pharmceutical analysis m.pharm advanced food analysis

1. KARNATAKA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
SEMINAR ON TOPIC : CARBOHYDRATES
presented to: Dr. Harsha K Tripathy (Department of pharmaceutical analysis)
PRESENTED BY: KAVANA BB ( M pharma )
Department of pharmaceutical analysis
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2. Carbohydrates are biomolecules contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
atoms.
• They are an important source of energy.
• The name carbohydrates means “ hydrates of hydrogen “.
• Carbohydrates are connected by type of covalent bonds know as a
glycosidic bond.
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3. Functions
• The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy and food to the body and to
the nervous system
• It is also involved in fat metabolism and prevents ketosis.
• Inhibits the breakdown of proteins for energy as they are the primary source of energy.
• An enzyme by name amylase assists in the breakdown of starch into glucose, finally to
produce energy for metabolism.
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4. Sources
1. Simple sugars are found in the form of fructose in many fruits.
2. Galactose is present in all dairy products.
3. Lactose is abundantly found in milk and other dairy products.
4. Maltose is present in cereal, beer, potatoes, processed cheese, pasta, etc.
5. Sucrose is naturally obtained from sugar and honey containing small amounts of vitamins
and minerals.
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5. Classification
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6. Simple carbohydrates
1.Monosaccharides :
• They are simple form of sugars which can not be further hydrolysed.
• These are again classified based on functional group and no. of carbon atoms.
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7. 2.Disaccharides
• Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide. Examples of
carbohydrates having two monomers include- Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, etc.
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8. Complex carbohydrate
1.Polysaccharide:
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by the polymerization of a large
number of monomers. Examples of polysaccharides include starch, glycogen,
cellulose, etc. which exhibit extensive branching and are homopolymers – made up
of only glucose units.
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9. 1. Starch is composed of two components- amylose and amylopectin. Amylose
(linear chain) and amylopectin (branched chain).
2. Glycogen is called animal starch. It has a structure similar to starch, but has
more extensive branching.
3. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate and is the main structural component of
the plant cell wall. It is a fibrous polysaccharide with high tensile strength.
cellulose forms a linear polymer.
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12. Absorption of carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are absorbed as monosaccharides from the intestinal
lumen.
1. Active transport against a concentration gradient, i.e. from a low
glucose concentration to a higher concentration.
2. Facilitative transport, with concentration gradient, i.e. from a higher
concentration to a lower one
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13. Active transport
• A sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT-1)
binds both glucose and Na+ at separate sites and
transports them both through the plasma membrane
of the intestinal cell.
• The free energy required for this active transport is
obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP linked to a
sodium pump that expels Na+ from the cell in
exchange of K+.
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14. Facilitated transport
• Fructose and mannose are transported across
the brush border by a Na+ independent
facilitative diffusion process, requiring specific
glucose transporter, GLUT-5.
• The sodium independent transporter, GLUT-2
that facilitates transport of sugars out of the
mucosal cells, thereby entering the portal
circulation and being transported to the liver.
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15. • The liver takes them up and converts galactose to glucose, breaks
fructose into even smaller carbon-containing units, and either stores
glucose as glycogen or exports it back to the blood .
• Anything that’s left over after these digestive processes goes to the
colon. It’s then broken down by intestinal bacteria. Fiber is contained in
many carbohydrates and cannot be digested by the body. It reaches the
colon and is then eliminated with your stools.
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16. Metabolism of carbohydrates
Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in a cell,
which enable it to keep living, growing and dividing. Metabolic
processes are usually classified as:
• catabolism - obtaining energy and reducing power from
nutrients.
• anabolism - production of new cell components, usually
through processes that require energy and reducing power
obtained from nutrient catabolism.
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18. 1)Glycolysis:
• It is a universal pathway in living cells.
• Glycolysis is defined as the sequence reaction converting glucose to
pyruvate or lactate, with the production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).
• Glycolysis occurs in absence (anaerobic) or presence of oxygen(aerobic).
As end product lactate or pyruvate is produced in condition of oxygen
respectively.
• Glycolysis is major pathway for ATP synthesis in tissues lacking
mitochondria like; erythrocytes , cornea, lens etc..
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19. • Six enzymes are involved in the
process.
• The end products of the reaction
include 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH
molecules.
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20. 2)Pyruvate oxidation
• In eukaryotes, this step takes place in the matrix, the innermost compartment of
mitochondria. In prokaryotes, it happens in the cytoplasm.
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21. 3)TCA cycle/KREB Cycle
• TCA cycle or Tricarboxylic Cycle is
also known as Kreb's Cycle or
Citric Acid Cycle.
• It is the second stage of cellular
respiration that occurs in the
matrix of mitochondria.
• All the enzymes involved in the
citric acid cycle are soluble.
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22. 4) Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis
• When a molecule of glucose (6 carbon) undergoes glycolysis,2
molecules of pyruvate or lactate (3 carbon) are produced.
• Pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl CoA (2carbon)
which enters the citric acid cycle and gets completely oxidized to
CO2 and H2O.
• The overall process of glucose being completely oxidized to CO2
and H2O via glycolysis and citric acid cycle is as follows
C6H1206 + 602 + 38ADP + 38Pi ------ 6CO2+6H2O+38ATP
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23. Diseases Caused by Carbohydrate Deficiency
• Diabetes.
• Galactosemia(lack of breaking down the sugar galactose)
• Ketosis.
• Hunter Syndrome &Hurler Syndrome.- lysosomal storage conditions that affect the
function of lysosomes(waste management part of cell)
• Mucopolysaccharidoses- lack of enzyme to break glycosaminoglycans(carbs)
• Mucolipidosis- affect the body's ability to carry out the normal turnover of various
materials within cells.
• Pompe Disease-progressive weakness to the heart and skeletal muscles.(acid-maltase
disease and glycogen storage disease )
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24. EXCESS CONSUMPTION OF CARBOHYDRATE CAUSES
• Eating too much carbs can slow down your metabolic rate. And, low metabolic rate can lead
to weight gain .
• Another negative effect of having too many carbohydrates is the rise in blood sugar levels. And to
maintain those levels, pancreas releases insulin, which results in high insulin in the body. It can
lead to being overweight and even more sugar cravings.
• prolonged consumption of rich carbohydrate diet can also make the pancreas release less insulin
after a certain point of time. This can make a person prone to diabetes, which is a major health
problem.
• Having too much carbs can also increase the levels of cholesterol in the body. It shoots up the bad
cholesterol (triglycerides) in the blood that can develop heart diseases.
• f a pregnant woman consumes carbs in high amount, then the excess sugar can travel from the
placenta to the baby. It can lead to fetal macrosomia i.e larger baby or Type 1 diabetes for
newborn.
• In pregnant women's gestational diabetes mellitus may occur.
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25. Questions
1. Define and classify carbohydrates .elaborate the general method of
analysis of food carbohydrate.
2. Write the changes in food carbohydrate during digestion and
absorption.
3. Discuss any three method of analysis of food carbohydrate.
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