1. Carcinoma Gallbladder
By Dr.B.Vinod (Final year PG)
Gandhi medical college and hospital,
Hyderabad, Telangana.
Under guidance of
Dr. Srinivas Goud(Professor)
3. Introduction
Most common biliary malignancy.
5th most common GI malignancy.
Most aggressive tumor because of direct spread to liver, nodal spread
and seeding of peritoneal surfaces.
Diagnosed at advanced age ,so median survival age <6 months.
90% are Adenocarcinomas.
4. Epidemiology
• Incidence is 22 per 100,000
• India(Delhi) > Pakistan.
• Female to male ratio is 3:1
• 1 to 2/100,000 in South America ,UK.
• Manifestation at 6-7th decade
6. Gallstones
• Primary risk factor
• 0.3-3% cases will develop carcinoma
• >80% cases with GB carcinoma have gallstones
• 7 times more common in patients with gallstones than in those
without stones.
• Type of gallstones does not correlate with carcinoma.
• Risk of developing cancer increases with stone size(>3cm)
9. Infiltrative
• Most common variety
• Presents as induration over wall
• Less defined margins
Nodular
Invades adjacent pericholecystic structures but has sharply
defined borders
So facilitates curative resection unlike not possible in infiltrative
type.
10. Papillary
• Grows as polypoidal fashion
• Fills lumen with minimal wall invasion
• Associated with good prognosis compared to other subtypes.
12. Spread of tumor
• 60% - Direct hepatic parenchyma
• 20%- Lymph node
• 10%- Gallbladder wall at time of diagnosis
• 10%-Extra-hepatic distant metastasis
13. TNM staging
• Primary tumor(T)
• Tx-Tumor cannot be assessed
• To-No evidence of tumor
• Tis-Carcinoma in situ
• T1:
T1a-Invades lamina propria
T1b-Invades muscle layer
• T2-Invades perimuscular connective tissue
No extension beyond serosa
• T3-Perforates serosa and invades liver/or one adjacent organs stomach,
duodenum, colon, pancreas
• T4-Invades main portal vein or hepatic artery or invades two or more adjacent
organs.
14. Regional lymph nodes(N) Distant metastasis(M)
• Nx-Cannot be assessed M0-No distant metastasis
• N0-No regional LN M1-Distant metastasis.
• N1-Metastasis along cystic, CBD,
Hepatic, portal nodes
• N2-Metastasis to superior mesenteric,
paraaortic, pericaval nodes.
18. CT imaging
• GB polypoidal mass filling
• Wall thickening
• Staging and treatment
• Peritoneal, LN and vascular metastasis.
19. Tumor markers
• CEA >4ng/mL
50% sensitive
93% specificity
• CA 19.9 > 20 U/mL
80% sensitive and specific
20. Management
Stage I
T1a: Standard cholecystectomy with no additional resection
Nodal involvement <3%
Cure rate 85-100%
T1b: Muscular layer is involved
Nodal spread 20% chance
Extended cholecystectomy to achieve R0 resection of disease.
• If cystic ducts are positive -Resection done
CBD resection done and re-establishment of biliary enteric continuity
• Because of local extension into liver parenchyma is common,
2cm apparently normal hepatic parenchyma from GB fossa is resected.
21. Stage II(T2NoMo)
• Perimuscular involvement but does not cross serosa
• 40% chance of nodal spread
• 25% chance of positive margins
• Extended cholecystectomy is done
22. Stage III
• Locally advanced carcinoma which perforates serosa (T3)
• T1-3 which involves LN
• Extended cholecystectomy
• If infundibulum is involved then Right hepatectomy is done.
23. Stage IV
• Palliative
• Most common TOC because of unresectable at presentation
• Percutaneous biliary drainage is done for malignant biliary
obstructions and to decrease pruritus but not to improve quality of
life.
• Survival 2-4 months
• 1year survival <5%
24. Adjuvant Therapy
• Stage I:
• R1 and R2: concurrent chemo-radiation with
EBRT with 40-45 Gy with 5 FU based chemotherapy
Stage II: Resectable
Adjuvant chemoradiation with 40-45 Gy with 5 FU based chemotherapy
Stage II unresectable, stage III and stage IV
3 cycles neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with
Gemcitabine 1000mg/m2 on day 1 and day 3 every 21 days
cisplatin 25 mg/m2 every 21 days
followed by
concurrent chemoradiation
IMRT: 50.4 Gy with 5 FU based chemotherapy.