Illegal drugs and its effect

1. SUBMITTED BY:
VIKASH KUMAR RAI

2. Introduction
Drugs are so commonly used and abused in modern
societies that virtually everyone has some familiarity
with the concept of drug addiction and abuse.
drugs that affect behavior are particularly likely to be
taken in excess when the behavioral effects are
considered pleasurable
Is simply excessive use of a drug or use of a drug for
purposes for which it was not medically intended

3. Drug Categories for Substances of Abuse:
1.Narcotics
2. Depressants
3. Stimulants
4. Hallucinogen
5. Cannabis
6. Alcohol
7. Steroids
Narcotics
Drugs used medicinally to relieve pain
High potential for abuse
Cause relaxation with an immediate "rush"
Initial unpleasant effects - restlessness, nausea
Types:
Opium, Morphine, Codiene, Heroin,
Hydromorphone, Meperidine, Methadone.

4. Depressants
Drugs used medicinally to relieve anxiety, irritability,
tension
High potential for abuse, development of tolerance
Produce state of intoxication similar to that of alcohol
Combined with alcohol, increase effects, multiply risks
Types:
Barbiturates, Methaqualone, Tranquilizers, Chloral
hydrate, Glutethimide.
Stimulants
Drugs used to increase alertness, relieve fatigue, feel
stronger and more decisive; used for euphoric effects or to
counteract the "down" felling of tranquilizers or alcohol.
Types:
Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methamphetamine,
Phenmetrazine, Methylphenidate, Other stimulants, Ice.

5. Hallucinogens:
Drugs that produce behavioral changes that are often multiple
and dramatic
No known medical use, but some block sensation to pain and
use may result in self-inflicted injuries
"Designer Drugs", made to imitate certain illegal drugs, are
often many times stronger than drugs they imitate
Types:
PCP (angel dust, loveboat), LSD (acid, green/red dragon),
mescaline, peyote, psilocybin, designer drugs (ecstasy-PCE).
Cannabis
Hemp plant from which marijuana and hashish are produced;
Hashish consists of resinous secretions of the cannabis plant;
Marijuana is a tobacco-like substance.
Types:
marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, hashish, hashish oil.

6. Alcohol:
Liquid distilled product of fermented fruits, grains and
vegetables
Used as solvent, antiseptic and sedative
Moderate potential for abuse.
Types:
ethyl alcohol, ethanol.
Steroids:
Synthetic compounds available legally and illegally
Drugs that are closely related to the male sex hormone,
testosterone
Moderate potential for abuse, particularly among young
males.
Types:
dianabol, nandrolone.

7. Narcotics:
The term "narcotic," derived from the Greek word for stupor,
originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the
senses and relieved pain. term originally applied to all
compounds that produce insensibility to external stimuli
through depression of the central nervous system, but now
applied primarily to the drugs known as opiates—
compounds extracted from the opium poppy and their
chemical derivatives. Also classed as narcotics are the
opioids, chemical compounds that are wholly synthesized,
but which resemble the opiates in their actions.
Narcotics have a high potential for abuse. As abused drugs
they are sniffed, smoked, or self-administered by the more
direct routes of subcutaneous (“skin-popping”) and
intravenous (“mainlining”) injection. Drug effects depend
heavily on the dose, route of administration, and previous
exposure to the drug.

8. Does using opiates cause dependence or addiction:
Yes. Dependence is likely, whether using large amounts
frequently or occasionally over a long period of time. When a
person becomes dependent, finding and using the drug often
becomes the main focus in life. As more and more of the drug
are used over time, larger amounts are needed to get the same
effects. This is called tolerance. Withdrawal signs usually
begin shortly before the user’s body expects its next dose of
narcotics.

9. Types of narcotics
Naturally occurring narcotics:
-Heroin
-Codeine
-Morphine
-Opium
Synthetic narcotics/opiates:
-Neperidine (Demerol)
-Percodan
-Darvon
-lomotil
Opium, narcotic drug produced from the drying resin of
unripe capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum.
Today opium is sold on the street as a powder or dark
brown solid and is smoked, eaten, or injected.

10. Street Names:
Morphine: Morpho, Unkie, M, Miss Emma, Hocus, dreamer.
Codeine: Schoolboy
Heroine: Snow, Stuff, Harry, H, White Horse, Horse, Hard
Stuff, White Stuff, Joy Powder, Scag, Junk, brown sugar.
Meperidine: Doctors
Methadone: Dollies, Methadose, frizzies.
Cocaine: coke, crank, crack, snow, zip.

