Eremie, maxwell effects of individual counseling nfjca v1 n1 2012

NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION
VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1, 2012
1
Effects of Individual Counseling on Social Adjustment
of Registered Widows in Rivers State of Nigeria
Maxwell Eremie, EdD
Department Of Guidance and Counseling
Rivers State University of
Science and Technology
Port Harcourt, Rivers State
George Margaret Kennedy
Nce, Bed, Med Guidance and Counseling
International Secondary School
Rivers State University of
Science and Technology
Nkpolu, Orowurokwo, Port Harcourt
G. Solomon Osho, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Justice Studies
College of Juvenile Justice & Psychology
Prairie View A&M University
Member of the Texas A&M University System
Prairie View, Texas
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor
PhD Program in Educational Leadership
Whitlowe R. Green College of Education
Prairie View A&M University
Member of the Texas A&M University
Prairie View, Texas
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of individual counseling based on social adjustment of
registered widows in Rivers State of Nigeria. The Rational Emotive Therapy and Clients
Centered counseling techniques were used in counseling the registered widows for social
adjustment. Four research questions and four null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the
0.05 level of significance. The study population was made up of all the registered widows in
Rivers State. The purposive sampling technique was used to obtain 60 registered widows who
were understood the purpose of counseling. The research instrument was administered easily.
The 60 widows were placed in 4 groups of 15 subjects each: 3 experimental and one control
group. The pre-test post-test quasi experimental design was adopted for the study. The adapted
social adjustment scale (ASAA) was used to collect data from the subjects. The reliability of
ASAS was established using the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, and it yielded a
coefficient of “r” 0.86. Data was analyzed using Independent t-test for the first three hypotheses
and ANOVA for the fourth hypothesis. Results indicated among others that individual
counseling techniques based on RET and CCA led to significant remediation of social
adjustment problems among registered widows in Rivers State.

2___________________________________________________________________________________________
Counseling is a universal service for all people, irrespective of race, color, creed, and
language. It is often misconstrued as a service for schools and children. This belief is erroneous
as it is meant for diverse individuals and groups in diverse setting on diverse issues, who by
nature, condition, or circumstances may be subjected to a series of problems that need solution
like the widows. The death of a spouse is for many the most devastating experience in life.
Holmes and Rahe (1967) rated death of a spouse as the most stressful life event people undergo,
and this affects their level of adjustment socially and other-wise. Most widows find ways of
adjusting to the loss, for others it may be too difficult without additional support. Some widows
manifest some behaviors which are inimical and detrimental to their existence. These behaviors
do not enhance the maintenance and actualization of the potentials of the individual (widow)
within the society she lives.
Calkin (2001) observes in bereavement literature, terms such as shock, denial, distress,
realization, resolution, bond, growth, equilibrium, grief, etc. are summary labels for various
behaviours that are observed after the death of a loved one. The summary label “grief” for
example includes behaviours such as crying, feeling sad, worrying, having a memory of a shaved
event, behaving angrily, etc. When such behaviours are exhibited, social maladjustment is bound
to set in. An individual who is socially maladjusted can not relate well with others or co-exist
amicably with others. Talking and relating friendly with people bother them. They tend to be
hostile, aggressive, easily irritated, and lose their temper without any justifiable reason. When a
great grief comes, there is the tendency to retreat into oneself. Grief can make for “indifference”,
unwilling to see colour in anything, goodness in any person, disconnecting from the world, and
taking to the bed. When a widow is socially adjusted, most of these reactions can be averted. It is
against this background that this study was carried out.
Statement of Problem
Widows are a part and parcel of the Society we live in. They are supposed to co-exist
amicably with others, relate, and cordially work with others. The situations around widows make
them social deviants (socially maladjusted). They withdraw from interacting with people around
them due to societal hostility towards them. In Africa, they are often accused of being
responsible for their husband’s death and given treatment. This calls for counseling services to
be rendered to them for proper adjustment so they can carry on with life like every other person
in society. This study used two counseling techniques, Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) and the
Client Centered Approach (CCA), to investigate the individual and combined effects of RET and
CCA in an individual counseling setting for the improvement of social adjustment among
registered widows in Rivers State of Nigeria.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of RET, CCA, and a
combination of RET / CCA in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows in Rivers
State in an individual counseling situation. Specifically, the study was aimed at achieving the
following to:

