What are embedded systems, the structure, layout. What are microcontrollers and microprocessors.

1. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Microcontrollers and Microprocessors

2. What are embedded systems?
Embedded systems are microcontroller based
devices that are assigned to perform one single
task.
For eg : A Washing machine, Microwave oven,
TV remote control.
All these devices have few buttons and on pressing
the buttons, some process is expected to happen.
2
OUTPUT SYSTEM
INPUT SYSTEM PROCESS

3. Components of An Embedded system
3
A hardware component
which includes the
microcontroller and its
peripheral devices i.e
Input - Output system.
An application software to run on top
of the designated hardware. This
software is written dedicated to that
particular hardware and it will not
work across other platforms.

4. Like Windows operating system in
computer,
RTOS is an OS used in microcontroller
programming to perform
multi-tasking operations and on
systems which run on critical time
based deadlines. For eg: Deploying an
an Airbag after a crash within 10-20
milliseconds.
Microcontroller programming can be
written in C,C++, Python
programming languages
NOTE

5. STRUCTURE OF AN
EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
5
A SENSOR, an input device to
measure the physical quantity
from the environment. This data
will be in analog form. Eg. sensing
a person by IR detector
ADC
These analog signal, i.e the continuous values
are converted to discrete non-continuous
values by an electronic component called
ADC (Analog to digital converter) because the
microcontroller can read only digital values
meaning 1’s and 0’s.

6. 6
The digital data is
sent to the
MICROCONTROLLER
to store it in the memory
The stored data will be assessed by the processor
as per the instructions given in the software
application. The processor will either send the
data to a DAC (digital to analog converter) or just
activate an OUTPUT DEVICE. For eg : opening
a door once the sensor senses an incoming person

7. 7
Embedded Systems Layout
Touch pad/
Key Pad/ Finger print
INPUT DEVICES EMBEDDED COMPUTER
SOFTWARE
EMBEDDED
HARDWARE
OUTPUT DEVICES
ADC
The processor communicates to the output devices via
communication protocols like RS232,RS485,UART,I2C,SPI
and same goes to the communication between ADC and processor

8. Examples of Embedded systems
8

9. What is a Microprocessor?
9
It’s a VLSI chip which consists of a
ALU,Control unit and Registers.
It doesn’t contain any memory or I/O
peripherals. All these are connected
via a bus. Microprocessor as in cannot
perform any task, the input and output
devices are connected to the processor
via 3 buses. Address bus, data bus
and control bus.

10. 10
MICROPROCESSORS LAYOUT
MICROPROCESSOR
ALU
CONTROL UNIT
REGISTERS
INPUT SYSTEM
TO OUTPUT
SYSTEM
MEMORY UNIT

11. What is a Microcontroller?
11
A Microcontroller, is a complete and fully-functioning
computer on a single chip.
A typical microcontroller has a CPU, RAM,
ROM, Peripherals (Counters/Timers,
Comparators, ADC, DC, DMA, etc), IO
Ports all on the same IC chip. The majority
of modern MCUs, nowadays, come with
internal oscillators which means, you can
flash your code and hook-up the DC power
source.

12. 12
MICROCONTROLLER LAYOUT
MICROPROCESSOR
ALU
CONTROL UNIT
REGISTERS
RAM
ROM
clock Timer
Serial
Comm.
ADC
Watch
dog
Timer
Interrupt
Controller
MICROCONTROLLER

13. 13
In the next lecture you will learn more
about the memory inside the computer
and memory segmentation.
Thank you !!!