This document discusses the building blocks of proteins including essential and nonessential amino acids. It describes protein structure from primary to quaternary levels and different protein conformations. Various protein tests are also mentioned including the biuret test, ninhydrin test, Heller's ring test, Millon's reaction, and the xanthoproteic reaction.

2. C, H, O, N
S, P, Fe, Zn

3. -COOH)
-NH2)
(side chain)

5. 20
Essential amino acid
)
Nonessential aminoacid )

6. Essential amino acid )
Arginine ), Histidine ),
Isoleucine) , Leucine , Lysine
, Methionine , Phenylalanine , Threonine
,Tryptophan Valine
8

7. Nonessential aminoacid )
arginine,cysteine, glycine, glutami
ne, histidine, proline,
serine and tyrosine

8. 14

10. Primary structure)
N-terminal)
C-terminal)

11. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-
iii/cellular-macromolecules/proteins.php#

12. A,B
,C D
ABC ABDC ACBD ACDB ADBC ADCB
D
BAC BADC BCDA BCAD BDCA BDAC
D
CAB CADA CBAD CBDA CDAB CDBA
D
DAB DACB DBAC DBCA DCAB DCBA
C

13. x
x
x
2 2
n!
n

14. –yl (–
Val-Leu-Ala

15. secondary struc
H

16. secondary struc
C=O N-H
http://www.il.mahidol.ac.th/e-media/nano/Page/Unit3-

17. secondary struc

18. tertiary structure)

19. quaternary structure)

20. — 1. (fiber
protein)

21. —2. (globular
protein)
—

22. peptide bond)
amino acid)
protein
stucture
unfolded)

23. 1.
2.
3. - pH
4. Hg
5.
6.

24. CuSO4 NaOH
Cu2+

29. ninhydrin)
Ninhydrin reagent)

30. Heller’s ring test
Millon’s reaction albumin)
Millon’s reagent
Hg2+

31. α–nitroso–β–naphthol reaction
–
α–
nitroso–β–naphthol
Xanthoproteic reaction