Renewable Energy Production

1. Renewable Energy
Production-Application
of new tech for
improvement.
.

3. Need of enhancing Renewable Production
 Renewable energy is the fastest-growing energy source in the United States, increasing
42 percent from 2010 to 2020 (up 90 percent from 2000 to 2020).
 Renewables made up nearly 20 percent of utility-scale U.S. electricity generation in
2020, with the bulk coming from hydropower (7.3 percent) and wind power (8.4
percent).
 Solar generation (including distributed), which made up 3.3 percent of total U.S.
generation in 2020, is the fastest-growing electricity source.
 Globally, renewables made up 29 percent of electricity generation in 2020, much of it
from hydropower (16.8 percent).
 A record amount of over 256 GW of renewable power capacity was added globally
during 2020.
 Renewable ethanol and biodiesel transportation fuels made up more than 17 percent of
total U.S. renewable energy consumption in 2020, a decrease from recent years, likely
due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

4.  CO2 emissions Global CO2 emissions declined by 5.8% in 2020, or almost 2 Gt
CO2 – the largest ever decline and almost five times greater than the 2009
decline that followed the global financial crisis. CO2 emissions fell further than
energy demand in 2020 owing to the pandemic hitting demand for oil and coal
harder than other energy sources while renewables increased. Despite the
decline in 2020, global energy-related CO2 emissions remained at 31.5 Gt,
which contributed to CO2 reaching its highest ever average annual
concentration in the atmosphere of 412.5 parts per million in 2020 – around
50% higher than when the industrial revolution began.

6. Renewable Supply and Demand
 Renewable energy is the fastest-growing energy source globally and in the United
States.
Globally:
 About 11.2 per cent of the energy consumed globally for heating, power, and
transportation came from modern renewables in 2019 (i.e., biomass, geothermal,
solar, hydro, wind, and biofuels), up from 8.7 per cent a decade prior (see figure
below).
 Renewables made up 29 per cent of global electricity generation by the end of 2020.
Led by wind power and solar PV, more than 256 GW of capacity was added in 2020, an
increase of nearly 10 per cent in total installed renewable power capacity.
 The International Energy Agency notes that the development and deployment of
renewable electricity technologies are projected to continue to be deployed at record
levels, but government policies and financial support are needed to incentivize even
greater deployments of clean electricity (and supporting infrastructure) to give the
world a chance to achieve its net zero climate goals.

7.  Global electricity demand fell by around 1% in 2020, with demand declining
most markedly in the first half of the year as lockdowns restricted
commercial and industrial activity. Demand was, at times, 20-30% lower
than in pre-lockdown periods. Compared to the same periods in 2019, after
stripping out weather variations, China’s demand dropped by more than 10%
in February. The United States, after China the second-largest global
electricity consumer, experienced a decline of almost the same magnitude
in May during the peak of stay-at-home orders.
 From March to April, weekly demand in Germany, France and the United
Kingdom dropped more than 15% and, in Spain and Italy, by even more than
25%. Similarly, India saw demand decline by more than 20% in several weeks
between mid-March and the end of April. In Japan and Korea – where COVID-
19 cases were fewer than in Europe and the United States– demand declined
by around 8% in May
 Advanced economies recovered in the second half of 2020 but remained for
the most part below 2019 levels. Some emerging markets and developing
regions registered strong growth rates towards the end of the year,
especially China and India, who recorded more than 8% and 6% year-on-year
growth, respectively, in the last quarter of 2020.

8. Electricity demand in 2020
 Electricity demand is expected to increase by 4.5% in 2021, supported by rebounding
economic activity and rapid growth in major emerging economies such as China.
 In advanced economies, vaccination campaigns against Covid-19 are expected to enable the
progressive lifting of restrictions between spring and autumn. The anticipated demand
growth of 2.5% should be sufficient to push demand within 1% of 2019 levels. In the United
States, demand is expected to increase by around 2%, boosted by economic stimulus and
colder temperatures during the early months of 2021. This increase should push demand to
within 1.6% of 2019 levels. The largest consumers in the European Union – Germany,
France, Italy and Spain – are anticipated to remain below 2019 levels, with an increase of
almost 3% in 2021 failing to fully make up for declines of 4% to 6% in 2020. It is similar in
Japan, where demand is expected to rebound only 1% from 2020 levels, far from sufficient
to reverse the 4% decline in 2020.
 Demand in emerging and developing economies remains on the growth trajectory that
resumed in the second half of 2020. This trajectory will be accelerated by the projected
strong economic recovery for China and India.
 With a projected 2021 GDP growth of 9% in China and 12% in India, electricity demand is
expected to grow by around 8% in both countries compared with 2020. For China, the
projected increase comes on top of 2020 growth, putting demand in 2021 almost 12% above
2019 levels. Southeast Asian countries are also expected to see a strong return to growth,
with demand increasing 5% in 2021, putting total demand 3% above 2019 levels.

