SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 18
‫اقتصاد‬ ‫دانشکده‬
‫سمستر‬
:
‫دوم‬
‫مضمون‬
:
‫خرد‬ ‫اقتصاد‬
‫مضمون‬ ‫استاد‬
:
‫هللا‬ ‫وثیق‬
"
‫غیاثی‬
"
Email: wasiqullah.Ghiasi@gmail.com
WhatsApp: 0707267726
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
‫سوم‬ ‫فصل‬
‫کشش‬
5/2/2023
‫مقدمه‬
‫كشش‬
‫كه‬
‫براساس‬
‫درصد‬
‫تغییرات‬
‫متغییرهاي‬
‫اقتصادي‬
‫محاسبه‬
‫مي‬
‫شود‬
‫همان‬
‫واكنش‬
‫مصرف‬
‫كننده‬
‫و‬
‫تولیدكننده‬
‫در‬
‫قبال‬
‫تغییرات‬
‫قیمت‬
‫كاال‬
‫و‬
‫درآمد‬
‫است‬
.
‫بررسي‬
‫و‬
‫تحلیل‬
‫متغیرهاي‬
‫تأثیرگذار‬
‫بر‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫و‬
‫تخمین‬
‫صحیح‬
‫اثر‬
‫كمي‬
‫آنه‬
‫ا‬
‫بر‬
‫فروش‬
(
‫كشش‬
‫ها‬
)
‫براي‬
‫تولیدكنندگان‬
‫كه‬
‫به‬
‫دنبال‬
‫اخذ‬
‫بهترين‬
‫تصمیم‬
‫در‬
‫كوتاه‬
‫مدت‬
‫و‬
‫رشد‬
‫بلند‬
‫مدت‬
‫حائز‬
‫اهمیت‬
‫است‬
.
‫به‬
‫طور‬
‫كلي‬
‫اقتصاددانان‬
‫براي‬
‫ارزيابي‬
‫واكنش‬
5/2/2023
‫كشش‬
‫و‬
‫انواع‬
‫آن‬
‫درصد‬
‫تغییرات‬
‫دو‬
‫متغیر‬
‫نسبت‬
‫به‬
‫يكديگر‬
‫را‬
‫گويند‬
.
‫در‬
‫اقتصاد‬
‫به‬
‫توجه‬
‫به‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫و‬
‫عرضه‬
‫مي‬
‫توان‬
‫چهار‬
‫كشش‬
‫مهم‬
‫را‬
‫مطرح‬
‫نمود‬
‫كه‬
‫نمودار‬
‫زير‬
‫اين‬
‫تقسیم‬
‫بندي‬
‫را‬
‫نشان‬
‫مي‬
‫دهد‬
:
5/2/2023
‫كشش‬
‫قيمتي‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫كشش‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫شاخصي‬
‫است‬
‫كه‬
‫به‬
‫صورت‬
‫كمي‬
‫رفتار‬
‫مصرف‬
‫كنندگان‬
‫را‬
‫در‬
‫مقابل‬
‫تغییر‬
‫در‬
‫قیمت‬
‫ها‬
‫نشان‬
‫مي‬
‫دهد‬
.
‫كشش‬
‫قیمتي‬
،‫تقاضا‬
‫عبارت‬
‫است‬
‫از‬
‫درصد‬
‫تغییرات‬
‫مقدار‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫به‬
‫درصد‬
‫تغییرات‬
‫در‬
‫قیمت‬
‫را‬
‫گويند‬
‫كه‬
‫با‬
(
‫به‬
‫اختصار‬
‫به‬
e
‫هم‬
‫نشان‬
‫داده‬
‫میشود‬
)
𝐸𝑑
𝑝
‫نشان‬
‫میدهند‬
.
‫كشش‬
‫قیمتي‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫در‬
‫واقع‬
‫همان‬
‫حساسیت‬
‫مقدار‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫نسبت‬
‫به‬
‫قیمت‬
‫كاالست‬
.
‫كشش‬
‫فرد‬
‫براي‬
‫يك‬
‫كاال‬
‫ممكن‬
‫است‬
‫متفاوت‬
‫از‬
‫كشش‬
‫تقاضاي‬
‫بازار‬
‫آن‬
‫كاال‬
5/2/2023
‫كشش‬
‫قيمتي‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫درصد‬
‫تغیرات‬
‫مقدار‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫نسبت‬
‫به‬
‫تغیر‬
‫قیمتاست‬
‫که‬
‫به‬
‫صورت‬
‫رابطه‬
‫زير‬
‫نشان‬
‫داده‬
‫میشود‬
𝐸𝑝=
𝑄2 −𝑄1
𝑃2− 𝑃1
x
𝑃2+𝑃1
𝑄2+𝑄1
𝐸𝑝=
Δ𝑄
Δ𝑃
x
𝑃
𝑄
‫کشش‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫معیار‬
‫سنجش‬
‫واکنش‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫برای‬
‫کاالی‬
‫مشخص‬
‫در‬
‫برابر‬
‫تغیر‬
‫قیمت‬
‫است‬
.
‫به‬
‫عبارت‬