MAXWELL EREMIE, GEORGE MARGARET KENNEDY, G. SOLOMON OSHO, AND
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS
___________________________________________________________________________________________3
 Determine how effective RET is in enhancing social adjustment among registered
widows.
 Determine how effective CCA is in enhancing social adjustment among registered
widows.
 Determine how effective the combination of RET and CCA is in enhancing social
adjustment among registered widows.
 Find out the most effective counseling method among RET, CCA, and a combination of
RET /CCA in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows.
Research Questions
The following research questions were postulated to guide the investigation.
 How effective is RET in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows as
measured by their pretest and post-test mean scores?
 How effective is CCA in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows as
measured by their pretest and post test mean scores?
 How effective are the combined effects of RET / CCA in enhancement social adjustment
among registered widows as measured by their pretest and post test mean scores?
 What is the most effective counseling method in enhancing social adjustment among
registered widows as measured by their pre-test and post-test mean scores? RET? CCA?
A combination of RET/ CCA?
Hypotheses
The following null hypotheses were formulated to give bearing to the study and were
tested at 0.05% level of significance.
 There is no significant difference in the social adjustment post-test mean scores of
registered widows counseled with RET and that of the control group.
 There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with CCA and that of the control group.
registered widows counseled with RET / CCA and that of the control group.
registered widows counseled with RET, CCA, and a combination of RET / CCA.

4___________________________________________________________________________________________
Scope of the Study
The study was carried out in Rivers State of Nigeria. Specifically, the geographical scope
of this study covered Port-Harcourt City where widows were dully registered at the Women
Development Centre located in Port-Harcourt. With regard to content scope, the study covered
the way in which Rational Emotive Therapy and Client Centered Counseling techniques were
used in counseling the registered widows in Rivers State to enhance social adjustment and were
delimited to individual counseling. It equally utilized a control group for comparison.
Literature Review
Literature related to this study was reviewed empirically and theoretically on RET, CCA,
widowhood, and social adjustment. RET and CCA counseling models have been proved to have
a high level of success in improving people’s life socially, academically, psychologically, and
otherwise. Olta and Odoemelam (1999) conducted an experimental study among 28 physically
challenged secondary school students in Afikpo Urban of Afikpo North Local Government Area
of Ebonyi State utilizing RET and CCA to improve self concept. The result showed the
experimental groups with individual and combined treatment factors had an improved self
concept over the control group which had no counseling. The study also revealed that RETS and
CCA were effective. None of them was significantly more effective than the other.
Eniola and Adebiyi (2005) conducted an experimental study among 48 visually impaired
students in Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo utilizing RET and Reality therapy in
improving socialization problems using 3 x 2 x 2 factorial matrix. The results revealed that RET
subjects socialized significantly better than all other subjects. The difference between the mean
scores of the group receiving Reality therapy and the control group did not reach significant
level.
Ker, Ekoja, and Ekoja (2007) also conducted an experimental study in Benue State
University for 2004/2005 Session post graduate students. They used a sample size of 60 students
made up of 39 males and 21 females with a mean age of 36 years. They used RET to improve
voters’ attitudes. The results showed the treatment factors of RET produced a significant mean
difference between the experimental and control groups in favor of the former. The control group
maintained consistency in their demonstration of apathy greed / selfishness and non-cooperation
while the experimental group did not.
Nwosu (2007) conducted an experimental study consisting of 30 truants aged 9 to 14
years old from primary 4 to 6 classes from 3 urban public primary schools in Akwa South Local
Government Education Authority of Anambra State. He used individual counseling. The results
indicated among others that individualized counseling techniques led to significant remediation
of truancy in children. Neely (1982) used CCA with other therapeutic approaches to manage
unassertiveness and emotionally disturbed students. He found them very effective. The treatment
group with CCA improved over the control group. Broedel, Ohlem, Proff, and Southhand (1960)
used RET and CCA in their research to improve under-achievement among gifted adolescents.
They found the mean scores of the treatment groups and the control group to be significantly
different in favour of the experimental group. Several cross-sectioned studies have suggested
marriage is protective, and that widowhood, divorce, and separation are detrimental to health

