This document discusses measles and rubella. It describes both diseases as highly contagious viral illnesses that are preventable through vaccination. For measles, it notes that it is a major cause of death in children globally and discusses its symptoms like rash, fever, cough and complications like pneumonia. For rubella, it emphasizes the severe birth defects it can cause if a pregnant woman is infected, known as congenital rubella syndrome. The document provides details on the causative agents, symptoms, transmission methods, complications, and prevention through vaccination for both diseases.

2. • Highly contagious disease.
• Important cause of death among young
children globally.
• 21 strains of measles discovered
• Preventable by vaccination
• It is a short term disease that can be resolved
within days to weeks
• Often fatal

3. Causative Agent: measles moribilivirus
• morbilli virus
Family: Paramyxoviridae
• Incubation period:
10-12 days
• Condition passes
without treatment for
7-10 days.

4. 3D representation of Rubeola virus :

5. Symptoms
Symptoms of measles always
Include: (9-11 days after initial
Infection)
Fever along with any of the
3 Cs:
. Cough
. Coryza/ runny nose
. Conjunctivitis

7. Symptoms may include:
• Photophobia / sensitivity to light
• Sneezing
• reddish brown rash (often identifying feature
for diagnosis)
• koplik’s spot / greyish-white spots with bluish-
white centres in mouth, inside of cheeks and
throat
• Generalised body ache

8. Koplik’s spot

9. Typical
measles rash

10. • Fever: up to 104F and above and may last for
several days.
• Fever may fluctuate when rash appears.
• Reddish brown spots appear around 3-4 days
after initial symptoms (may last for over a
week)
• Rash : initial appearance- behind ears
then spreads over face & neck
ultimately spreading to rest of the body
including legs
• Spots may grow and join together to form one

11. Symptoms upon complications:
{people with high risk: HIV patients, leukaemia patients, pregnant
women, very young children, Adults above 20, Patients with Vitamin A
deficiency, immunocompromised patients}
• Diarrhoea
• Vomiting
• Laryngitis and/or Bronchitis
• Dyspnoea
• Ear infection
• Febrile seizures
• Pneumonia (cause of death in most cases)

12. Complications in pregnancy:
Women during pregnancy are more susceptible
to infectious diseases due to immuno-
compromised state of their body.
Complications are follows:
• Miscarriage
• Low birth weight
• Premature birth
• Still birth

13. How does it infects a person
• Fomite borne :
i.e. due to handling of items previous in contact
with infected patient
• Droplet infection:
Inhalation of droplets suspended in air as a
result of coughing or sneezing of the patient
• Direct i.e. physical contact with the patient

14. Prevention and treatment
• Prevention:
- isolation of patient from normal
Population which may be unvaccinated.
- vaccination against the virus
• Treatment:
- as such no treatment is available
- however administration of Vitamin A can
improve condition of patient.
- fever reducers / analgesics to reduce body pain.

17. One-third of all measles-related deaths
worldwide occur in India.

19. RUBELLA (German Measles)
• Contagious disease effecting children (usually)
and adults.
• mild viral infection with severe consequences
in case of pregnancy.
• India accounts for around one third of all
children born worldwide with congenital
rubella syndrome (CRS).
• Preventable by vaccination

20. Causative agent
• Rubivirus Family: Togaviridae
• Short term – usually resolves
within days to weeks
• However responsible for
permanent damage to new-
born in case of maternal
infection.
• Rash last up to 3 days (3 day
measles)

21. 3D representation of rubivirus

22. Symptoms:
• As in mild cases (due to viral infection in children
and young adults)
Mild fever- 99F to 100F
Distinctive red rash
Swollen pink coloured eyes- viral conjunctivitis
Headache
Swollen lymph node –cervical lymph node
Stuffy, runny nose
Cough
Body malaise and sore joints

23. Red rash

24. Enlarged cervical
lymph nodes.

25. Complications of rubella during
pregnancy:
Relatively mild rubella causes severe birth
defects, in case the mother is infected with
Rubella. (risk being highest in 1st trimester)
These serious birth defects are together termed
as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
This cases permanent damage to the baby if at
all it survives.

26. CRS
Congenital heart defects
Cataract or even complete visual impairment
Deafness
Mental retardation – due to abnormal small head
Liver and spleen damage
Diabetes
Thyroid problems
Blueberry muffin syndrome – characteristic reddish
blue/ magenta maculopapular lesions due to persistent
dermal erythropoiesis.
Skin rash

27. In congenital rubella syndrome, this
typical rash can be present at birth,
during first 48 hours or rarely several
month later.

28. Bilateral deafness
Bilateral visual
impairment
-Cataract
-Corneal opacity
Mental
retardation
Thyroid problems

30. Prevention and Treatment
• Vaccination is the ultimate prevention
• There is no specific treatment as such
- acquired viral infection is mild and
subsides within few days
• In case of CRS:
- cardiac surgery for heart defects
- hearing aids
- supportive intensive care & medical
supervision for survival of the baby.