revolution say otherwise. Workers faced long days, if not even longer days than those who worked in preindustrial times.
Even though work hours were somewhat the same as preindustrial labor, the way those hours were carried out differed greatly. Laborers no longer
had the comfort of working alongside and socializing with their families nor the power to control their pace of work. Workers would now be
punished and penalized for doing such things. Companies would enforce punctuality and pace usually by correlating it with a worker's pay. The less
punctual and lazier you were, the more fines and the more pay decreases you would suffer. The nature of this new labor emphasized more on the
importance of the company rather than the individual. Companies often had little concern when their workers suffered. If someone was incapable of
performing their duties, there was always somebody else to take their place. It was unfortunate because many of these workers who were unable to
perform well at their job often suffered from

The Spread Of Industrialization In Europe
Industrialization lead to a great deal of wealth for many people. People now earn higher wages in factories than on farms. Which means better clothing,
healthier diets, better shelter,longer life expectancy, and an improved standard of living. Also inspiring technological inventions such as the "spinning
jenny", "steam engine", and "water frame."
For centuries, the majority of Europeans lived in rustic areas. But after 1800, most people moved to cities. Most of Europe's urban areas at least
doubled, some even quadrupled in population in the period of urbanization.
The creation of factories and power machines provided many new job opportunities for the people of Europe. The new machinery increased production
and gave people the ability

Industrial Revolution And European Imperialism
During the industrial revolution was also a time when imperialism was at its height. Because of all the inventions that were created during the
industrial revolution, countries all over the world decided that they not only just needed money to keep their empire at large, they decided that they
need more land. And so the countries and empires in Europe set out to conquer the country that was nearest to them, Africa. Not only did Africa had a
large amount of people to sell for slaves, it had most of the materials and ingredients Europe needed to invent more inventions. And for this reason
Europe was at competition with each other to gain more land and materials for their empire.
Europe is a land of take, meaning what they wanted, they get. For

Industrial Revolution Changed European Culture
The second Industrial Revolution changed European culture on the grounds that it had an immense effect on purchaser society when all is said in
done, and by numerous terms, it was viewed as a gigantic step towards the present day shopper society. As Western culture between the 1900s to the
current age, the individual developed in worth. Also, in this manner individuals started to purchase items that they needed as opposed to required.
This was because of a deluge in accessible occupations and more cash circling on the European market. While coal and steam were made more viable,
autos were likewise in developing interest and prevalence, particularly moving towards the 1930s. The material business developed as the purchaser
amicable style industry

European Industrial Revolution
Olivia Settle
Western Civilization
Exam Two
12 April 2017
Exam Two
The European industrial revolution occurred slowly from the 1700's threw to the end of the 1800's. With this brought many changes to not only
everyday folk, but also within the governments. With that said as well how the governments and the citizens interacted with each other. I believe there
was two main factors in which the government and the population interacted with each other: Liberalism and Nationalism. The liberals' main intention
was to acquire an equal economic and political freedom for all people. Before this form of governance came to play in the system of governance of
the European colonies, many issues had to be straightened. Some of the predecessors like the...show more content...
Although liberalism ties into nationalism I do believe that they stand alone to one another.
Work cited
Kagan, Donald, et al. The western heritage: Since 1300. Prentice Hall, 1998.
De Ruggiero, Guido, and Robin George Collingwood. "The history of European liberalism." (1928).
Burger, Michael. The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Enlightenment. University of Toronto Press,

I. General causes
A. Commercial gain
1. Industrial Revolution – the need for
a. raw materials– european countries relied heavily of these materials from asia, americas and africa. Raw materials were crucial for industrialization to
grow. As industrialization grew, resource competition rose resulting in some european industrialists to push colonization ofafrica in order to secure
resource availability
b. markets– with the surplus of goods from european manufacturers, the european people could not keep up with consumption. So, these industrialists
were forced to expand their product range with the use of markets. Like raw materials at one point, competition arose with markets and once again
industrialists pushed colonization of africa to secure...show more content...
Specific causes
A. Britain– Wanted to make sure France and Germany did not get their hands on the recently discovered gold, diamonds, and other resources. So they
secured as much of East Africa as quickly as they could. They seeked great commercial gain from Africa by building a telegraph line and railway
system from Cairo to the Cape (north to south) (this would ultimately reinforce Britain's commercial gain)
B. France– More active in the west and north–west whereas the British were centralized in the East. After establishing coastal region control in Senegal
and Algeria, they sought raw materials like palm oil and timber, and markets new to them. They believed that developing an overseas empire was
critical in enhancing their wealth as a county.
C. Belgium– King Leopold II wanted to have his country have its own spot on the map. He was going to do this by taking the Congo Basin as his
own. He was going to make a colony that was quite larger than Belgium and fund all of this himself.
D. Portugal– Stretched its claims forward to Angola and Mozambique in efforts not to fall and be left behind in the territorial expansion

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