___________________________________________________________________________________________5
behaviours and social mal-adjustment (Rosenbloom & Whittington, 1993; Schone & Weinick,
1998).
Eze and Nnamani (2004) conducted a survey to determine the health implication of
widowhood practice in Udenu Local Government Area of Enugu State using a sample size of
150 widows from 6 randomly selected communities in the study area. The result revealed there
are some obnoxious widowhood practices in the area that have left many widows in perpetual
sorrow, withdrawal from others that constituted serious health hazards to them.
Denga (1991) noted social adjustment is a personality trait. While some people cordially
work with others, talk, and co-exist amicably with others; other people want to be on their own.
Talking and relating friendly with people bother them. Baker and Sirkyk (1983) noted those who
relate with others very well get along cordially, peacefully, and cheerfully are said to be socially
adjusted. Such people enjoy contacts with others and wish to participate in social and group
activities without being prompted to do so. The results of the reviewed works assisted the current
study in assessing the effects of individual counseling on social adjustment of registered widows
in Rivers State of Nigeria.
Methodology
Research Design
The pre-test, post-test quasi experimental control group design was adopted to establish
the effects of individual counseling on the social adjustment of registered widows in Rivers State
of Nigeria.
Population
The target population of the study comprised all the registered widows in Rivers State
numbering 5600 by the submission given to government at inception in 1998 when it was
formed.
Sample and Sampling Technique
The sample size was drawn from the committed and dedicated members of the
association for purpose of ease of accessibility of members for counseling and administration of
instrument. Only 60 registered widows were drawn for the study. The choice was purposive. The
purposive sampling technique was used to achieve this representation. The 60 widows were
randomly placed into four groups of 15 subjects each: three experimental and one control group.
Instrument for Data Collection
The Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) developed by Denga (1991) was adapted and
renamed Adapted Social Adjustment Scale (ASAS). Thu, certain items on the instrument have
been modified, replaced, or left as they were. All items are designed to tap the proneness or

6___________________________________________________________________________________________
propensity of adjustment problems as it relates to widows. The instrument had two sections: Part
A had a Personal data of two items and Part B consists of 30 self report items. All items are
statements concerning social interaction, social participation, and social affiliation. For scoring,
the values, 4, 3, 2, 1 were respectively assigned to the 4 point values from the positive to the
negative end.
Validation of the Instrument
The instrument was subjected to close scrutiny by test experts and those from the field of
Guidance and Counseling to ensure that both content and face validities were obtained.
Particularly, close attention was given to the relevance of the items with regard to the research
questions and hypotheses. Thus, the items were framed and reframed. Thereafter, the suggestions
for improvement were incorporated into the final draft which was used for the study.
Reliability
The reliability of the instrument was established by employing the test retest method. The
instrument was administered on 20 widows who were not registered in Rivers State. The period
of interval between the first and second administration was 3 weeks. The Pearson product
moment correlation was employed to find the relationship between the two sets of scores (the
first administration and the second administration). This gave a co-efficient value of “r” – 0.86
which was accepted to be high for utilization.
Administration
The face to face method that implies administering the instrument personally or through
an assistant was used for the purpose of explaining further terms that may not be clear to the
respondents. The pre-test was administered after the formation of all the counseling groups while
the post-test was administered after the counseling process. The interval between the first and
second administration was twelve weeks.
Data Analysis Procedure
The four research questions were answered using the mean and standard deviation of the
pre-test and post-test scores where the mean scores of the experimental and control groups were
compared. For the first three hypotheses, a t-test was used to compare the significance of the
difference between the post-test mean scores of the experimental and control group. The one way
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for the fourth hypothesis to determine the significance
of the difference of the post-test mean scores of the three experimental groups (RET, CCA, and
RET / CCA).