‫ديگر‬
‫در‬
‫مقابل‬
‫چند‬
‫درصد‬
‫تغیر‬
‫در‬
‫قیمت‬
،‫کاال‬
‫چه‬
‫مقدار‬
‫تغیر‬
‫در‬
‫مقدار‬
‫فروش‬
‫آ‬
‫کاال‬
‫ايجاد‬
،‫میگردد‬
‫در‬
‫کشش‬
‫قیمتی‬
‫مفهوم‬
‫نسبی‬
‫داللت‬
‫بر‬
‫اين‬
5/2/2023
‫كشش‬
‫قيمتي‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫جدول‬
‫تقاضای‬
‫ذيل‬
‫را‬
‫در‬
‫نظر‬
‫گیريد‬
.
‫میخواهیم‬
‫کشش‬
‫قیمتی‬
‫را‬
‫هنگام‬
‫که‬
‫قیمت‬
‫برنج‬
‫از‬
5000
‫افغانی‬
‫به‬
4000
‫افغانی‬
‫کاهش‬
‫می‬
‫يابد‬
‫محاسبه‬
‫کنیم‬
‫وقتی‬
‫قیمت‬
‫برنج‬
‫از‬
5000
‫به‬
4000
‫کاهش‬
‫می‬
‫يابد‬
.
‫افزايش‬
‫مقدار‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫از‬
2000
‫به‬
4000
‫کیلو‬
‫افزايش‬
‫می‬
‫يابد‬
‫افزايش‬
‫مقدار‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫از‬
2000
‫به‬
4000
‫به‬
‫معنی‬
100
‫در‬
‫صد‬
‫افزايش‬
‫مقدار‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫است‬
‫و‬
‫کاهش‬
‫قیمت‬
‫از‬
5000
‫به‬
4000
‫به‬
‫معنی‬
20
‫درصد‬
‫کاهش‬
‫قیمت‬
‫کاال‬
‫می‬
‫باشد‬
.
‫بنا‬
‫بر‬
‫اين‬
‫کشش‬
‫قیمت‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫برا‬
‫بر‬
‫است‬
‫با‬
𝐸𝑝=
Δ𝑄
Δ𝑃
x
𝑃
𝑄 𝐸 =
4000−2000
4000−5000
𝑥
5000
2000
=-5
5/2/2023
‫کشش‬
‫قیمتی‬
‫تقاضای‬
5
-
‫به‬
‫اين‬
‫معنی‬
‫است‬
‫که‬
‫به‬
‫ازای‬
‫يک‬
‫در‬
‫صد‬
‫تغیر‬
‫در‬
‫قیمت‬
،‫برنج‬
‫مقدار‬
‫تقاضای‬
‫آن‬
‫به‬
‫اندازه‬
5
%
‫جهت‬
‫عکس‬
‫تغیرات‬
‫قیمت‬
‫تغیر‬
‫میکند‬
.
‫يعنی‬
‫اگر‬
1
%
‫قیمت‬
‫کاهش‬
‫يابد‬
‫مقدار‬
‫تقاضا‬
‫به‬
5
%
‫افزايش‬
‫می‬
‫يابد‬
.
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
5/2/2023
‫همه‬ ‫مندی‬ ‫حوصله‬ ‫از‬ ‫تشکر‬
‫عزیزان‬

More Related Content

Featured

PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa Mero
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...RachelPearson36
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at WorkGetSmarter
 
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
 
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationBarbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationErica Santiago
 

Featured (20)

PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
 
ChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slidesChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slides
 
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike RoutesMore than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
 
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
 
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationBarbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
 

اقتصاد خرد _فصل سوم_کشش.pptx