The document discusses collective behavior and social change. It covers topics like collective behavior, social movements, and theories of social change. It describes collective behavior as relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations. Social movements are defined as long-term conscious efforts to promote or prevent social change. Theories discussed include contagion theory, emergent-norm theory, value-added theory, relative deprivation theory, and resource mobilization theory.

1. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Chapter 16: Collective Behavior and
Social Change
Case Study: Why Social Movements Matter
Section 1: Collective Behavior
Section 2: Social Movements
Section 3: Social Change
Section 4: Theories of Social Change
Section 5: Modernization
Simulation: Applying What You’ve Learned

2. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Social movements “crest and wane” while experiencing
both successes and failures. The civil rights movement in
the United States is one example. In the 1950s and 1960s,
African Americans and anti-segregationists fought for equal
treatment and urged Congress to pass new legal
protections for minorities. While these efforts resulted in
dramatic changes, African Americans still experienced
discrimination in several areas.
Case Study: Why Social Movements Matter

3. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

4. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Collective Behavior
• Collective behavior is the relatively spontaneous social
behavior that occurs when people try to develop common
solutions to unclear situations. It can be divided into three
broad categories: crowds, collective preoccupations, and
public opinion.
• Explanations offered for collective behavior include
contagion theory, emergent-norm theory, and value-
added theory.
Section 1 at a Glance

5. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Focus
• How do sociologists define collective behavior?
• What kinds of collective behavior do crowds exhibit?
• What do collective preoccupations involve?
• How do politicians, businesses, and interest groups try to influence
public opinion?
• What theories have been offered to explain collective behavior?
Main Idea
• Collective behavior is divided into three broad categories: crowds,
collective preoccupations, and public opinion. Sociologists offer three
explanations for collective behavior: contagion theory, emergent-
norm theory, and value-added theory.
Collective Behavior

6. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Flash Mob!
What in the world is going on?

7. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
• The relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when
people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations
• Difficult to study because
– the types of collective behavior are numerous.
– behavior involves many people who do not know each other.
– collective behavior is not an enduring aspect of society.
• Collectivities are groups that exhibit collective behavior
• Collectivities include crowds, mobs, riots, panics, mass
hysteria, crazes, fashions, fads, rumors, urban legends, and
public opinion.
Defining Collective Behavior

8. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

9. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Check
Contrast
How do collectivities differ from groups?
Answer: In contrast to social groups, individuals in
collectivities have limited interaction with one
another, do not share defined or conventional
norms, and do not share a sense of group unity.

10. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Types of Crowds
A crowd is a temporary gathering of people who are in
close enough proximity to interact.
Types of crowds include the following:
– Casual crowd: forms spontaneously because some event
captures people’s attention; least organized and most temporary
type of crowd (Example: people waiting in line to buy movie
tickets)
– Conventional crowd: more structured; not much interaction, but
people act according to a set of rules (Example: people gathered
for a public lecture)
Crowds

11. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Types of crowds (cont.):
– Expressive crowd: has no apparent goal or purpose; forms
around emotionally charged events (Example: audiences at rock
concerts)
– Acting crowd: a violent group of people formed because of hostile
and destructive emotions (Example: looters after a natural
disaster)
– Protest crowd: exhibit characteristics of acting crowds; better
organized and longer lasting (Example: people protesting a
political convention)
Crowds

12. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

13. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

14. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Mobs and Riots
Mobs
– Emotionally charged collectivities whose members are united by
a specific destructive or violent goal
– Usually have leaders who urge the group towards common
action
Riots
– Collections of people who erupt into destructive behavior
– Less unified than mobs
Crowds

15. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Panics
• Spontaneous and
uncoordinated group
actions to escape some
perceived threat
• Mutual cooperation
breaks down
• Often occur in situations
outside the realm of
everyday experience
Mass Hysteria
• Unfounded anxiety shared
by people who can be
scattered over a wide
geographic area
• Involves irrational beliefs
• Usually short lived
Crowds

16. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Check
Identify Cause and Effect
What types of collective behavior
result from violence and fear?
Answer: mob, panic, and mass hysteria

17. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Even people who rarely meet, let alone interact, engage in
similar behavior and share an understanding of the
meaning of that behavior. Examples are fashions, fads,
rumors, and urban legends.
• Fashions: attachments to
particular styles of appearance
or behavior
• Fads: unconventional objects,
actions, or ideas that a large
number of people are attached
to for a short period of time
Fashions and Fads
Collective Preoccupations
• Rumors: unverified pieces of
information that are spread from
one person to another
• Urban legends: stories that
teach a lesson and seem
realistic but are untrue
Rumors and Urban Legends

18. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Check
Find the Main Idea
What are collective preoccupations
and how do they spread?
Answer: Collective preoccupations involve people
who rarely meet, yet engage in similar behavior
through participating in similar fads or fashion, or
taking part in the spread of the same rumor or
urban legend.

19. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Click on the
image to play
the Interactive.

20. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Public opinion is the collection of differing
attitudes that members of a public have about a
particular issue.
– Subject to rapid change
– People seeking elected office pay much attention
to public opinion.
Public Opinion

21. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Politicians, interest groups, and businesses pay billions of
dollars to influence the public using seven types of
propaganda or advertising:
• Testimonials
• Transfer
• Bandwagon
• Name-calling
• Plain-folks
• Glittering generalities
• Card stacking
Public Opinion

22. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Check
Identify Supporting Details
What techniques are used
to sway public opinion?
Answer: testimonials, transfer technique,
bandwagons, name-calling, plain-folks, glittering
generalities, and card stacking

23. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

24. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Contagion Theory
• The hypnotic power of a
crowd encourages people
to give up their individuality
to the stronger pull of the
group.
• A crowd offers anonymity,
overtakes members with
emotions, and makes
members suggestible.
Emergent-Norm Theory
• People are often faced
with a situation in which
traditional norms of
behavior do not apply.
• As a result, new norms
gradually emerge.
Explaining Collective Behavior

25. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Value-Added Theory
• Identified steps taken that result in collective behavior
• Six conditions result in collective behavior: structural
conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of a
generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilization for
action, and social control.
Explaining Collective Behavior

26. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Check
Contrast
How do the three theories differ
in how they explain collective behavior?
Answer: contagion theory—the hypnotic power of a crowd
encourages people to bend to the collective mind of the
crowd; emergent-norm theory—when faced with no clear
standards for behavior, people in a crowd conform to a new
set of norms; value-added theory—collective behavior
develops and narrows as each “value” is added to it.

27. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Responding to Terrorism
Although deeply shocked by the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001,
Americans quickly came together in a collective response. Since the attacks,
however, opinions on the appropriate reaction to terrorists have shifted.
Current Research in Sociology
Early Response
• Initial response was shock and
anger.
• Feelings of anxiety for own safety
increased.
• Many felt a sense of unity.
• Most supported military action
against Afghanistan.
Later Response
• Many supported the war in Iraq at
first.
• As the war continued, it lost
support.
• Half saw war as a stalemate.
• Many stated the nation was not
prepared to prevent another attack.

28. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

29. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Thinking Critically
• How have American attitudes on the war on terror
changed?
• Do you think changes in the United States since 9/11
have been positive? Why or why not?
Current Research in Sociology

30. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Social Movements
• A social movement is a long-term conscious effort to
promote or prevent social change. Sociologists have
identified four stages in the life cycle of social
movements: agitation, legitimation, bureaucratization, and
institutionalization.
• Explanations for the development of social movements
include relative deprivation theory and resource-
mobilization theory.
Section 2 at a Glance

31. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Focus
• What types of social movements exist, and how do they differ?
• What are the stages of the life cycle of social movements?
• How do sociologists explain the existence of social movements?
Main Idea
A social movement is a long-term conscious effort to promote or
prevent social change. Sociologists have identified four stages in the
life cycle of social movements: agitation, legitimation, bureaucratization,
and institutionalization.
Social Movements

32. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
How do social
movements arise
and flourish?

33. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
• Social change: Alterations in various aspects of society
over time
• Social movements: Long-term conscious effort to
promote or prevent social change
– Long-lasting
– Highly structured organization with formally recognized
leaders
– Deliberate attempt to institute or block societal change
– Can attract memberships in the millions
– Four types based on the level of change sought
Types of Social Movements

34. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reactionary Movements
• Goal is to reverse current social
trends.
• Members are suspicious of and
hostile toward social change.
• Often violent
Revisionary Movements
• Goal is to improve, or revise,
some part of society through
social change.
• Use legal channels, and focus
on a single issue
Conservative Movements
• Goal is to protect what they see
as society’s prevailing values
from changes that they consider
to be a threat to those values.
Revolutionary Movements
• Goal is a total and radical
change of the existing social
structure.
• Use violent or illegal actions,
and can result in drastic change
Types of Social Movements

35. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: reactionary—to reverse current social trends;
conservative—to protect what is seen as society’s
prevailing values from change; revisionary—improve
or change part of society; revolutionary—to cause total
and radical change to the existing social structure
Contrast
How do the four types of
social movements differ in terms of the
level of social change they seek?
Reading Check

36. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Agitation
• Emerge out of the belief that a
problem exists and that solutions
need to be found
• Begins with a small group with a
strong commitment, sometimes
seen as cranks
Bureaucratization
• Occurs as the organizational
structure of the movement
becomes more formal
• Has ranked structure, official
policies, and strategies for future
• Original goals are sometimes lost
Legitimation
• As movement finds support, it
becomes more respectable.
• Leaders are seen as spokespeople
of a just cause.
• At this stage, media give attention.
Institutionalization
• Final stage—occurs when
movement has become an
established part of society
• Movement resists proposals for
change, and membership dwindles
Life Cycle of Social Movements

37. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

38. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: agitation, legitimation, bureaucratization,
institutionalization
Sequence
What are the stages in the life cycle
of social movements?
Reading Check

39. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Early theories labeled social movements as the product of
psychologically disturbed people. Sociologists, however,
see problems in the social structure as the cause.
• Suggests movements arise
when a group of people feel
economically or socially
deprived compared to what
other groups have.
• People seek things that others
have and that they do not.
Relative Deprivation Theory
Explaining Social Movements
• The organization and effective
use of resources results in the
acceptance of the group’s goal.
• Need supporters, resources,
and access to media.
• Some sociologists say both
theories are accurate
descriptions.
Resource-Mobilization Theory

40. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

41. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: relative deprivation theory—social movements
arise when large numbers of people feel economically or
socially deprived; resource-mobilization theory—
resources, including a body of supporters, financial
resources, and access to the media, are necessary for a
successful social movement
Summarize
What are the two major sociological theories
on the development of social movements?
Reading Check

42. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Social Change
• The major factors that stimulate social change are values
and beliefs, technology, diffusion, population, the physical
environment, and wars and conquests.
• Ethnocentrism, cultural lag, and vested interests all
create resistance to social change.
Section 3 at a Glance

43. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Focus
• What are the main sources of social change?
• Why is there resistance to social change?
Main Idea
The major factors that stimulate social change are values and beliefs,
technology, diffusion, population, the physical environment, and wars
and conquests. Ethnocentrism, cultural lag, and vested interests all
create resistance to social change.
Social Change

44. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
How do changes in
values affect day-to-
day life?

45. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Values and Beliefs
• Ideology: A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social,
moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group
or by society
• Often spread through social movements; can have far-reaching
effects
Technology
• The knowledge and tools that people use to adjust and adapt
their environment
• Arise through discovery and invention
Sources of Social Change

46. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Population
• A change in size or composition of a population can cause
changes in a culture.
• Size can affect economy.
• Different cultures brought together through migration.
Diffusion
• Sharing and spread of cultural traits from one society to another
• Reformulation: The process of adapting borrowed cultural traits
Sources of Social Change

47. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
The Physical Environment
• Origin of food supplies, natural disasters, and changes in the
supply or demand of a natural resource can change the culture of
the groups that are affected.
Wars and Conquests
• Not as common as other sources, but more dramatic changes
• War often results in technological and medical advances
Sources of Social Change

48. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

49. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: values and beliefs, technology, diffusion,
population, the physical environment, and wars
and conquests
Summarize
What are the six major factors that cause
social change?
Reading Check

50. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Resistance
• Rarely occurs without opposition
• Many who oppose change come to
accept it.
• Some remain opposed but learn to
adapt.
Cultural Lag
• Material culture changes quickly,
while nonmaterial culture lags
behind and changes more slowly.
• New laws and customs must be
formed to address new technology.
Ethnocentrism
• People often believe that their own
ideas and ways of doing things are
best and strongly resist changes
from outside their culture.
Vested Interests
• People who benefit from the status
quo usually resist change.
• Some people feel that the known
problems of today are better than
unknown problems that come with
change.
Resistance to Social Change

51. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

52. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: ethnocentrism—the idea that the beliefs of
one’s own society are superior to the beliefs of other
societies; cultural lag—the fact that material cultures
change faster than nonmaterial cultures; vested
interests—the fact that many in society prefer that
social changes not occur
Find the Main Idea
What forms does resistance
to social change take?
Reading Check

53. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Globalization and Social Change
One of the most powerful forces influencing life today is
globalization, the process by which societies around the world
become increasingly interconnected and interdependent.
Sociology in Today’s World
Economic Globalization
• Multinational corporations
operate offices and factories
across the world.
• Exchange of products among
nations is increasing.
Globalization and
Transportation
• Multinational companies need
to transport people and goods
across the globe.
• New forms of transportation
have been created.

54. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Globalization and Social Change
One of the most powerful forces influencing life today is
globalization, the process by which societies around the world
become increasingly interconnected and interdependent.
Sociology in Today’s World
Tourism
• As transportation routes
improve, tourism becomes more
common and less expensive.
• Face-to-face interactions
among a variety of people can
occur.
Diversity in America
• Globalization has led the
American people to be much
more diverse.

55. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Thinking Critically
• How does globalization contribute to social change?
• How has globalization affected your community? What
changes has globalization brought to your life?
Sociology in Today’s World

56. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

57. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Theories of Social Change
• The functionalist perspective offers three explanations of
social change. Cyclical theory suggests that societies
arise, go through various stages of development, then
decline. Evolutionary theory holds that societies develop
toward increasing complexity. Equilibrium theory holds
that change occurs in an effort to maintain social stability.
• From the conflict perspective, change is the result of
conflict inherent in society.
Section 4 at a Glance

58. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Focus
• What functionalist theories have been offered to explain social
change?
• How does conflict theory explain social change?
Main Idea
Sociologists have developed theories to describe how and why social
change occurs. Functionalist theories suggest that change takes place
to maintain balances in the social order. Conflict theory focuses on
conflict among groups as a source of change.
Theories of Social Change

59. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
A Lost Civilization
Why do societies rise and fall?

60. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Cyclical Theory
• Societies arise, develop in stages, and then decline.
• Oswald Spengler: Societies pass through four stages
represented as human-life stages.
• Pitirim Sorokin: Societies swing between extremes of faith
and science.
• Principle of immanent change: Natural tendency toward
change suggested by Sorokin
Functionalist Theories

61. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Equilibrium Theory
• A change in one part of the social system produces
changes in all of the other parts of the system.
Functionalist Theories
Evolutionary Theory
• Societies change only toward increasing complexity.
• Additive process—each adaptation in society is the basis
for future adaptations.
• Social changes come from many sources and take many
paths.

62. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: cyclical theory—societies rise, go through various
stages of development, and then fall; evolutionary theory—
society moves towards increasing complexity; equilibrium
theory—a change in one part of the social system produces
changes in all other parts of the system
Summarize
How do cyclical theory, evolutionary
theory, and equilibrium theory
explain social change?
Reading Check

63. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
According to conflict theorists, change results from conflicts
between groups with opposing interests. Most conflicts
arise from disputes over access to power and wealth.
• Class conflict: All societies throughout history have been
subject to conflicts between the people who have power and
those who lack power.
• Social change arises from the powerless seeking power.
• Violent revolution would result in classless society.
Marx and Class Conflict
Conflict Theory

64. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
According to conflict theorists, change results from conflicts
between groups with opposing interests. Most conflicts
arise from disputes over access to power and wealth.
Conflict Theory
• Agreed with Marx that conflict is a central feature of all
societies
• Claims that social conflict can take many forms
• Violent revolution not always necessary
• Modern critics claim scope of conflict theories is too limited
Dahrendorf and Social Conflict

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66. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: Marx believed that social change occurs
when the powerless attempt to gain power, while
Dahrendorf believed social change could be
accomplished through compromise.
Contrast
How do Dahrendorf’s views on social
change differ from Marx’s views?
Reading Check

67. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Modernization
• Modernization is the process by which a society’s social
institutions become more complex.
• Sociologists offer two explanations for this process:
modernization theory and world-system theory.
Section 5 at a Glance

68. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Focus
• How do sociologists explain the process of modernization?
• What impact has modernization had on social life and the natural
environment?
Main Idea
Modernization is the process by which a society’s social institutions
become more complex. Sociologists offer two explanations of this
process: modernization theory and world-system theory.
Modernization

69. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
What are the costs of
modernization?

70. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
• Modernization: The process by which a society’s social
institutions become increasingly complex as the society
moves toward industrialization.
• Of the two groups of countries—more developed and less
developed—the more developed nations have
modernized much more rapidly.
The Process of Modernization

71. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Modernization Theory
• More-developed nations modernized because they were
the first to industrialize.
• Other nations will modernize as they industrialize.
– To speed the process, many industrialized nations
established assistance programs, which had little effect.
Because of this failure, some have abandoned the theory.
– Population and resources differ in more- and less-
developed nations.
The Process of Modernization

72. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
World-System Theory
There are three types of nations—core, peripheral, and
semiperipheral.
• Core nations are the most powerful developed nations, control
most of the world’s resources, and have diversified economies
with strong manufacturing and service sectors.
• Peripheral nations control few productive resources and
depend on core nations for financial aid, technology, and
manufactured goods. They also provide much raw material to
core nations.
• Semiperipheral nations are somewhere in between core and
peripheral nations.

73. Collective Behavior and Social Change
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World-System Theory (cont.)
• Some argue that peripheral nations gain from economic
interactions. Others feel peripheral nations actually gain
little from these interactions.
• Peripheral nations put their entire focus on the needs of
core nations, so there is little diversification.
• Money becomes concentrated with the few who rule the
peripheral nations.
• Theory does not account for the reasons behind core
nations’ growth.

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75. Collective Behavior and Social Change
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76. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: Modernization theory states that more-
developed nations modernized because of
industrialization, while world-system theory views
modernization in terms of the world economy
Contrast
How do modernization theory and
world-system theory differ in the way
they look at modernization?
Reading Check

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Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Positive consequences:
– Increase in standard of living
– Longer life expectancies, lower birthrates, higher rates
of literacy, a decrease in economic and social
inequality, and more personal comforts.
– Improves infrastructure: the system of roads, ports,
and other facilities needed by a modern economy
– Brings electricity, telephones, computers, and
universities
The Impact of Modernization

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Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Negative consequences:
– Family and religion lose some authority
– Government takes a larger role in a person’s life
– Social relationships are likely to be weaker
– New technology brings new moral and ethical
questions
– Often harms environment
The Impact of Modernization

79. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: positive—increased standard of living,
decreased economic and social inequality; negative—
increased social problems, rise in moral and ethical
questions, destruction of the natural environment
Summarize
What are some of the positive and
negative consequences of the
modernization process?
Reading Check

80. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Creating a Social Movement
What methods can be used to attract support for a social
movement?
• In this simulation, you will
review collective behavior and
social movements.
• Think of an ideology that could
turn into a social movement.
• Work in a group to publicize
your social movement using a
Web site.
1. Introduction
Simulation: Applying What You’ve Learned
• After reviewing the information in
this chapter, think of a social
movement to promotes. Find
answers to three questions:
• What is our ideology?
• Which type of social movement?
• Which theory best explains why a
social movement will develop?
2. Identifying a Social Movement

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Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
3. Simulating a Public
Opinion Committee
• As a committee, design and
construct a Web site that will
help popularize your movement.
Your Web site should:
– use a propaganda technique
identified in this chapter.
– includes a memorable logo,
theme, or motto.
– be illustrated.
– emphasize the ideology of
the movement.
4. Identifying Propaganda
Techniques
• Within your group, look for a
way you could have used each
of the techniques on your Web
site.
• Each group should present its
Web site.
• As Web sites are presented,
write down which type you think
has been used.
• Vote as a class on which
technique was being used.
Simulation (cont.)

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83. Collective Behavior and Social Change
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Simulation (cont.)
5. Discussion
• What did you learn from this lab? As a group, discuss the
following:
– How successful was the class at determining which
propaganda techniques were being used?
– How successful was the class at using different
propaganda techniques?
– Were some techniques easier or harder to use?
– What types of propaganda do some modern social
movements use?