___________________________________________________________________________________________7
Results
The results are shown below with appropriate tables indicating pre-test and post-test
scores.
Research Question 1: How effective is RET in enhancing social adjustment among registered
widows as measured by their pre-test and post-test mean scores?
Table 1
Registered Widows in RET Group Pre-test and Post-test Mean Scores
Pre-test mean scores Post-test mean scores
Group n x SD n x SD df
RET
Experimental Group 1 15 49 6.5 15 82 10.5 33
The post-test mean score of 82 is much higher than the pre-test mean score of 49. The
difference between the two sets of scores was 33. This has shown the gains of RET individual
counseling. The answer to research question 1 was the RET individual counseling method was
very effective in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows in Rivers state of Nigeria
as revealed by their pre-test and post-test mean scores.
Research Question 2: How effective is CCA in enhancing social adjustment among registered
widows in Rivers State as measured by their pre-test and post-test mean
scores?
Table 2
Registered Widows in CCA Group Pre-test and Post-test Mean Scores
CCA

8___________________________________________________________________________________________
The post-test mean score of 78 was higher than the pre-test mean score of 45. The
difference between the two sets of scores was 33 indicating the effectiveness of the CCA
individual counseling method. The answer to research question 2 was the CCA individual
counseling method was very effective in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows
in Rivers State of Nigeria as revealed by their pre-test – post-test mean scores.
Research Question 3: How effective are the combined effects of RET and CCA in enhancing
social adjustment among registered widows as measured by their pre-test
and post-test mean scores?
Table 3
Registered Widows Pre-test and Post-test Mean Scores for Group 3 (Combination of RET
And CCA)
RET/CCA
Table 3 shows an increase in the post-test mean score of 80 over the pre-test mean score
of 51, indicating a difference of 29. The answer to question 3 was; The combined effects of
RET/CCA was very effective in enhancing social adjustment among registered widows as
revealed by their pre-test and post-test mean scores.
Research Question 4: Which is the most effective counseling method in enhancing social
adjustment among registered widows in Rivers State among the 3
experimental groups; RET, CCA and a combination of RET / CCA?

___________________________________________________________________________________________9
Table 4
Social Adjustment Pre-test and Post-test Mean Scores for all the Experimental Groups and the
Control Group
Experimental
Group 1 RET 15 49 6.5 15 82 10.6 33
Experimental
Group 2 CCA 15 45 6.2 15 78 11.2 33
Experimental
Group 3 RET/CCA 15 51 6.8 15 80 12.3 29
Control Group 15 48 6.7 15 51 6.8 3
Table 4 reveals the gains obtained from all counseling groups. The post-test mean scores
for all the counseling groups improved above the pre-test mean scores. The answer to research
question 4 was that all the counseling groups were very effective in enhancing social adjustment
among registered widows in Rivers State. None was move effective than the other.
Hypotheses Testing
HO1 There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with RET and the control group.
Table 5
Table Value of t-test
Group n x SD SE p df
Calculated
t-test value
Table value
of t-test Decision
RET 15 82 10.6 3.3 0.05 28 9.3 2.048 Rejected
Control 15 51 6.8 HO1

10___________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 5 shows the calculated t-test value of 9.3 was higher than the critical or table value
of t at 0.05 level of significance that is 2.048. This calls for the rejection of Ho1. It therefore
means the mean difference between experimental group one RET and the control group is
statistically significant.
HO2: There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with CCA and that of the Control group.
Table 6
Table Value of t-test
Group n x SD SE p df
Calculated
t-test value
Table value
of t-test Decision
CCA 15 78 11.2 3.4 0.05 28 7.9 2.048 Rejected
Control 15 51 6.8
Table 6 shows clearly the calculated t-test value of 7.9 was higher than the table value of
2.048. Consequently, the null hypothesis stating there is no significant difference on social
adjustment post-test mean scores of registered widows counseled with CCA, and those in the
control group who received no counsels was rejected. This implies the statistical difference is
significant between the CCA group and the control group.
HO3: There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with the combination of RET and CCA and the control group who
received no counseling.
Table 7
Summary of Data and t-test on the Significant Difference between the Post-test Mean Scores
of Registered Widows Exposed to a Combination of RET and CCA and Those in the Control
Group
Group n x SD SE p df Calculated
t-test value
Table
value of
t-test
Decision
RET / CCA 15 80 12.3 3.6 0.05 28 8.0 2.048
Reject
HO3
Control 15 51 6.8