11. Papaver somniferum:

12. Heroin:
Of all illegal drugs, is responsible for the greatest number of
deaths. In its pure form, heroin is white and has a bitter taste.
Most street preparations of heroin are diluted or “cut,” with
other substances. Illegal (street) heroin comes in different
forms, ranging in color from white to dark brown.
Heroin is usually “mainlined,” but it can be inhaled or
smoked. Heroin may cause physical and psychological
problems such as nausea, panic, insomnia, and tolerance. Its
addictive properties create a need for repeated use of the drug
(craving) and painful physical withdrawal symptoms.

13. Morphine: The principal product of opium is one of the most
effective drugs known for the relief of pain. Morphine is the
active ingredient in most narcotics, marketed in the form of
white crystals, hypodermic tablets, and injectable
preparations. It is used legally primarily in hospitals.
Morphine is odorless, tastes bitter, and darkens with age. It
may be administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or
intravenously. Tolerance and dependence develop rapidly.
Only a small part of the morphine obtained from opium is
used medically. Most is converted to codeine.

14. Percodan is similar to codeine but is usually mainlined.
Percodan is much more potent and has a higher dependence
potential than codeine.
Dilaudid, a shorter acting and more sedative drug than
morphine, is usually 2 – 8 times the potency. Dilaudid is
usually marketed in tablet and injectable form and is
generally obtained through theft and false prescriptions .
Cocaine, alkaloid obtained from leaves of the coca plant and
used medically as a local anesthetic. It is also widely abused
as a drug.
Cocaine is classified as a narcotic for legal purposes by the
United States government. It causes strong psychological
dependence.

15. Cannabis sativa:
The plant
Cannabis sativa is the source of both marijuana and hashish.
Both drugs are usually smoked. Their effects are similar: a state
of relaxation, accelerated heart rate, perceived slowing of time,
and a sense of heightened hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
These effects can differ, however, depending on the amount of
drug consumed and the circumstances under which it is taken.
Marijuana and hashish do not produce psychological
dependence except when taken in large daily doses. The drugs
can be dangerous, however, especially when smoked before
driving.

16. Cannabis sativa: Marijuana

17. Drug dependance:
Drug Dependence, psychological and sometimes physical
state characterized by a compulsion to use a drug to
experience psychological or physical effects. Drug
dependence takes several forms:
Tolerance, a form of physical dependence, occurs when the
body becomes accustomed to a drug and requires ever-
increasing amounts of it to achieve the same pharmacological
effects.
Habituation, a form of psychological dependence, is
characterized by the continued desire for a drug, even after
physical dependence is gone.
Addiction is a severe craving for the substance and interferes
with a person’s ability to function normally. It may also
involve physical dependence.

18. Symptoms:
1. Abscesses at injection sites
2. Drowsiness, slowed pulse
3. Constricted pupils
4. respiratory depression
5. Nausea, vomiting and Constipation
6. Needle marks on extremities
7. Euphoria, lethargy and Lack of motivation
8. Flushing of skin on face, chest and neck
9. Except in cases of acute intoxication, there is no loss
of motor coordination or slurred speech as occurs
with many depressants.

19. Withdrawal Symptoms:
The withdrawal symptoms associated with heroin/morphine
addiction are usually experienced shortly before the time of
the next scheduled dose.
Runny nose, teary eyes and Excessive yawning
Restlessness, irritability, nausea and loss of appetite
Diarrhea, tremors and Goose bumps
Chills, shakes, flushing and excessive sweating
Muscle jerks, cramps, Nodding and sleep
Severe depression and vomiting are common. The heart rate
and blood pressure are elevated. And drug craving appear.
At any point during this process, a suitable narcotic can be
administered that will dramatically reverse the withdrawal
symptoms. Without intervention, the syndrome will run its
course, and most of the overt physical symptoms will
disappear within 7 to 10 days.

20. When an opiate-dependent person stops taking the drug,
withdrawal usually begins within 4-6 hours after the last dose.
the intesity of withdrawal symptoms depend on amount of the
drug taken, how often and for how long. These symptoms for
most opiates are stronger approximately 24-72 hours after they
begin and subside with 7-10 days. Sometimes symptoms such
as sleeplessness and drug craving can last for months.
Overdose Symptoms
Shallow breathing
Slowed pulse, clammy skin
Pulmonary edema
Respiratory arrest, coma
Convulsions, possible death

21. Treatment of opiate addiction:
The basic appeoaches to drug abuse treatment are:
Detoxification. supervised withdrawal from drug
dependence, either with or without medication, in a
hospital or as an putpatient.
Drug-free program, which emphasize various forms
of counseling as the main treatment.
Methadone maintenance, which provides methadone,
(a substitute for heroin) to an opiate-dependent
person in a daily basis to help them lead productive
lives while still in treatment.