11. Source: www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-
2021/renewables

12. Decentralisation of Renewable energy
Production-Rural and Urban Microgrids
 Rural Micro grids
HOMER Energy delineates four categories
of
microgrids based on grid connection and
size
(Lilienthal, 2013):
1. Large grid-connected microgrids (e.g.
military
bases or campuses)
2. Small grid-connected microgrids (e.g.
single
gensets to back up unreliable central grids)
3. Large remote microgrids (e.g. island
utilities)
4. Small remote microgrids (e.g. villages

13. Microgrid Operational Factors in their “Virtuous” and
“Vicious” Cycles

14. Urban Microgrids
 In 2018, Seattle Mayor Jenny Durkan announced that the Miller Community
Center would soon be home to a $3.3 million solar microgrid. This project is
being funded by Seattle City Light and Governor Inslee’s Clean Energy Fund.
Construction is expected to be completed in 2020.
 The microgrid will feature a 200 kilowatt (kw/the output capacity), 800
kilowatt-hour (kWh/the storage capacity) battery energy storage system.
This is enough output and storage capacity for twenty thousand 10 watt LEDs
to be powered at once for four hours. More practically, it’s enough to power
an average home for almost a month. The battery system will be charged
through a 50 kW rooftop photovoltaic array.
 The system’s microgrid control system will allow it operate in two modes. It
will predominantly be in Grid-Connected Mode, where the microgrid is
interconnected with the wide electrical grid. In the event of an outage in the
greater electrical grid, the microgrid will disconnect and operate in its
Islanded Mode.
 The demonstration project is aimed to improve the Capital Hill
neighbourhood’s grid resiliency and grant Seattle City Light technological
knowledge on the installation and operation of a microgrid system. Through a
partnership with the University of Washington (UW), the city seeks to gather
analytics for research and development on microgrid technologies.

16. Brooklyn Microgrid (BMG)
 Brooklyn Microgrid (BMG) is an energy marketplace for locally-
generated, solar energy.
 The BMG marketplace allows prosumers (i.e. residential and
commercial solar panel owners) to sell the excess solar energy
they generate to NYC residents who prefer using renewable,
versus fossil fuel, energy. Brooklyn Microgrid's mission is to
assist in the proliferation of solar production and consumption
throughout New York City.

17. Large Private Microgrid Under
Development in Thailand
 Once commissioning is complete, the microgrid is set to generate 214 MW.
This will come from a combination of the existing 200 MW gas turbines, and
14 MW from rooftop solar and floating solar

18. Why the Decentralisation?
 Land usage Pattern
 For India - Almost 54% of the area of India is now available for cultivation, out of which 25% is a
wasteland and 3% is grassland.
 The increasing population and urbanization have resulted in changes in the land use pattern

19. The Study
 A study was done on whether such rural grids will work or not and understand
how well it will work.
 A software Homer© was used in this investigation
 This was done is west Malaysia.
 In some backward regions.

20. Site selection
 Site selection is based on two factors, median income growth rate by state and
solar PV power potential as displayed in Fig.
 The latest available report on household income from the Malaysian government
outlines that in rural areas the national average increased 5.3% per annum from
the previous report.
 In Peninsular Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan and Kedah were below this average,
5.2% and 5.0% respectively, showing there is potential for growth in these states.
 Even though East Malaysia has area backwards and higher solar potentials, due to
a lack of data availability and due to the locations being not so freely accessible
the study was for the time being restricted to Peninsular(west) Malaysia.

21. Fig. : Solar PV power potential map of Malaysia.

22.  HOMER Pro® synthetic residential load profile was used to develop the load
data needed for the study.
 According to the Koppen-Geiger climate classification index, Malaysia is
categorised as tropical rainforest, thus when building the synthetic load, no
monthly peak is selected [22].
 The initial load profile is pre-set for an average of 11.26kWh/day, this is
scaled down to 6.1kWh/day as seen in Fig. 4.
 The owners of these microgrids will be participants in the RM40 Electricity
Rebate Scheme.
 Monthly usage, that does not exceed this payment amount, is 183kWh and
taking into consideration the number of days per month and leap years, it is a
daily average of 6.1kWh.

24. Control of system losses
HelioScope software allows for increased control of system losses, in addition to the availability of
different cell temperature and transposition model selections than HOMER Pro® software.

25. Kedah Negeri Sembilan
Tilt Angle 8 5
Azimuth Angle 180 180
Racking Fixed tilt Fixed tilt
Solar Angle Source Meteo lat/long Project lat/long
Weather Data
Source
TMY, 10km grid,
meteonorm
TMY, 10km grid,
meteonorm
Cell Temperature
Model
Sandia Sandia
Transposition
Model
Perez Perez
.
Optimal performance at the chosen locations is outlined in Table 1.
Table 1. Helioscope site specific optimal input parameters
Both sites had five designs ranging from 1kW to 3kW, increasing in
0.5kW/design

26. For each design, the following steps
were completed and optimised for
maximum solar PV array output.
1. Selection of site location
2. Mechanical settings-Layout of Field Segments
a. Set max kiloWatt peak (kWp)
b. Input panel model, racking type, azimuth and tilt angles
c. Adjust default layout rules to create a row, frame and module spacing
3. Keep-outs
a. Choose to keep out of shade from 10:00-14:00
4. Electrical Settings
a. Upload inverter model and set input and branch configuration
5. Advanced Settings
a. Run simulation to determine the percentage of shading losses (0% goal)
6. Condition Set selection
a. Adjust for solar angle source if necessary.