___________________________________________________________________________________________11
Table 7 shows clearly the calculated value of t-test which is 8.0 was higher than the table
value of t-test at 0.05 level of significance which is 2.048. Consequently, the null hypothesis
stating there is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean scores of registered
widows counseled with a combination of RET and CCA and those in the control group RET /
CCA and the control group was rejected.
HO4: There is no significant difference in social adjustment post-test mean score of registered
widows counseled with RET, CCA, and a combination of RET / CCA.
Table 8
Calculated f-ratio and Critical Value of f-ratio
Source
of variance
Sum
of squares
(ss)
df
Mean
square (ms)
p
Calculated
f-ratio
Critical value
f-ratio
Decision
Between
groups
112.94
k-1
3-1=2
556.47 0.05 0.66 3.22
Accept
HO4
Within
groups
3570.80
n-k
45-
3=42
85.02
Total 3683.80
n-1
45-
1=44
The result on Table 8 shows the calculated f-value was less than the critical f-value at
0.05 level of significance that is 0.66 < 3.22. This therefore calls for the acceptance of Ho4. This
suggests that the mean difference between the three experimental groups is statistically, not
significant. Consequently, the null hypothesis that states there is no significant difference in
social adjustment post- test mean scores of registered widows counseled with RET, CCA, and a
combination of RET/CCA is retained. This result is in agreement with the answered questions
in Research Question 4.
Discussion of Findings
The study revealed that the registered widows before counseling had a low level of social
adjustment as revealed in the pre-test results shown side by side with the post-test results on
tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. Social adjustment scores increased tremendously after exposure to
treatment (counseling) as revealed by the post-test mean scores of the same tables. This means
counseling with the techniques of REC, CCA, and a combination of RET/CCA was very
effective in counseling registered widows. This result is in line with the findings of Olta and
Odoemelam (1999) who used RET and CCA in improving self concept among physically
handicapped secondary school students in Afikpo Urban of Afikpo North Local Government
Area of Ebonyi State of Nigeria.

12___________________________________________________________________________________________
This finding is again affirmed in the hypothesis test (table 5) which also showed there is a
significant difference in social adjustment post-test means scores of widows counseled with RET
and that of the control group. The result of the calculated t-test value of 9.3 and critical value of
t at 0.05 level of significance was 2.048. This showed there was indeed a significant statistical
difference between those counseled with RET and the control group that received no counseling.
The outcome of this analysis is in consonance with the findings of Eniola and Adebiyi (2005)
who conducted an experimental study of this nature among 48 visually impaired students in the
Federal College of Education Oyo using RET and Reality therapy in improving socialization.
They found the RET group to socialize better than the reality group. Ker, Ekoja, and Ekoja
(2007) also affirms the effectiveness of RET in their bid to improve voters’ attitudes in Benue
State University among 2004/2005 session post graduate students. The result showed the
treatment factors of RET produced a significant mean difference between the experimental and
control group in favor of the former.
This finding also supports the hypothesis test (table 6) that shows a notable and
significant different between the widows counseled with CCA and those in the control group
who received no counseling. This finding affirms that CCA is an effective counseling technique
in counseling widows for social adjustment. The finding corroborates that of Neely (1982) who
found CCA and other therapeutic approaches to be very effective in the management of
unassertiveness and emotionally disturbed students. In the same vein, the low social adjustment
showed in the pre-test mean scores improved significantly after receiving counseling.
Another result of this study shown on Table 7 was there was a statistical significant
difference between those counseled with a combination of RET and CCA and the control group
who received no counseling. Social adjustment increased tremendously after counseling widows
with RET and CCA. This finding is also in agreement with the findings of Broedel, Ohlem,
Proff, and Southhand (1960) who used RET and CCA in an experimental research of this nature
to improve under achievement among gifted adolescents. They found the treatment groups and
the control group to be significantly different in favor of the experimental groups.
Another major finding of this study found on Table 8 was there was no significant mean
difference between those counseled with RET, CCA, and those in the combination group of RET
and CCA. This implies that all the therapeutic approaches were effective; none was more
effective than the other. Again this finding was also in line with the finding of Olta and
Odoemelam (1999) who concluded that RET, CCA, and the combination of the two were
effective interventions in improving self concept of physically handicapped adolescents. When
RET and CCA are combined as a therapeutic approach, it can improve behaviour effectively.
Conclusions
From the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn. RET, CCA, and a
combination of RET and CCA are all effective tools in enhancing social adjustment among
registered widows in Rivers State of Nigeria.
- All the counseling approaches adopted in this study were effective in bringing about
behavioural changes among registered widows in Rivers State. None was more effective
than the other in improving social adjustment among these widows.

