This document discusses different types of analog modulation techniques used in analog transmission. It describes amplitude modulation (AM) where the carrier signal is modulated by the envelope of the modulating signal, requiring a bandwidth of 2B. It also describes frequency modulation (FM) where the modulating signal changes the carrier frequency, requiring a bandwidth of approximately 10 times the signal frequency. Finally, it discusses phase modulation (PM) where the modulating signal changes the phase of the carrier signal, with the bandwidth being higher than AM.

1. 5.1
Chapter 5
Analog Transmission
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2. 5.2
5-2 ANALOG AND DIGITAL
Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of
analog information by an analog signal. One may ask
why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is
already analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is
bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel is
available to us.
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation
Topics discussed in this section:

3. 5.3
Figure 5.15 Types of analog-to-analog modulation

4. 5.4
Amplitude Modulation
 A carrier signal is modulated only in
amplitude value
 The modulating signal is the envelope of the
carrier
 The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the
bandwidth of the modulating signal
 Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the
spectrum is identical, we can discard one half,
thus requiring a smaller bandwidth for
transmission.

5. 5.5
Figure 5.16 Amplitude modulation

6. 5.6
The total bandwidth required for AM
can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.
Note

7. 5.7
Figure 5.17 AM band allocation

8. 5.8
Frequency Modulation
 The modulating signal changes the freq.
fc of the carrier signal
 The bandwidth for FM is high
 It is approx. 10x the signal frequency

9. 5.9
The total bandwidth required for FM can
be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β)B.
Where  is usually 4.
Note

10. 5.10
Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation

11. 5.11
Figure 5.19 FM band allocation

12. 5.12
Phase Modulation (PM)
 The modulating signal only changes the
phase of the carrier signal.
 The phase change manifests itself as a
frequency change but the instantaneous
frequency change is proportional to the
derivative of the amplitude.
 The bandwidth is higher than for AM.

13. 5.13
Figure 5.20 Phase modulation

14. 5.14
The total bandwidth required for PM can
be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the
modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + β)B.
Where  = 2 most often.
Note