27. Negeri Sembilan (Latitude 2.74°,
Longitude 101.94°)
Kedah (Latitude 6.07°, Longitude
100.46°)
PV Array
Size (kW)
Annual
Production
(kWh)
Performance
Ratio (%)
PV Array
Size (kW)
Annual
Production
(kWh)
Performance
Ratio (%)
1 1312.3 81.3 1 1465.7 80.9
1.5 1966.3 81.2 1.5 2195.2 80.8
2 2620.6 81.1 2 2925.2 80.7
2.5 3273.4 81.1 2.5 3653.2 80.7
3 3917.7 80.9 3 4350.1 80
 The performance Ratio (PR) of a plant for a period of time is energy
measured(kWh)/(Irradiance(kWh/m2) on the panel x Active area of PV module(m2) x
PV module efficiency).
 PR is a measure for the performance of a PV system taking into account
environmental factors (temperature, irradiation, climate changes etc.)

28. Conclusions
 The study presented a feasibility analysis for grid-connected solar PV microgrids
in rural Malaysia to initiate decentralisation of the current grid with an energy
trading focus.
 In terms of solar PV power output and economic growth opportunities, Kedah and
Negeri Sembilan sites were chosen to model designs between 1kW and 3kW in
size.
 Both locations have the highest energy trading potential with the 3kW microgrids
with Kedah displaying a 10.33% higher transactive potential due to greater solar
PV power output as optimised through HelioScope and HOMER Pro® software.
 Economic analysis performed considered the uncertainties of investing in this
project development. Increased solar PV panel performance, inflation rate
changes and varying project lifetimes were evaluated.
 To ensure the future success of the overall system, a project lifetime of 25 years
is realised to overcome component replacement costs and offset inflation rate
variabilities of the current market.

29.  The ideal configuration is a 3kW size microgrid in Kedah, Malaysia
with a 2.168MWh/year transactive trading potential.
 A tiered, bidding management model that integrates into the
national energy market was designed to optimise revenue generation
for owners of the systems.
 The secondary analysis identified a minimum specific yield of 1350.5
kWh/kWp is needed to match this trading potential when
determining site locations for development throughout Malaysia.
 Furthermore, it was ascertained that an overall ratio of energy
purchased to energy sold to the grid must be less than 45-52% for
systems to have a positive NPV.
 Further research is suggested to narrow this ideal percentage as it is
a vital component to microgrid design when considering load
demand, self-consumption and storage options.
 Modelling the energy trading calculated in this study in an industry-
standard algorithm, such as the distributed coalition formation
algorithm, to simulate the real-world impacts of this bidding market
would be the next step of this research.

30. New Technology
 To enhance the performance use of novel techniques like Artificial Intelligence, Machine
learning, Big Data, Block-Chain Concept etc can be used.
 AI and ML are usually for prediction and Big Data is for basic performance and other data
required for AI and ML Modelling
 Block-Chain Concept is used in Micro-grid systems, either connected to the main grid or
not.
 The Block-Chain increases the transparency of the energy transaction and also widening
the energy market

31. Related Publications
 Chartier, S.L., Venkiteswaran, V.K., Rangarajan, S.S., Collins, E.R. and
Senjyu, T., 2022. Microgrid Emergence, Integration, and Influence on the
Future Energy Generation Equilibrium—A Review. Electronics, 11(5), p.791.
 Chapter ##, “Transactive rural microgrids-A feasibility analysis of grid-
connected solar PV microgrid systems in Malaysia”, Energy Harvesting and
storage devices: Sustainable devices and Methods-CRC Press (under review)

32. Relevant References
 https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2021/electricity
 Microgrids for Rural Electrification: A critical review of best practices based
on seven case studies, Published by the United Nations Foundation, February
2014.
 Chapter ##, “Transactive rural microgrids-A feasibility analysis of grid-
connected solar PV microgrid systems in Malaysia”, Energy Harvesting and
storage devices: Sustainable devices and Methods-CRC Press (under review)

33. Dr Vinod Kumar Venkiteswaran
Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering
SR University, Warangal, Telangana.
E-Mail: vinod01vaikom@gmail.com
Research Interests: Alternate fuels in IC engines, Biofuels,
Renewable & Alternative energy, Energy Management &
Conservation, Green Buildings and Swirling Fluidized Bed,
Sustainability in Energy Generation and Use.