___________________________________________________________________________________________13
- RET, CCA, and a combination of the two can be used to help individuals in a diverse
setting.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made.
- Counseling services should not be limited to the school system or children alone as a
universal service for humanity; it should be rendered beyond the boundary of the school
system.
- Government in Nigeria should establish counseling centers at strategic places to carter for
all classes of people that need counseling.
- Counselors in Nigeria can help individuals to improve on their social adjustment using
RET, CCA, and a combination of both.
Implication of Findings to Counseling
Counseling contributes positively towards behaviour modification, and one of the
principles of counseling states that “Counseling is for all people” since this is the case Neely
(1982).
- Counselors should not restrict themselves within the confines of the school environment.
As a community project, counseling can be performed beyond the borders of the school
environment to address different issues and diverse kinds of people in our society.
- Counseling Association of Nigeria (CASSON) should work in harmony with the
government and other co-operate bodies and stakeholders to advocate employment of
counselors in every establishment where humans exist.
- RET/CCA can be used to help educators and policy makers to critically appraise their
thoughts and plans before taking any action.
References
Baker, R. W, & Sirkyk, B. (1983). Social propensity and college adjustment. Journal of college
student Personnel, 24(4), 331-335.
Broedel, J. Ohlsen, M. Proff, F., & Southhand, C. (1960). The effects of group counseling on
gifted underachieving adolescent. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 7(3), 163-170.
Calkin, A. (2001). Response in bereavement process. European Journal of Behavior Analysis,
(2), 139 -142.
Denga, D. I. (1991). Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) user’s manual. Calabar, Nigeria: Rapid
Educational Publishers.
Eniola, M. S., & Adebiyi, B. A. (2005). Effects of Rational Emotive Behaviour and
Reality Theoretic on socialization problems of visually impaired students. The
Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 10(1), 161-168. Faculty of Education,
University of Ilorin Nigeria.

14___________________________________________________________________________________________
Eze, S. G. N., & Nnamani, M.N. (2004). Health implication of widowhood practices in
Ucherm Local Government Area of Enugu State. Nigerian Journal of Health Education,
12(1), 14-20.
Holmes, T., & Rahe, R. (1967). Golmes Rahe Life Changing Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic
Research, 11, 105-111.
Ker, B.O., Ekoja, A.A., & Ekoja, O.C. (2007). The effects of Rational Emotive Therapy on
voters’ attitude. The Counselor, 23, 213-220.
Neely, M. A. (1982). Counseling and audience practice with special educational students.
Chicago, IL: Dorsey Press.
Nwosu, N. G. (2007). Efficacy of individual counseling techniques, in remedying truancy
among primary school pupils. The Counselor, 23, 229-234.
Olta, C., & Odoemelam, A. U (1999). Rational Emotive Therapy and Clement Centered
Therapy Group Counseling Models in the improvement of self-concept among
physically handicapped adolescents. Counseling Spectrum, 2(1), 55-60.
Rosenbloom, C.A., & Whittington, F.J. (1993). The effects of bereavement on early behavior
and nutrients intakes in elderly widowed persons. Journal of Gerontology: Social
Sciences, 48, 223-229.
Schone, B.S., & Weinick, R.M. (1998). Health related behavior as the benefits of marriage for
elderly persons. The Gerontologist, 58(6), 627.

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